"Believers obviously need the support that religion provides to get through the daily lives, the random chance of daily misfortune obviously creates an excessive psychological burden which they need to alleviate.
To me a zelot is a zelot, the particular dogma they are pushing is almost irrelevant. Atheisim is also a "religion" in the sense that it asserts a negative hypothisis that cannot be tested. The belief in a random (or clockwork) Universe provides the crutch that ulitmately "you are not to blame". I think everyone needs a "crutch" to fall back on lest we go crazy trying to explain our own existance, let alone trying to find meaning in it. When it comes to god's existance I simply explain to my many religious friends that I believe the "Universe just is" in the same way they believe "god just is".
Don't get me wrong, I don't doubt for a second that it's creative and entertaining, and I fully understand people spending money on both.
I am however very skeptical of SL's "creative" marketing.
BTW: I have been sailboat racing, you don't need a yatch or a fortune. Yatch clubs are not as expensive as you think and many have short term memberships if you just want to "dip your toe" (at least here in Australia). Be warned though, once you get on the yatch the skipper is boss and your his dog, even if it's your yatch!
I've also experienced several storms on a 60 foot fishing trawler somewhere in Bass Strait and at nearly 50yo have no desire to go back in a sailboat. I'm far from dead but I am old enough to find the idea of a "second life" appealing, having said that, I can't imagine getting a virtual experience like those storms through anything short of a direct interface to the brain and Speilberg at the controls.
So did you happen to see any of these burrowing dinosaurs while hiking through 4 feet of snow uphill to school everyday?
We used to carry a couple of burrowing dinosours in our school bag, we used them to distract the crocs while fording the river by strapping an inflated kanagroo gut to each arm. And hills! Don't alk to me about hills! We had bush tracks so steep that we often grazed our noses on the ground, and it was uphill BOTH ways!
BTW: I'm an Aussie you insensitive clod, only rich kids had snow (or rubber "water wings). It wouldn't be so bad if Christmas was in winter, at least in winter we had mud, but nooooo....we had six inches of bulldust and had to "make belive". Do you know how hard it is to make a snowman from bulldust....I didn't think so... So I'll tell ya! There was one time we covered by kid brother with bulldust to try and get the shape right. After a lot of screaming and crying we realized he was standing on a bull-ants nest, the poor little guy we had to tie a tornaquay around his.... oh never mind, your too young for that....;)
"While he doesn't sound like someone I'd invite over dinner."
For sure but (as I am sure you are aware), that's not the point. His father has become a sort of folk hero over here, from the very start he has asked that people do not misjudge his son and demanded a fair and speedy trial, he has personally confronted the PM and the AG on several occasions.
If you are interested in more go to http://news.sbs.com.au/insight/ and search for "hicks on trial" (can't figure out how to link the result??). The show was a debate type format with the military prosecutor and defender the main protaganists, they are on a video link to a live audience of "interested parties". The AG is in the audience and gets a verbal hammering from some eloquent speakers.
True, but I think there is a good question underneath it: When did animals that "sleep" on a seasonal timetable diverge from animals that "sleep" on a daily timetable, or is an animals sleep pattern a recuring mutation in the wiring for the "sleep instinct" that is triggered by climate/daylight/resources/whatever?
"Estivate?"
I'm nearly 50 and would also have said "hibernate". You taught me a new word today, thanks.
This was on TV recently in Australia, seems the guy who played a large part in the discovery got extremely disheartened by the univerties apathy towards commercialization. He decided to start making panels himself in China and is now that countries richest man, his "Suntech" company is worth $6B. Ironically he is not able to use the discovery he made because it is patented.
The transcript in the link makes for interesting reading but they fail to mention who paid for the research? Was it the taxpayer or did Origin cough up the $25M?
You are absolutely correct and as an Asussie I would just like to say WE WANT DAVID HICKS BACK. That is all our PM has to say to the US and Hicks is free, many other countries (including the UK) have done so since the supreme court case, but our PM won't do it.
Australia is often touted as the US's "most loyal ally" and it's probably the reason why Hicks is a genuine political prisoner of the US. Since being captured by the N. Alliance and sold to the US military for a $100 reward he has been in gitmo for 5+yrs, mainly in a 23 hr/day isolation cell, yet he has broken no Australian or US laws, he has recently been charged retrospectively with a new law about "aiding terrorists".
It's not all bad though, I do admire his defense lawyer!
As a "baby boomer", all I can tell you is that it will wear off in a dozen years or so...
As for "jackboots" and "crap TV", they have both been turning otherwise heathy brains into mush since well before WW2, how the fuck is it suddenly my responsibilty? If you don't like it then go ahead and "change the world", my generation already has, and will continue to do so for another couple of decades.
If I had my way, we would spend that time cleaning up the god-awfull environmental mess we both inherited and created.
"The real problem is what do we do if we decide to believe this?"
I hate to state the obvious but we would go looking for them and if we didn't find them, we would go "back to the drawing board". It's science 101...
1. Observe.
2. Model.
3. Predict.
4. Repeat.
Science is littered with dead models, not to put too fine a point on it but that's how it works. The only belief required says that "the real world exists as something seperate from the internal model created by my brain, commonly called perception". Just because the Greeks percived the universe as "wheels within wheels" does not mean the model was useless, even the people who built stonehenge had some sort of model for what they saw in the heavens and put it to good use creating massive astronomical calenders.
We have now refined our models to such an extent that one of them (information theory) tells us we cannot create an exact simulation of the universe within said universe, it also tells us that science will forever be "incomplete" and it's method of refinement is affected by "the halting problem", but I fail to see how any of this could possibly be a BadThing(TM).
Perhaps in 100yrs time many of our current models will look as silly as Newtons one million words on the number 666, or perhaps there is another dark age on the way and our descendents will fail to recognise the power of models for the next millenia or two.
Funny how people who don't accept climate models will instanly accept far less robust economic models tailored to their own self interest. Sure oil contributes to the AGW problem, but the elephant in the middle of the room is coal fired generators not shinny new SUV's.
Changing to wind power over the next couple of decades (as coal plants reach their end of life) would significantly affect the coal industry and reduce GHG emmission to a level that can be absorbed by the bioshpere. Now this large scale infrastructure change could send a few coal companies to the wall if they failed to disversify (the classical "buggy whip" argument), but can you please either...
1. Explain how would it would "bankrupt the western world"?
...or...
2. STFU.
BTW: The "third world" is already "codemned to inescapable poverty (or worse)".
"Their bad categorization of Engineering reinforces my belief that there really is a bias."
Engineering is not science, so yes it is biased against engineering in the same way as it is biased against architecture, sport, art, politics, and everything else that it is not trying to map.
We buy Hondas because they hold up well in city driving which will kill cars.
I was a taxi driver in the 80's, a well maintained bog standard 6cyl Ford will do one million kilometers before it's doors start to fall off. I recently sold my old car, a '91 6cyl Holden (GM) that I had had for 11yrs, it had 320,000km on the clock, I traded it for a 3yo Mazda6 with 97,000km on the clock. The leather in the Mazda still smells like a new car, I would be really pissed if I had to scrap it in another 3-4yrs.
I live in Australia where long distance driving and 10yo Honda's are common. If you are buying new cars that (at best) last 200,000km then you are doing something seriously wrong in the way you drive or maintain them.
How long a legacy system lasts is decided by accountants.
The thing with a huge legacy system such as the airlines use is it's stability, they go by the rule "if it works don't touch it". I worked on a large dispatch system for a telco, the back end was HPUX/C that had been ported from FORTRAN and been in (limited) production at some other telco for a few years (they bought a snapshot of the source code), the central route planning and dispatch algorithim was similar to that used by the airline systems.
Our job was to write the client (win3.1), the comms (9600bps on a clear day), and the transaction manglers that connecetd the back-end to the mainframes housing the customer databases, billing, materials, ect...the first live pilot of 12 servicemen took several executives, 4 on-site programmers, a back-end team, numerous phone calls and 3 hours before all 12 servicemen had their first job for the day (they got through less than a third of their normal workload that day). It took ~2years of piloting with 200 users and then carefull ramp-up before the system could compete with the old fashioned pencil and paper worksheet that serviced the other 8000 users.
The reason legacy systems are surrounded by a fortress of red-tape that requires an "act of god" before anything is changed: The telco replaced 600 regional depots with 30 small dispatch centers, a $100M investment in mobile hardware and custom software enabled $600M in real estate sales (circa 1993-2000). After the sell-off we became a legacy system in our own right when the front end was replaced with mobile phones pre-installed with browsers. After installing a transaction mangler to connect our comms to a web server, the back-end was wrapped in red tape and the development and maintenance teams were disbanded, AFAIK it is still running.
The corporate approach to legacy systems is similar to the high level "functional programming" that Backus advocated but the driver is profit and predictibility, elegance and efficiency are "nice to have's". The underlying algorithims for these kind of systems comes from OR and have remained largely unchanged since the second world war. Where is the profit in replacing what IBM euphemistically calls a "functionally stable application" when competitors with new systems are only marginally more efficient at best?
I was taught both the metric and imperial systems in an Australian school in the 70's, at the time my father was a mechanical engineer on the "metric conversion board", fer-christ-sake. My first "real" part-time job was a "pump jockey" at the local petrol station when petrol went from gallons to liters (~$0.09 / liter), 1 gallon = 4.54 liters is burned into my neurons.
The US system is for the US, I don't even remeber such strange units of measurement exist until I see something that says "gallon(US)", I dare say my adult kids would think anything other than metric is not only strange but absurd (and I tend to agree).
Disclaimer: I was unsure of the density of petrol and "guessed" it was ~0.8.
"Actually, what's not completely obvious is how you could possibly misspell the word "strategy" - not once, not twice, but three times, in the space of two sentence fragments."
Three times you say, yet the fact that I make spelling mistakes and don't care is somehow non-obvious?
Zonk always has problems with factual matters pertaining to AGW.
Climate triva from down under:
Here in Australia we lost ~65% of our grain crop this year (we are the world's 4th largest producer), we have had some decent rain in the past couple of months but el-nino (that is known to bring rain to SW Aus) looks like it's starting to fizzle and our dams are still at rock bottom from what appears to be a "permenant" drought.
Recent Australian experience (last decade or so) has shown a 20% drop in rainfall over a catchment area reduces stream run-off into the dam by ~60%. Sure we have a harsh climate anyway, "a land of drought and flooding rains" as the poem know to every Aussie schoolkid goes, but we simply have not had enough flooding rain in the right areas for over a decade, with a long term trend streching back 50yrs.
In the 80's & 90's Tasmania built a large hydro-electric scheme and an undersea cable (Bass Link) in the expectation of selling cheap electricity to the mainland states. The 10-15yr old drought means the dams don't have enough water to turn the turbines and Tasmania has had to use the cable to import electricity from the mainland.
The drought has serverly effected our breadbasket and seen the Murry-Darling river system dry up to such an extent it stopped flowing alltogether and even after the rains it is still little more that a series of stagnant ponds.
Australia's average rainfall has remain reasonably stable over the last 50yrs or so because the shifting rainfall patterns over the same period have made for a much wetter NW, but it will be millenia before the NW desert has been flodded often enough to enable arable land and fertile valleys to form.
We had exceptionally persistent bushfires that arrived two months earlier than a normal fire season. It saw Melbourne in a blanket of smoke for most of December. On at least three occasions we had Antartic blasts that interrupt the heatwaves and dumped snow on the fires. Unfortunately the cold snaps were too brief to quell the fires for more than a few days and the associated unseasonal frost killed off much of this years fruit and vinyard crop.
I grew up in the 60's, as young kids we spent hours at a time under the garden hose/sprinkler during the summer. Over the last few years garden sprinklers have dissapeared from stores, people are installing water tanks everywhere to catch roof water. All of our major cities are experincing water rationing that makes it illeagal to wash your car or water your garden from the tap. It's also an offence to let your kids play under the garden hose on a hot day.
The Australian political tables turned against our government's anti-science propoganda last year, I belive the US is next (and last) in line. The bottom line of horror for politicians is refugees on a scale that upsets the way the world has been carved up into 3-400 nation states whose citizens do not have a right of "freedom of movement" between said states.
Slashdot Mirror
"Believers obviously need the support that religion provides to get through the daily lives, the random chance of daily misfortune obviously creates an excessive psychological burden which they need to alleviate.
To me a zelot is a zelot, the particular dogma they are pushing is almost irrelevant. Atheisim is also a "religion" in the sense that it asserts a negative hypothisis that cannot be tested. The belief in a random (or clockwork) Universe provides the crutch that ulitmately "you are not to blame". I think everyone needs a "crutch" to fall back on lest we go crazy trying to explain our own existance, let alone trying to find meaning in it. When it comes to god's existance I simply explain to my many religious friends that I believe the "Universe just is" in the same way they believe "god just is".
Don't get me wrong, I don't doubt for a second that it's creative and entertaining, and I fully understand people spending money on both.
I am however very skeptical of SL's "creative" marketing.
BTW: I have been sailboat racing, you don't need a yatch or a fortune. Yatch clubs are not as expensive as you think and many have short term memberships if you just want to "dip your toe" (at least here in Australia). Be warned though, once you get on the yatch the skipper is boss and your his dog, even if it's your yatch!
I've also experienced several storms on a 60 foot fishing trawler somewhere in Bass Strait and at nearly 50yo have no desire to go back in a sailboat. I'm far from dead but I am old enough to find the idea of a "second life" appealing, having said that, I can't imagine getting a virtual experience like those storms through anything short of a direct interface to the brain and Speilberg at the controls.
We used to carry a couple of burrowing dinosours in our school bag, we used them to distract the crocs while fording the river by strapping an inflated kanagroo gut to each arm. And hills! Don't alk to me about hills! We had bush tracks so steep that we often grazed our noses on the ground, and it was uphill BOTH ways!
BTW: I'm an Aussie you insensitive clod, only rich kids had snow (or rubber "water wings). It wouldn't be so bad if Christmas was in winter, at least in winter we had mud, but nooooo....we had six inches of bulldust and had to "make belive". Do you know how hard it is to make a snowman from bulldust....I didn't think so... So I'll tell ya! There was one time we covered by kid brother with bulldust to try and get the shape right. After a lot of screaming and crying we realized he was standing on a bull-ants nest, the poor little guy we had to tie a tornaquay around his
"a "well -regulated" state militia"
I'm not from the US but isn't that why the states have "troopers"?
I don't know much about SL, it strikes me as a world where most people have more money than sense.
"While he doesn't sound like someone I'd invite over dinner."
For sure but (as I am sure you are aware), that's not the point. His father has become a sort of folk hero over here, from the very start he has asked that people do not misjudge his son and demanded a fair and speedy trial, he has personally confronted the PM and the AG on several occasions.
If you are interested in more go to http://news.sbs.com.au/insight/ and search for "hicks on trial" (can't figure out how to link the result??). The show was a debate type format with the military prosecutor and defender the main protaganists, they are on a video link to a live audience of "interested parties". The AG is in the audience and gets a verbal hammering from some eloquent speakers.
"What you said makes no sense."
True, but I think there is a good question underneath it: When did animals that "sleep" on a seasonal timetable diverge from animals that "sleep" on a daily timetable, or is an animals sleep pattern a recuring mutation in the wiring for the "sleep instinct" that is triggered by climate/daylight/resources/whatever?
"Estivate?"
I'm nearly 50 and would also have said "hibernate". You taught me a new word today, thanks.
This was on TV recently in Australia, seems the guy who played a large part in the discovery got extremely disheartened by the univerties apathy towards commercialization. He decided to start making panels himself in China and is now that countries richest man, his "Suntech" company is worth $6B. Ironically he is not able to use the discovery he made because it is patented.
The transcript in the link makes for interesting reading but they fail to mention who paid for the research? Was it the taxpayer or did Origin cough up the $25M?
You are absolutely correct and as an Asussie I would just like to say WE WANT DAVID HICKS BACK. That is all our PM has to say to the US and Hicks is free, many other countries (including the UK) have done so since the supreme court case, but our PM won't do it.
Australia is often touted as the US's "most loyal ally" and it's probably the reason why Hicks is a genuine political prisoner of the US. Since being captured by the N. Alliance and sold to the US military for a $100 reward he has been in gitmo for 5+yrs, mainly in a 23 hr/day isolation cell, yet he has broken no Australian or US laws, he has recently been charged retrospectively with a new law about "aiding terrorists".
It's not all bad though, I do admire his defense lawyer!
"I have become such a pessimist"
As a "baby boomer", all I can tell you is that it will wear off in a dozen years or so...
As for "jackboots" and "crap TV", they have both been turning otherwise heathy brains into mush since well before WW2, how the fuck is it suddenly my responsibilty? If you don't like it then go ahead and "change the world", my generation already has, and will continue to do so for another couple of decades.
If I had my way, we would spend that time cleaning up the god-awfull environmental mess we both inherited and created.
"The real problem is what do we do if we decide to believe this?"
I hate to state the obvious but we would go looking for them and if we didn't find them, we would go "back to the drawing board". It's science 101...
1. Observe.
2. Model.
3. Predict.
4. Repeat.
Science is littered with dead models, not to put too fine a point on it but that's how it works. The only belief required says that "the real world exists as something seperate from the internal model created by my brain, commonly called perception". Just because the Greeks percived the universe as "wheels within wheels" does not mean the model was useless, even the people who built stonehenge had some sort of model for what they saw in the heavens and put it to good use creating massive astronomical calenders.
We have now refined our models to such an extent that one of them (information theory) tells us we cannot create an exact simulation of the universe within said universe, it also tells us that science will forever be "incomplete" and it's method of refinement is affected by "the halting problem", but I fail to see how any of this could possibly be a BadThing(TM).
Perhaps in 100yrs time many of our current models will look as silly as Newtons one million words on the number 666, or perhaps there is another dark age on the way and our descendents will fail to recognise the power of models for the next millenia or two.
Love the sig, but now I have to clean up the coffee.
Funny how people who don't accept climate models will instanly accept far less robust economic models tailored to their own self interest. Sure oil contributes to the AGW problem, but the elephant in the middle of the room is coal fired generators not shinny new SUV's.
...or...
Changing to wind power over the next couple of decades (as coal plants reach their end of life) would significantly affect the coal industry and reduce GHG emmission to a level that can be absorbed by the bioshpere. Now this large scale infrastructure change could send a few coal companies to the wall if they failed to disversify (the classical "buggy whip" argument), but can you please either...
1. Explain how would it would "bankrupt the western world"?
2. STFU.
BTW: The "third world" is already "codemned to inescapable poverty (or worse)".
Me thinks you misunderstand UTM, Von Neumann architecture is already an impementation of UTM.
My bad, I interpreted your post as backing the claims in TFA.
"Their bad categorization of Engineering reinforces my belief that there really is a bias."
Engineering is not science, so yes it is biased against engineering in the same way as it is biased against architecture, sport, art, politics, and everything else that it is not trying to map.
We buy Hondas because they hold up well in city driving which will kill cars.
I was a taxi driver in the 80's, a well maintained bog standard 6cyl Ford will do one million kilometers before it's doors start to fall off. I recently sold my old car, a '91 6cyl Holden (GM) that I had had for 11yrs, it had 320,000km on the clock, I traded it for a 3yo Mazda6 with 97,000km on the clock. The leather in the Mazda still smells like a new car, I would be really pissed if I had to scrap it in another 3-4yrs.
I live in Australia where long distance driving and 10yo Honda's are common. If you are buying new cars that (at best) last 200,000km then you are doing something seriously wrong in the way you drive or maintain them.
How long a legacy system lasts is decided by accountants.
The thing with a huge legacy system such as the airlines use is it's stability, they go by the rule "if it works don't touch it". I worked on a large dispatch system for a telco, the back end was HPUX/C that had been ported from FORTRAN and been in (limited) production at some other telco for a few years (they bought a snapshot of the source code), the central route planning and dispatch algorithim was similar to that used by the airline systems.
Our job was to write the client (win3.1), the comms (9600bps on a clear day), and the transaction manglers that connecetd the back-end to the mainframes housing the customer databases, billing, materials, ect...the first live pilot of 12 servicemen took several executives, 4 on-site programmers, a back-end team, numerous phone calls and 3 hours before all 12 servicemen had their first job for the day (they got through less than a third of their normal workload that day). It took ~2years of piloting with 200 users and then carefull ramp-up before the system could compete with the old fashioned pencil and paper worksheet that serviced the other 8000 users.
The reason legacy systems are surrounded by a fortress of red-tape that requires an "act of god" before anything is changed: The telco replaced 600 regional depots with 30 small dispatch centers, a $100M investment in mobile hardware and custom software enabled $600M in real estate sales (circa 1993-2000). After the sell-off we became a legacy system in our own right when the front end was replaced with mobile phones pre-installed with browsers. After installing a transaction mangler to connect our comms to a web server, the back-end was wrapped in red tape and the development and maintenance teams were disbanded, AFAIK it is still running.
The corporate approach to legacy systems is similar to the high level "functional programming" that Backus advocated but the driver is profit and predictibility, elegance and efficiency are "nice to have's". The underlying algorithims for these kind of systems comes from OR and have remained largely unchanged since the second world war. Where is the profit in replacing what IBM euphemistically calls a "functionally stable application" when competitors with new systems are only marginally more efficient at best?
Thank you,
I was taught both the metric and imperial systems in an Australian school in the 70's, at the time my father was a mechanical engineer on the "metric conversion board", fer-christ-sake. My first "real" part-time job was a "pump jockey" at the local petrol station when petrol went from gallons to liters (~$0.09 / liter), 1 gallon = 4.54 liters is burned into my neurons.
The US system is for the US, I don't even remeber such strange units of measurement exist until I see something that says "gallon(US)", I dare say my adult kids would think anything other than metric is not only strange but absurd (and I tend to agree).
Disclaimer: I was unsure of the density of petrol and "guessed" it was ~0.8.
I'm an Aussie and they all mean "some US university", so much so that I did a double-take when I read "UW Bothell" as "UW Brothel".
"Actually, what's not completely obvious is how you could possibly misspell the word "strategy" - not once, not twice, but three times, in the space of two sentence fragments."
Three times you say, yet the fact that I make spelling mistakes and don't care is somehow non-obvious?
"A gallon of gasoline has about 2.5 kg of liquid."
Hmmm, 1 gallon = ~4.5 liters, 1 liter of water = 1kg.
1. Ex-blogger says MSSucks(TM).
2. MS upgrades from "failing stragegy" to "doomed stragey II".
3. Ex-blogger says "doomed stragey II" has "put Google on notice".
4. Profit!!!
I'm not sure if it's completely obvious, after all - step three is normally expressed as "???".
Instead of bitching why not sell your PC and donate the money?
Zonk always has problems with factual matters pertaining to AGW.
Climate triva from down under:
Here in Australia we lost ~65% of our grain crop this year (we are the world's 4th largest producer), we have had some decent rain in the past couple of months but el-nino (that is known to bring rain to SW Aus) looks like it's starting to fizzle and our dams are still at rock bottom from what appears to be a "permenant" drought.
Recent Australian experience (last decade or so) has shown a 20% drop in rainfall over a catchment area reduces stream run-off into the dam by ~60%. Sure we have a harsh climate anyway, "a land of drought and flooding rains" as the poem know to every Aussie schoolkid goes, but we simply have not had enough flooding rain in the right areas for over a decade, with a long term trend streching back 50yrs.
In the 80's & 90's Tasmania built a large hydro-electric scheme and an undersea cable (Bass Link) in the expectation of selling cheap electricity to the mainland states. The 10-15yr old drought means the dams don't have enough water to turn the turbines and Tasmania has had to use the cable to import electricity from the mainland.
The drought has serverly effected our breadbasket and seen the Murry-Darling river system dry up to such an extent it stopped flowing alltogether and even after the rains it is still little more that a series of stagnant ponds.
Australia's average rainfall has remain reasonably stable over the last 50yrs or so because the shifting rainfall patterns over the same period have made for a much wetter NW, but it will be millenia before the NW desert has been flodded often enough to enable arable land and fertile valleys to form.
We had exceptionally persistent bushfires that arrived two months earlier than a normal fire season. It saw Melbourne in a blanket of smoke for most of December. On at least three occasions we had Antartic blasts that interrupt the heatwaves and dumped snow on the fires. Unfortunately the cold snaps were too brief to quell the fires for more than a few days and the associated unseasonal frost killed off much of this years fruit and vinyard crop.
I grew up in the 60's, as young kids we spent hours at a time under the garden hose/sprinkler during the summer. Over the last few years garden sprinklers have dissapeared from stores, people are installing water tanks everywhere to catch roof water. All of our major cities are experincing water rationing that makes it illeagal to wash your car or water your garden from the tap. It's also an offence to let your kids play under the garden hose on a hot day.
The Australian political tables turned against our government's anti-science propoganda last year, I belive the US is next (and last) in line. The bottom line of horror for politicians is refugees on a scale that upsets the way the world has been carved up into 3-400 nation states whose citizens do not have a right of "freedom of movement" between said states.