May 25th, 1961 President Kennedy announces before a special joint session of Congress his goal to initiate a project to put a "man on the moon" before the end of the decade.
I don't want to get called a neo-con or an eco-fascist but let me state a few ideas.
Climate research is never the easiest. Weather forecasters are still 40% wrong so the certainty of any climate predictions are always subject to wider variability than say sales forecasts or cost-estimates (neither of which are perfect either.) I'm simplifying but there is a degree of error in any climatic predictions short or long-term.
Tree-ring data and ice-core data are both subject to local instability. The more data you have on a particular year, the more confident you are in discussing it, but few of these models take that into account. Older data tends to have fewer samples and hence earlier estimates are less accurate.
While ice-core data can be accurate for many thousand of years, tree-ring data is limited to when trees were alive AND PRESERVED.
There does seem to be solid data that the Earth is warming. How much it has warmed is fairly well known. How much it will warm is quite speculative.
The Earth has gone thru many temperature fluctuations in the past. Most, if not all, had nothing to do with human beings. Some/ a few past ones were as large as the current one seen.
Even if we (humans) are not warming the planet, we are burning thru hydrocarbons at a rate far faster than they are being restored. We are CLEARLY affecting the planet. It seems wise for us to reconsider our progress and redirect a portion of our technology/ creativity into being better stewards of the planet and having a more varied and less polluting energy base.
Global warming is not as proven a fact as say, evolution. But it has compelling evidence and is something we need to a) consider and b) start acting upon.
Granted, I haven't lived in Japan for a few years, but I have always traveled by train when there.
A few factors: the train station is right downtown, typically very close to whatever business I'm visiting. Airports are distant and require a very expensive taxi ride or at least a long train ride to get to (try getting to Narita easily.) The Shinkansen ticket allows travel anywhere with the city you've reached, thus there's almost no local train cost.
Everyone I knew, and my baseball team, always traveled by Shinkansen, except when going to Sapporo (on Hokaido.)
Even if it's not on the face value cheaper, ultimately I'm sure the value is much better via Shinkansen.
I've actually ridden on both the Shinkansen (bullet train) and the TGV and I'd take the Japanese variant any day. And this has nothing to do with me speaking Japanese but not speaking French.
I think you read that wrong. According to the referenced website (under 'tiny Martian moon') the diameter is 22.2 kms. Even Mar's diameter is only 6,800 kms. In space terms, they are landing on a pea.
The two moons of Mars are not very big and although their gravitation is minimal, they don't present very big targets either. In order to land on one, you have to match the speed almost perfectly, then slightly chnage yours and then just as you get there match it again, hopefully you can then latch on.
While that may not sound like much, for a probe with no help from Earth (Mars is on average 8 light, hence radio minutes away) this is a difficult task.
I worked with a bunch of Apollo veterans. They all told me the dust was surprising and annoying but that it was only because it was a surprise that it caused problems. Keep in mind everything was being done right smack dab in the center of the dust field kicked up by the lander. With no wind, no dispersal; just straight up, straight down. The Viking probes to Mars, which were designed/ operated in only a slightly later time frame had no such major troubles because they expected and acted on the dust. Mars is a worse environment for dust as it gets windblown there. Mining equipment can be built for low dust spreading, I'm told they call one portion of it 'mud flaps'. Since we are aware of the issue of moon dust and not going in blind (like Apollo) then I don't believe it will be the problem that you think it will be. It will be something we need to consider and design for.
Re:Yeah right. A moon base and still no solid ISS?
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Back to Moon in 2015?
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Actually, one helps solve the other. The flight from the Earth to the moon involves getting into Earth orbit and then getting to the moon. If it can be done in stages, it can be done much more efficiently. If you don't have to carry everything needed for Earth re-entry all the way to the moon and back, this is a savings.
If by mechanically self-sufficient you mean never needing replacement parts then no, no moonbase can be made so. I think you severely overestimate the destructiveness of the dust though. With no atmosphere, the most destructive aspect of the dust will be missing, it's wind driven penetration ability. Also with a fairly constant dust particle size adequate filtration systems are not too dificult, the lunar rover had virtually none. As to tearing up the mining machinery, as long as it is designed for space usage, the moon dust really isn't a major issue. In hard rock mining here, the problems of equipment failure depend much more on heat and ventilation than dust. The most dust sensitive articles left on the moon (small mirrors for laser reflection) are still working just fine more than 30 years since a last de-dusting was possible.
Actually, since the Earth itself is at a near fracture state and this new planet is of lower density (8 times Earth volume, only 5.9 times Earth mass) it must be much closer to fracture. Of course, orbitting it's sun every two days would also be inducing a massive tidal stress.
It had to be the Professor of Gilligan's Island fame. If he could come up with a car, fix the radio, etc. don't you think he could have come up with a way to fix the boat.
In truth he just liked the attention of hanging out with Ginger, the movie star and Maryanne, the girl next door.
NASA had standard image signal checking software which not only detected this problem but allowed the mathematical model for the devolution. It's been retrofitted and utilized elsewhere.
I feel for you man. Cooking dinner used to be how I'd show my sensitive vegtable loving side. Now it's how I figure out if she's getting adequate vegtables.
Maybe it works in England with the class differential thing, but the two markets I know something about, NZ and the US, it doesn't quite have the same effect (i.e. a different equation should work.)
After years of hiding my computer literacy, learning to be sensistive, eye surgery to remove the glasses and working out six days a week I learn that I should have perfected my C++ programming instead to get the babes!!!
The only problem with this paper is that it discounts this as a random event or better yet, a simple cooccurance. Ashkenazi jews between 800 and 1200 had a very narrow genetic pool, there just weren't many of them (a few thousand) and they intermarried almost exculsively. Suppose one of them was a) exceptionally intelligent and b) had a genetic disease. This individual would then beget (literally) this observed situation without any genetic linkage between intelligence and the disease. As if we had a detection system for royal blood and we saw that European royal blood and hemophelia were correlated. They are, they both came from Queen Victoria, a royal progenitor and genetic hemophelia carrier.
NASA actually took a full share in the Vandenburg refit. There are other purposes besides spying which would justify a polar orbit. NASA had agreed that all astronauts would be military officers however and considering that nearly half of NASA's astronauts were such wasn't considered a major restriction.
I would say that all librarians are very concerned about privacy issues. My IS degree was thru the graduate library school (so I had to take a few courses there) and the first thing they taught was that what and if somebody reads is that person's business and no one else's. The librarian has an interest in the book (and it being returned promptly) but not in the person or what they do with the book within their allotted time.
/fIC) We've seen this occurring in more modern times. For example, the Moa of New Zealand; there is essentially no doubt that they were butchered by the Maori, because their fossilized cooking pits are filled with Moa remains in nice neat layers - huge numbers of them that the species clearly couldn't have sustained. When the Maori were discovered, they talked about hunting and killing them. There's a sudden cutoff point in Maori sites in which suddenly Moas disappear from the diet./fI
I think you are giving the Maori too much credit. Unlike most aboriginal populations, they really don't live within nature. In the region of New Zealand I lived in (Otago) before the white men came, three tribes had virtually killed each other off with constant warfare. When I was there, the one of these tribes that hadn't been wiped out laid claim to one of the last stretches of virgin NZ forest. They had it clear cut the day they acquired title. Tribal leaders said, "the white men always got money for the land, why can't we."
My experience in Japan directly contradicts this study. The high school students there got far more than 1 hour of math homework per week (which is what the study lists as the average.) Like Taiwan, they did spend a great deal of time in bushibans and their homework load was often what I considered excessive. My students (I taught mostly at a junior college) seemed to have their brains completely drained of creativity; when I told them to 'make something up' they'd look at me as if I had square eyeballs. I was able to coax creative ideas out of them, but free expression never happened. As far as turning in a 'rough draft' they were clueless. They'd write something once and be done.
/fII suspect the statistical approaches will work much better in the better specified romance languages./fI
Well, that is the rub. Esperanto was set up to handle the maximum variability of Greek and Latin based languages. It works well for translating Italian to Portugese (for example) and can even handle Polish to Spanish fairly well. But it doesn't handle English particularly well (or should I rephrase that, English speakers don't handle Esperanto particularly well.) And when you toss things in (like the Chinese monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic complexity morphology) Esperanto and the statistical approach tends to flail.
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I wonder about your phrase "most or all". That seems very ambitious.
May 25th, 1961 President Kennedy announces before a special joint session of Congress his goal to initiate a project to put a "man on the moon" before the end of the decade.
I don't want to get called a neo-con or an eco-fascist but let me state a few ideas.
Climate research is never the easiest. Weather forecasters are still 40% wrong so the certainty of any climate predictions are always subject to wider variability than say sales forecasts or cost-estimates (neither of which are perfect either.) I'm simplifying but there is a degree of error in any climatic predictions short or long-term.
Tree-ring data and ice-core data are both subject to local instability. The more data you have on a particular year, the more confident you are in discussing it, but few of these models take that into account. Older data tends to have fewer samples and hence earlier estimates are less accurate.
While ice-core data can be accurate for many thousand of years, tree-ring data is limited to when trees were alive AND PRESERVED.
There does seem to be solid data that the Earth is warming. How much it has warmed is fairly well known. How much it will warm is quite speculative.
The Earth has gone thru many temperature fluctuations in the past. Most, if not all, had nothing to do with human beings. Some/ a few past ones were as large as the current one seen.
Even if we (humans) are not warming the planet, we are burning thru hydrocarbons at a rate far faster than they are being restored. We are CLEARLY affecting the planet. It seems wise for us to reconsider our progress and redirect a portion of our technology/ creativity into being better stewards of the planet and having a more varied and less polluting energy base.
Global warming is not as proven a fact as say, evolution. But it has compelling evidence and is something we need to a) consider and b) start acting upon.
Could we all stop name calling on this?
. . . it looks too much like my ex-wife.
Granted, I haven't lived in Japan for a few years, but I have always traveled by train when there.
A few factors: the train station is right downtown, typically very close to whatever business I'm visiting. Airports are distant and require a very expensive taxi ride or at least a long train ride to get to (try getting to Narita easily.) The Shinkansen ticket allows travel anywhere with the city you've reached, thus there's almost no local train cost.
Everyone I knew, and my baseball team, always traveled by Shinkansen, except when going to Sapporo (on Hokaido.)
Even if it's not on the face value cheaper, ultimately I'm sure the value is much better via Shinkansen.
I've actually ridden on both the Shinkansen (bullet train) and the TGV and I'd take the Japanese variant any day. And this has nothing to do with me speaking Japanese but not speaking French.
There has never been a fatality (in 40+ years) due to accident on a Shinkansen (bullet train.)
They are also much cheaper than flying and rail stations tend to be right downtown.
I think you read that wrong. According to the referenced website (under 'tiny Martian moon') the diameter is 22.2 kms. Even Mar's diameter is only 6,800 kms. In space terms, they are landing on a pea.
The two moons of Mars are not very big and although their gravitation is minimal, they don't present very big targets either. In order to land on one, you have to match the speed almost perfectly, then slightly chnage yours and then just as you get there match it again, hopefully you can then latch on.
While that may not sound like much, for a probe with no help from Earth (Mars is on average 8 light, hence radio minutes away) this is a difficult task.
Does he travel now in a cell phone? There's an interdimensional trick . . .
I worked with a bunch of Apollo veterans. They all told me the dust was surprising and annoying but that it was only because it was a surprise that it caused problems. Keep in mind everything was being done right smack dab in the center of the dust field kicked up by the lander. With no wind, no dispersal; just straight up, straight down.
The Viking probes to Mars, which were designed/ operated in only a slightly later time frame had no such major troubles because they expected and acted on the dust. Mars is a worse environment for dust as it gets windblown there.
Mining equipment can be built for low dust spreading, I'm told they call one portion of it 'mud flaps'. Since we are aware of the issue of moon dust and not going in blind (like Apollo) then I don't believe it will be the problem that you think it will be. It will be something we need to consider and design for.
Actually, one helps solve the other. The flight from the Earth to the moon involves getting into Earth orbit and then getting to the moon. If it can be done in stages, it can be done much more efficiently. If you don't have to carry everything needed for Earth re-entry all the way to the moon and back, this is a savings.
If by mechanically self-sufficient you mean never needing replacement parts then no, no moonbase can be made so. I think you severely overestimate the destructiveness of the dust though. With no atmosphere, the most destructive aspect of the dust will be missing, it's wind driven penetration ability. Also with a fairly constant dust particle size adequate filtration systems are not too dificult, the lunar rover had virtually none. As to tearing up the mining machinery, as long as it is designed for space usage, the moon dust really isn't a major issue. In hard rock mining here, the problems of equipment failure depend much more on heat and ventilation than dust.
The most dust sensitive articles left on the moon (small mirrors for laser reflection) are still working just fine more than 30 years since a last de-dusting was possible.
Actually, since the Earth itself is at a near fracture state and this new planet is of lower density (8 times Earth volume, only 5.9 times Earth mass) it must be much closer to fracture. Of course, orbitting it's sun every two days would also be inducing a massive tidal stress.
It had to be the Professor of Gilligan's Island fame. If he could come up with a car, fix the radio, etc. don't you think he could have come up with a way to fix the boat.
In truth he just liked the attention of hanging out with Ginger, the movie star and Maryanne, the girl next door.
NASA had standard image signal checking software which not only detected this problem but allowed the mathematical model for the devolution. It's been retrofitted and utilized elsewhere.
I feel for you man. Cooking dinner used to be how I'd show my sensitive vegtable loving side. Now it's how I figure out if she's getting adequate vegtables.
Maybe it works in England with the class differential thing, but the two markets I know something about, NZ and the US, it doesn't quite have the same effect (i.e. a different equation should work.)
After years of hiding my computer literacy, learning to be sensistive, eye surgery to remove the glasses and working out six days a week I learn that I should have perfected my C++ programming instead to get the babes!!!
The only problem with this paper is that it discounts this as a random event or better yet, a simple cooccurance. Ashkenazi jews between 800 and 1200 had a very narrow genetic pool, there just weren't many of them (a few thousand) and they intermarried almost exculsively. Suppose one of them was a) exceptionally intelligent and b) had a genetic disease. This individual would then beget (literally) this observed situation without any genetic linkage between intelligence and the disease.
As if we had a detection system for royal blood and we saw that European royal blood and hemophelia were correlated. They are, they both came from Queen Victoria, a royal progenitor and genetic hemophelia carrier.
NASA actually took a full share in the Vandenburg refit. There are other purposes besides spying which would justify a polar orbit. NASA had agreed that all astronauts would be military officers however and considering that nearly half of NASA's astronauts were such wasn't considered a major restriction.
I would say that all librarians are very concerned about privacy issues. My IS degree was thru the graduate library school (so I had to take a few courses there) and the first thing they taught was that what and if somebody reads is that person's business and no one else's. The librarian has an interest in the book (and it being returned promptly) but not in the person or what they do with the book within their allotted time.
/fIC) We've seen this occurring in more modern times. For example, the Moa of New Zealand; there is essentially no doubt that they were butchered by the Maori, because their fossilized cooking pits are filled with Moa remains in nice neat layers - huge numbers of them that the species clearly couldn't have sustained. When the Maori were discovered, they talked about hunting and killing them. There's a sudden cutoff point in Maori sites in which suddenly Moas disappear from the diet./fI
I think you are giving the Maori too much credit. Unlike most aboriginal populations, they really don't live within nature. In the region of New Zealand I lived in (Otago) before the white men came, three tribes had virtually killed each other off with constant warfare. When I was there, the one of these tribes that hadn't been wiped out laid claim to one of the last stretches of virgin NZ forest. They had it clear cut the day they acquired title. Tribal leaders said, "the white men always got money for the land, why can't we."
My experience in Japan directly contradicts this study. The high school students there got far more than 1 hour of math homework per week (which is what the study lists as the average.) Like Taiwan, they did spend a great deal of time in bushibans and their homework load was often what I considered excessive. My students (I taught mostly at a junior college) seemed to have their brains completely drained of creativity; when I told them to 'make something up' they'd look at me as if I had square eyeballs. I was able to coax creative ideas out of them, but free expression never happened. As far as turning in a 'rough draft' they were clueless. They'd write something once and be done.
/fII suspect the statistical approaches will work much better in the better specified romance languages./fI
Well, that is the rub. Esperanto was set up to handle the maximum variability of Greek and Latin based languages. It works well for translating Italian to Portugese (for example) and can even handle Polish to Spanish fairly well. But it doesn't handle English particularly well (or should I rephrase that, English speakers don't handle Esperanto particularly well.) And when you toss things in (like the Chinese monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic complexity morphology) Esperanto and the statistical approach tends to flail.