And when you had to add something and have uneven spacing of line numbers... Oh it just drives the type A personality in me nuts!
I learned on the TI-99/4a... I can't remember if it was its extended basic or regular basic that had the ability to renumber what you had in memory already. As in you could do 10 20 30... add in a 15, renumber 1,2,3,4, and renumber 10,20,30,40.
I can't remember if it was the TI or the Atari that offered auto line numbering... as it it would pretype 20 in for you if you started with 10.
Thanks for providing an excellent example of where this sort of 'education' leads. "Piracy" was never a term for individual use or sharing until the MPAA and their ilk began distorting the language through such indoctrinational campaigns. In the past it meant exactly the selling of unauthorized reproductions for profit. Now it means what they want. Dictionaries are bound to add new usages, that doesn't however validate the principal.
I guess all the commodore 64 pirate BBSes of the early 1980s are just a figment of my imagination. The earlist reference to software piracy I can think of is circa 1982/1983 with Scott Adams's Adventure for the TI. It was the first time I heard the term in reference to computer software, as comercial products typicaly came on cartrages for home PCs, and anything on tape was typicaly copied from a computer mag.
I can hardly hold the MPAA accountable for the use of "piracy" before VCRs were a common household item.
The first is piracy, where people sell illegal copies of movies at a lower cost and give no compensation to the producers. The second is downloading, where consumers want to see a movie (probably poor quality) before plunking down $20 to buy the DVD.
Respectfuly... getting a free copy without the permision of the copyright holder is piracy. . " The unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted or patented material: software piracy."
Bootleging on the other hand is what you are talking about. " To produce, distribute, or sell without permission or illegally: a clandestine outfit that bootlegs compact discs and tapes."
The venders are bootleging videos. The students are pirating videos.
I agree with you fully in the fact that bootlegging is actually taking legit profits away from the people who have every right to it, and this is a problem the MPAA should put most of their focus on. But make no mistake. When you download something that you didn't pay for in violation of the copyright, you are getting a pirated copy.
why would SCO go throught the trouble of litigating a case that they, could not solve?
Because the last action of a desperate company tends to be frivolous lawsuits. If you can't beat'em, sue 'em.
Besides, you assume that the use of teenage mutent ninga lawyers is a rational move. The justice system is in place because people on the whole are jarheads... and without a judge to arbitrate disputes we would seek justice/vengence in our own individual way.
When baud was 300, the difference between a JPG and BMP/PNG type was HUGE.
When baud was 300, gif or RLE was where it was at. JPG was *cool* but took too damn long to decode unless you had a math-coprocessor.
I don't happen to have accurate decoding times. JPG didn't become a practical home use format till mathcos were standard equipment. But this was well into the late 1980s early 1990s when 2400/14.4k were common place. I can assure you web surfing even at cable modem speeds on a 486sx system felt like sub 14.4k modem speeds if the site used.jpg.
My point is computer decoding time was a deciding factor for what compression standard to use.
Can you imagine the reduction in paint fumes released into the environment if every car built was stainless steel? Not to mention, when some jerk comes and keys your car, not only will he destroy his key, but with some sandpaper, you yourself can remove the scratch.
I think the current auto trend regarding less fumes is powder coating. While not as cool as stainless steel, it being a dry process doesn't fume nearly as much as traditional paint.
Wouldn't any self-respecting bomb maker wear gloves, or superglue his/her own fingerprints to make them illegible?
You're assuming the fingerprints would be by the people involved with the bomb. The packaging may have the finger prints by someone who sold the goods in question, or shopped at the store. While they may not be a suspect, they might be able to ID the person who bought the stuff.
In every city I've lived in, if a meter isn't working and you are parked there, if you get ticketed you can successfully fight the ticket if they have a city record that the meter wasn't working.
I fought one ticket that way, didn't even have to go to court. I didn't even claim the meter wasn't working... I claimed it was working, and took photographs showing the time left of the meter, it being a good 7min or so. No clue why I got a ticket actually, that was an area of town where it's impossible to not find a meter without time left on it. But dispite the fact that the meter was working 100%, they said it wasn't and threw out the ticket.
The RULE on all airplane flights should be, "Sit down, don't smoke, don't talk, shut the fuck up and read a book because hundreds of strangers need to get along so be fucking polite, please." That should be written on every ticket.
I on the other hand... I have no objection to the person next to me talking on a mobile. Just so long as they are not talking to me. Not that i'm anti-social or anything, I've had the uncomfortable experence of someone trying to convert me to their religion.
I can see where a bunch of jabbering yahoos might disturb someone like your self, and I totally respect that. To that end I would sugest that text messaging be the acceptable medium on aircraft.
Anyway we are talking of scanning camera negative and the sound had never been on the camera negative.
Ok, good point. I didn't take into account they were not scanning the positive, or how impractical it would be to record sound in real time on the negative. I'm sure traditional techniques would be adquate for AD conversion. Still it makes me wonder whether or not a scan of the print would yield better results then the master audio media which may have degraded at a diffrent rate.
But what about the sound? Is he using non-compressed 24-bit samples at [at least] 96KSS [kilo samples per second]?
While this is not my field, I have observed the audio track on 35mm movie film often times is encoded in the negative. So 4000 lpi and 18mm per 1/30 of a second. 540mm per second or 21.2 inches/sec. 21.2 * 4000 = 84.8KSS Unknown bit width.
This figure is aproximate and doesn't take into account the fact that the audio track extends in the blank space between the frames. My point is if the audio is encoded photographicly, it can be extracted photographicly.
I don't see it that way. There are people like me who are happy with christianity for the most part, and with Christ him self. I have to agree with Gandhi on the subject of Christianity, a fine religion but would be even better if people actually listened to what Jesus had to say... or something ot that effect. Jesus had this uncanny ability to speak in a way that everyone can understand. "All men are brothers, love thy neighbor". Simple words to communicate a simple idea... wouldn't it be nice if we were nice to each other for a change. The nice thing with him is you don't have to believe in anything methaphycial to agree with him.
There is a piece of me who has some prejustice that someone will market Jesus(tm) in the same way that so many tele-evanglists have. But there is another part of me that would respect someone who has the devine calling who wants to share some spiritual insight with others.
Re:Have to wonder
on
SimChurch
·
· Score: -1, Flamebait
However there's a whole world of intensely physically limited people, those with agorophobic disorders, panic/anxiety/social phobias, people who're unwell and incapacitated, the people who just CAN'T get out for some period of time in their life
Not to speak of those who choose not to spend time with people who's only motivation for being nice to each other for a change is the fear of eternal damnation.
Everyone keeps saying that life is everywhere in the Universe, why not have it evolve independently on both planets (or on just one).
Because a galaxy who's life spawned by common seeds, i.e. trans stellar mater and cross planet pollenization makes it a hell of alot easer for sci-fi writers to justify the fact that all aliens are somewhat humanoid in appearence.
The problem is that those old apps and games can't compete with the glitz of modern games. However, when you make an educational piece of software glitzy, it tends to suck.
If that was 100% true... then the web games offered on sites like Nickelodeon wouldn't be played. Most webgames are pretty simple but never the less are enjoyable. While graphics improved over the years, the fundamentals have remained unchanged. I imagine that quite a few old PD apple cames could easily be remade using higher quality graphics.
Where In The World is Carmen San Diego is a good example of education meeting enjoyment for kids. I believe it's program run was 1991-1995 [according to http://www.jumptheshark.com/w/whereintheworldiscar mensandiego.htm]. It's not like it can't updated to at least 16bit video for example.
I remember a whole slew of apple educational programs between the years of 1982-1985. While my memory is kinda vague a few actually are noteworthy. One was a simulation of traveling in our solar system at diffrent speeds using a bicycle, car, and light speed. The geology department had a nice simulation on the process of blasting to find oil. And the ever popular lunar landing simulation which didn't seem so far fetched as we were planning to go back to the moon at some point.
Basicly the software was pretty simple, where you are given basic instruction usually related to a recent lesson. Then you apply what you learned in a simulation.
One of my favorites was "Agent USA" by Scholastic which you played a hero represented by a little white hat with feet, and your goal was to travel the country via the train system and prent the fuzz bomb from turning everyone into little fuzz bombs. The game was most excelent for learning geography as to win the game, you had to navigate to state capitals to find out where the fuzz bomb was.
And the nice thing about software, at least free software, is you can get it off the net and play it at home, it being NO cost to teachers and schools.
Have ESA made a pen that can be used in zero gravity yet?
http://www.spacepen.com/usa/history/index.htm
I've posted on slashdot regarding the urban legond of nasa developing a spacepen. According to what i've read it was not developed by nasa at all but rather by Fisher which was sold to Nasa at $5.00 a pop.
Does anyone know if it would be legal to make a CD full of Windows patches and service packs? Such a CD would be incredibly useful for me, and perhaps other people. Someone could write a nice pamphlet on how to protect your computer, and provide a simple installation program for installing necessary patches from the CD.
You'd have to talk to Microsoft about the subject. What you're doing is thoughtful, practical, and would have some major value esp for people who buy new systems who are told to download service packs to prevent virus infection, and get a virus infection the moment they connect to the net. Given they distribute their own CD rom with service packs on it, it would be a tough call. While you can download it from their site that doesn't give you the right to distribute it your self.
Replacements for commonly-exploited parts of Windows could also be included, such as Firefox, and as a bonus, MiKTex and a tutorial can be included to free college students from the grasps of Microsoft Equation Editor
Here is where Microsoft would likely object. If you could get permision to distribute services patches it's a whole new ball of wax if you are actually reccomending replacing their products with 3rd party software on the same disk. While the software is easily downloadable, the moment you put it on a disk with Microsoft software you are subject to their terms and conditions.
What you're talking about is a good idea, but in order to avoid the microsoft terms and conditions it might be wise to have the patches and such on seperate bundles.
errrrmmmm... not on cable access they haven't. The mail I send out from my mail server (Exim) always goes through... to everybody but AOHell users.
Ok, cable access may be a diffrent story. I'm not sure how their system is implemented but I'd suspect that "earthlink" is reselling service and has no control over their network. I don't know how earthlink cable works, I suspect that it's just their service with earthlink software.
Unless my information is out of date, dialup and dsl access had port 25 blocked for some time. http://support.earthlink.net/mu/1/psc/img/w alkthro ughs/macintosh/os_x/email/mail/7177.psc.html
It's good that a national mainstreem ISP like earthlink is taking measures to make their users aware of the Ad-ware problem, but what steps are they willing to take? They have been blocking outbound port 25 for years for example. Would they be willing to actually block sites that are reported to be adware, or at least provide Earthlink Software (TM) that automaticly firewalls sites they deem to be spyware related?
Just about any form of digital music service is going to have a digital readout. It will tell you what the hell is playing. Analog radio is a touch diffrent, near as I'm aware there isn't really any form of track ID system.
While I'm all for a comercial application for researching audio recognition, this form of service would not be nessicary if songs were either watermarked or had some form of ID tag associated with them, and radios had some form of decoder and display. Even an old/. favorite "Digital Convergence" bringers of the CueCat understood the value of encoding text over analog audio systems.
I still think we're headed for an all-cartoon prime time. It's so much cheaper to make cartoons compared to other shows
I think I would prefer cartoon primetime over reality TV. Let's see the current Fox lineup on that front
America's most wanted Cops My big fat obnoxious fiance The simple life Totally outrageous behavior caught on tape The Swan
And the ever popular American Idol --www.fox.com
The Dead Kennedys had a line in thier song MTV Get Off The Air "Allowing it to sink as low in one year As commercial TV has in 25". The shows listed are the likes of which you'd expect to be in scetch comedy. I'm not saying that Futurama or Family Guy is the apex of modern entertainment... but it's at least entertainment rather then vomit.
copyright holders have the right to dictate how their IP is used. If you buy a song, and use it in accordence to the agrement that you purchased it's use under, you should have no problems
Who determines these rights, and are this rights fair and in accordance with the law.
On the other hand, if you buy it for your own use, then use some flawed logic to give it away to all your friends, well, that ain't going to fly. This is as it should be.
That's the thing you see. Some artists / peformers actually want you to crank off a copy to a friend and consider this form of distro free advertising. I agree if the artist / peformer doesn't want you to you should respect their wish.
It's neither immoral nor unethical for you to play a track for a friend. Nor is it illegal for you to bring your media over to a friends player and play it. DRM may have the unseen effect of actually taking normal tame use of our rights with physical media.
Slashdot Mirror
10 Print "I can do this as well"
20 Print "only now and then"
30 Print " in Emi Dickenson; style now"
40 goto 10
Emily Dickenson
Best read to the tune of "The Yellow Rose of Texas"
And when you had to add something and have uneven spacing of line numbers... Oh it just drives the type A personality in me nuts!
I learned on the TI-99/4a... I can't remember if it was its extended basic or regular basic that had the ability to renumber what you had in memory already. As in you could do 10 20 30... add in a 15, renumber 1,2,3,4, and renumber 10,20,30,40.
I can't remember if it was the TI or the Atari that offered auto line numbering... as it it would pretype 20 in for you if you started with 10.
Thanks for providing an excellent example of where this sort of 'education' leads. "Piracy" was never a term for individual use or sharing until the MPAA and their ilk began distorting the language through such indoctrinational campaigns. In the past it meant exactly the selling of unauthorized reproductions for profit. Now it means what they want. Dictionaries are bound to add new usages, that doesn't however validate the principal.
I guess all the commodore 64 pirate BBSes of the early 1980s are just a figment of my imagination. The earlist reference to software piracy I can think of is circa 1982/1983 with Scott Adams's Adventure for the TI. It was the first time I heard the term in reference to computer software, as comercial products typicaly came on cartrages for home PCs, and anything on tape was typicaly copied from a computer mag.
I can hardly hold the MPAA accountable for the use of "piracy" before VCRs were a common household item.
The first is piracy, where people sell illegal copies of movies at a lower cost and give no compensation to the producers. The second is downloading, where consumers want to see a movie (probably poor quality) before plunking down $20 to buy the DVD.
Respectfuly... getting a free copy without the permision of the copyright holder is piracy. . " The unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted or patented material: software piracy."
Bootleging on the other hand is what you are talking about. " To produce, distribute, or sell without permission or illegally: a clandestine outfit that bootlegs compact discs and tapes."
The venders are bootleging videos.
The students are pirating videos.
I agree with you fully in the fact that bootlegging is actually taking legit profits away from the people who have every right to it, and this is a problem the MPAA should put most of their focus on. But make no mistake. When you download something that you didn't pay for in violation of the copyright, you are getting a pirated copy.
why would SCO go throught the trouble of litigating a case that they, could not solve?
Because the last action of a desperate company tends to be frivolous lawsuits. If you can't beat'em, sue 'em.
Besides, you assume that the use of teenage mutent ninga lawyers is a rational move. The justice system is in place because people on the whole are jarheads... and without a judge to arbitrate disputes we would seek justice/vengence in our own individual way.
When baud was 300, the difference between a JPG and BMP/PNG type was HUGE.
.jpg.
When baud was 300, gif or RLE was where it was at. JPG was *cool* but took too damn long to decode unless you had a math-coprocessor.
I don't happen to have accurate decoding times. JPG didn't become a practical home use format till mathcos were standard equipment. But this was well into the late 1980s early 1990s when 2400/14.4k were common place. I can assure you web surfing even at cable modem speeds on a 486sx system felt like sub 14.4k modem speeds if the site used
My point is computer decoding time was a deciding factor for what compression standard to use.
Can you imagine the reduction in paint fumes released into the environment if every car built was stainless steel? Not to mention, when some jerk comes and keys your car, not only will he destroy his key, but with some sandpaper, you yourself can remove the scratch.
I think the current auto trend regarding less fumes is powder coating. While not as cool as stainless steel, it being a dry process doesn't fume nearly as much as traditional paint.
Wouldn't any self-respecting bomb maker wear gloves, or superglue his/her own fingerprints to make them illegible?
You're assuming the fingerprints would be by the people involved with the bomb. The packaging may have the finger prints by someone who sold the goods in question, or shopped at the store. While they may not be a suspect, they might be able to ID the person who bought the stuff.
In every city I've lived in, if a meter isn't working and you are parked there, if you get ticketed you can successfully fight the ticket if they have a city record that the meter wasn't working.
I fought one ticket that way, didn't even have to go to court. I didn't even claim the meter wasn't working... I claimed it was working, and took photographs showing the time left of the meter, it being a good 7min or so. No clue why I got a ticket actually, that was an area of town where it's impossible to not find a meter without time left on it. But dispite the fact that the meter was working 100%, they said it wasn't and threw out the ticket.
The RULE on all airplane flights should be, "Sit down, don't smoke, don't talk, shut the fuck up and read a book because hundreds of strangers need to get along so be fucking polite, please." That should be written on every ticket.
I on the other hand... I have no objection to the person next to me talking on a mobile. Just so long as they are not talking to me. Not that i'm anti-social or anything, I've had the uncomfortable experence of someone trying to convert me to their religion.
I can see where a bunch of jabbering yahoos might disturb someone like your self, and I totally respect that. To that end I would sugest that text messaging be the acceptable medium on aircraft.
Anyway we are talking of scanning camera negative and the sound had never been on the camera negative.
Ok, good point. I didn't take into account they were not scanning the positive, or how impractical it would be to record sound in real time on the negative. I'm sure traditional techniques would be adquate for AD conversion. Still it makes me wonder whether or not a scan of the print would yield better results then the master audio media which may have degraded at a diffrent rate.
But what about the sound? Is he using non-compressed 24-bit samples at [at least] 96KSS [kilo samples per second]?
While this is not my field, I have observed the audio track on 35mm movie film often times is encoded in the negative. So 4000 lpi and 18mm per 1/30 of a second. 540mm per second or 21.2 inches/sec. 21.2 * 4000 = 84.8KSS Unknown bit width.
This figure is aproximate and doesn't take into account the fact that the audio track extends in the blank space between the frames. My point is if the audio is encoded photographicly, it can be extracted photographicly.
I don't see it that way. There are people like me who are happy with christianity for the most part, and with Christ him self. I have to agree with Gandhi on the subject of Christianity, a fine religion but would be even better if people actually listened to what Jesus had to say... or something ot that effect. Jesus had this uncanny ability to speak in a way that everyone can understand. "All men are brothers, love thy neighbor". Simple words to communicate a simple idea... wouldn't it be nice if we were nice to each other for a change. The nice thing with him is you don't have to believe in anything methaphycial to agree with him.
There is a piece of me who has some prejustice that someone will market Jesus(tm) in the same way that so many tele-evanglists have. But there is another part of me that would respect someone who has the devine calling who wants to share some spiritual insight with others.
However there's a whole world of intensely physically limited people, those with agorophobic disorders, panic/anxiety/social phobias, people who're unwell and incapacitated, the people who just CAN'T get out for some period of time in their life
Not to speak of those who choose not to spend time with people who's only motivation for being nice to each other for a change is the fear of eternal damnation.
Everyone keeps saying that life is everywhere in the Universe, why not have it evolve independently on both planets (or on just one).
Because a galaxy who's life spawned by common seeds, i.e. trans stellar mater and cross planet pollenization makes it a hell of alot easer for sci-fi writers to justify the fact that all aliens are somewhat humanoid in appearence.
The problem is that those old apps and games can't compete with the glitz of modern games. However, when you make an educational piece of software glitzy, it tends to suck.
r mensandiego.htm]. It's not like it can't updated to at least 16bit video for example.
If that was 100% true... then the web games offered on sites like Nickelodeon wouldn't be played. Most webgames are pretty simple but never the less are enjoyable. While graphics improved over the years, the fundamentals have remained unchanged. I imagine that quite a few old PD apple cames could easily be remade using higher quality graphics.
Where In The World is Carmen San Diego is a good example of education meeting enjoyment for kids. I believe it's program run was 1991-1995 [according to http://www.jumptheshark.com/w/whereintheworldisca
The ladies *will* fall at our feet.
Oh yes... I've seen the kama sutra yo-yo edition and it's flat out wild.
I remember a whole slew of apple educational programs between the years of 1982-1985. While my memory is kinda vague a few actually are noteworthy. One was a simulation of traveling in our solar system at diffrent speeds using a bicycle, car, and light speed. The geology department had a nice simulation on the process of blasting to find oil. And the ever popular lunar landing simulation which didn't seem so far fetched as we were planning to go back to the moon at some point.
Basicly the software was pretty simple, where you are given basic instruction usually related to a recent lesson. Then you apply what you learned in a simulation.
One of my favorites was "Agent USA" by Scholastic which you played a hero represented by a little white hat with feet, and your goal was to travel the country via the train system and prent the fuzz bomb from turning everyone into little fuzz bombs. The game was most excelent for learning geography as to win the game, you had to navigate to state capitals to find out where the fuzz bomb was.
And the nice thing about software, at least free software, is you can get it off the net and play it at home, it being NO cost to teachers and schools.
Have ESA made a pen that can be used in zero gravity yet?
http://www.spacepen.com/usa/history/index.htm
I've posted on slashdot regarding the urban legond of nasa developing a spacepen. According to what i've read it was not developed by nasa at all but rather by Fisher which was sold to Nasa at $5.00 a pop.
Does anyone know if it would be legal to make a CD full of Windows patches and service packs? Such a CD would be incredibly useful for me, and perhaps other people. Someone could write a nice pamphlet on how to protect your computer, and provide a simple installation program for installing necessary patches from the CD.
You'd have to talk to Microsoft about the subject. What you're doing is thoughtful, practical, and would have some major value esp for people who buy new systems who are told to download service packs to prevent virus infection, and get a virus infection the moment they connect to the net. Given they distribute their own CD rom with service packs on it, it would be a tough call.
While you can download it from their site that doesn't give you the right to distribute it your self.
Replacements for commonly-exploited parts of Windows could also be included, such as Firefox, and as a bonus, MiKTex and a tutorial can be included to free college students from the grasps of Microsoft Equation Editor
Here is where Microsoft would likely object. If you could get permision to distribute services patches it's a whole new ball of wax if you are actually reccomending replacing their products with 3rd party software on the same disk. While the software is easily downloadable, the moment you put it on a disk with Microsoft software you are subject to their terms and conditions.
What you're talking about is a good idea, but in order to avoid the microsoft terms and conditions it might be wise to have the patches and such on seperate bundles.
errrrmmmm ... not on cable access they haven't. The mail I send out from my mail server (Exim) always goes through ... to everybody but AOHell users.
w alkthro ughs/macintosh/os_x/email/mail/7177.psc.html
Ok, cable access may be a diffrent story. I'm not sure how their system is implemented but I'd suspect that "earthlink" is reselling service and has no control over their network. I don't know how earthlink cable works, I suspect that it's just their service with earthlink software.
Unless my information is out of date, dialup and dsl access had port 25 blocked for some time.
http://support.earthlink.net/mu/1/psc/img/
It's good that a national mainstreem ISP like earthlink is taking measures to make their users aware of the Ad-ware problem, but what steps are they willing to take? They have been blocking outbound port 25 for years for example. Would they be willing to actually block sites that are reported to be adware, or at least provide Earthlink Software (TM) that automaticly firewalls sites they deem to be spyware related?
Just about any form of digital music service is going to have a digital readout. It will tell you what the hell is playing. Analog radio is a touch diffrent, near as I'm aware there isn't really any form of track ID system.
/. favorite "Digital Convergence" bringers of the CueCat understood the value of encoding text over analog audio systems.
While I'm all for a comercial application for researching audio recognition, this form of service would not be nessicary if songs were either watermarked or had some form of ID tag associated with them, and radios had some form of decoder and display. Even an old
I still think we're headed for an all-cartoon prime time. It's so much cheaper to make cartoons compared to other shows
I think I would prefer cartoon primetime over reality TV. Let's see the current Fox lineup on that front
America's most wanted
Cops
My big fat obnoxious fiance
The simple life
Totally outrageous behavior caught on tape
The Swan
And the ever popular American Idol --www.fox.com
The Dead Kennedys had a line in thier song MTV Get Off The Air "Allowing it to sink as low in one year As commercial TV has in 25". The shows listed are the likes of which you'd expect to be in scetch comedy. I'm not saying that Futurama or Family Guy is the apex of modern entertainment... but it's at least entertainment rather then vomit.
copyright holders have the right to dictate how their IP is used. If you buy a song, and use it in accordence to the agrement that you purchased it's use under, you should have no problems
Who determines these rights, and are this rights fair and in accordance with the law.
On the other hand, if you buy it for your own use, then use some flawed logic to give it away to all your friends, well, that ain't going to fly. This is as it should be.
That's the thing you see. Some artists / peformers actually want you to crank off a copy to a friend and consider this form of distro free advertising. I agree if the artist / peformer doesn't want you to you should respect their wish.
It's neither immoral nor unethical for you to play a track for a friend. Nor is it illegal for you to bring your media over to a friends player and play it. DRM may have the unseen effect of actually taking normal tame use of our rights with physical media.