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Sony Launches First Commercial Electronic Paper Display Reader

prostoalex writes "The e-paper is coming to reality in the form of a 6" screen with higher than usual 170 dpi and $381 price tag. It runs a customized version of Linux, and being Sony-branded, supports MemoryStick. The British journalists claim that three AAA batteries keep it up for 10,000 pages, but it's not too clear whether they've actually verified it, or just read the press-release. The manufacturers are hoping to sell 5,000 of these a month as their best-case scenario."

88 of 410 comments (clear)

  1. Uh.. by Voltiare · · Score: 5, Funny

    Hey, I have a bunch of those. I call them "books".

    1. Re:Uh.. by NivenHuH · · Score: 5, Funny

      Yea.. but do your "books" run Linux? =)

      --
      Just when you make it idiotproof, some idiot builds a better idiot.
    2. Re:Uh.. by Rob+Simpson · · Score: 4, Interesting

      To give an example of how this kind of thing might be handy... I'd guess that my PDA has the dead tree equivalent of my weight in medical references (plus a few novels) stored on its memory card.

    3. Re:Uh.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Moving books is fun. They smell nice. It is nice to look at all the old covers. It is nice to remember when you first read them, and why, and whether they were good or bad or useful. This usually happens as you unpack them. You will never get any of that with a set of books stored on a Sony device.

  2. One question by notamac · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Anyone have any idea on what the refresh rate on these things is? I've always imagined the whole e-paper thing must be fairly slow at scrolling/turning the page - but I hope I'm wrong!

    1. Re:One question by Bugmaster · · Score: 4, Insightful

      It doesn't really need to be fast -- in a real book, you don't flip the pages all that often. Plus, this device uses power when changing the state of the pixels; my guess is that actual animation would drain its batteries fairly quickly.

      --
      >|<*:=
    2. Re:One question by femto · · Score: 4, Interesting

      But one of the advantages of a book is being able to 'flick' through it at high speed, which would require a high refresh rate. I guess having a search function may alleviate this drawback, but it still wouldn't be as intuitive or as fast (if hopping backwards and forwards). Perhaps 'hopping backwards and forwards' might be solved by having 'memory' buttons or tabs on the screen to memorise positions in the book?

    3. Re:One question by Hacksaw · · Score: 2, Insightful

      in a real book, you don't flip the pages all that often

      Unless, of course, you are searching back a bunch of pages quickly, like people do all the time while reading novels with tricky plots.

      The ability to flip quickly through a book is a powerful search mechanism. I remember the shape of important pages, how the text was arranged. I'd bet that people do this in other ways as well, such as remembering the first line of a page, or words along the outside edge.

      --

      All the technology in the world won't hide your lack of vision, talent, or understanding.

    4. Re:One question by loveaxelrod · · Score: 2, Informative

      it doesn't even consume power when it's idling on a page It consumes power all the time, whether refreshing the page or not.

    5. Re:One question by Ami+Ganguli · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I think it depends somewhat on what kind of book you're reading. Novels are read slowly and sequentially. Reference material is flipped through quickly and often - hence the importance of a search facility.

      Think about how you look through a dictionary: flip through pages quickly, focusing on the index word at the top of the page. The pages flipping by are just a blur until you get close and then flip page by page.

      But honestly, I would rather read reference material on-line anyway. But a small e-book novel that I could take with me to the beach - that would be cool.

      --
      It is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail. - Abraham Maslow
    6. Re:One question by FyRE666 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      in a real book, you don't flip the pages all that often

      Unless, of course, you are searching back a bunch of pages quickly, like people do all the time while reading novels with tricky plots.

      I believe that some scientists have developed "text searching" technologies that allow computing devices to "search" through the words in a file. Hopefully this device could make use of this new advance, and "search" the pages a bit faster than you could flick around the pages of a book... ;-)

    7. Re:One question by Dun+Malg · · Score: 2
      it doesn't even consume power when it's idling on a page

      It consumes power all the time, whether refreshing the page or not.

      Are you talking about the display or the device as a whole? The display, which is what we're discussing, doesn't draw any power at rest. From the press release:

      "Because the display uses power only when an image is changed, "

      --
      If a job's not worth doing, it's not worth doing right.
  3. i hate sony by roofy · · Score: 2, Interesting

    i have one problem with this: memory stick; e-paper has to be flexible in the sense that it cant only support memory stick, thats like releasing paper that can only be written on with a special brand of pens, for the e-paper thing to take off we need multi format e-stationary

    1. Re:i hate sony by eclectro · · Score: 4, Interesting

      for the e-paper thing to take off we need multi format e-stationar

      Well it won't happen here. Sony has been pushing their proprietary "memory stick" which uses heavy drm called "magicgate" in all of their products hoping that the sheer number of devices they can put it in will give it a valid/default market base.

      --
      Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
    2. Re:i hate sony by DrXym · · Score: 4, Interesting
      More proprietary you mean since barely any non-Sony devices use memory stick. While SD or CF might be 'proprietary' in the sense that someone collects revenue from them, from a consumer perspective they are open - every manufacturer except Sony uses those formats and there are dozens of brands of cards to choose from. So they are cheap and ubiquitous.


      It is a wonder why anyone buys Sony at all these days. I know on principle that I'm not going to lock myself into their products or media when I can't use the cards interchangeably with other devices I might own.

    3. Re:i hate sony by eclectro · · Score: 3, Interesting

      You need a license for the other formats, they are not free

      What about one of those USB flash pen/thumb drives that are showing up everywhere? Universal in nature and not proprietary.

      Their DRM is barely used

      But yet it lies in wait.

      --
      Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
    4. Re:i hate sony by zero_offset · · Score: 2, Troll

      Worst of all, the Sony Memory Stick is a "dumb" format. Unlike Compact Flash, all of the read/write electronics are in the device itself. This probably makes the Memory Sticks cheaper to produce, although you'll notice they don't sell for less, funny how that works. Compact Flash, on the other hand, has most of the read/write electronics in the CF media itself. This means the device is potentially simplified a bit (probably not much chance of affecting the price significantly, but less to break over time), but more importantly it means you can gain important read/write speed improvements just by purchasing newer media.

      When I bought my camera, the best LexarMedia CF cards had a write speed of about 8X. Today they're about three times as fast, and that translates almost directly into faster "ready for the next photo" speeds.

      Granted, this aspect probably wouldn't matter much in this specific e-book application (unless maybe you can search book content? seems likely, the article mentions a keyboard), but it's a great illustration of how the Sony format sucks in comparison.

      Aside from the obvious fact that Sony itself sucks.

      --

      Slashdot quality declines as the number of hot grits posts decreases. - Provolt's Law, Apr-09-2005

    5. Re:i hate sony by jcr · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Sony aren't 'supporting' Memory Stick, they're foisting it.

      Get serious. Sony has no way at all to coerce you to buy a memory stick product, any more than they could twist your arm to buy a BetaCam. This isn't Microsoft we're talking about.

      Sony tried to sell Memory Stick, and it didn't catch on. What do you want them to do about it? Abandon it after a year, leaving all the early adopters in the lurch, or do what they are doing?

      I have no problem with Sony's policy on supporting or promoting media formats they introduce, whether or not I ever buy it.

      -jcr

      --
      The only title of honor that a tyrant can grant is "Enemy of the State."
  4. I wonder.. by XaXXon · · Score: 4, Interesting

    where's the source for their modified linux?

    Seems like every time an announcement like this is made a week later we find out they aren't making the source available..

  5. Old Reliable by Obyron · · Score: 3, Insightful

    For me nothing will ever beat the feeling of actually having the paper in my hands. Sorry folks, it may be mean to the trees, but nothing has the same feel as an actual paper book.

    --
    --Obyron
    1. Re:Old Reliable by JanneM · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I think you misunderstand the intended use of devices like this.

      I have a PDA for reading, but for me it not as an alternative to books - it's an alternative to _no_ books. It's something I can carry around that can contain several hundred texts (including reference works, fiction and so on) when I am travelling, when I am not at home, or (as now) when I live in a different country for a time. Bringing along hundreds of physical books is just not an option.

      The feature set of this device is (for me) properly compared with the PDA I currently use, rather than with a physical book. Sadly, while the screen seems very good, the use of DRM will likely cripple the device so badly it might as well not exist for me.

      I have zero interest in buying content for it - I just want to be able to easily upload any textual content in a standard format (be it html, pdf or whatever) and display and search it on the device. I suspect that this is not possible with this device.

      --
      Trust the Computer. The Computer is your friend.
    2. Re:Old Reliable by gilroy · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Blockquoth the poster:

      For me nothing will ever beat the feeling of actually having the paper in my hands.

      That's perfectly fine. But the generation has already been born that will not share your preference. It's a matter of what's available when you grow up. My teachers' teachers wrote everything by long hand, including final versions of thngs. My teachers used the typewriter for final versions but composed in longhand. I write everything in a word processor first time through but still prefer hardcopy for reading. My students will soon be comfortable composing and reading electronically.

      My question is, what's next?
    3. Re:Old Reliable by klaasb · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That is probably just you.
      In a few generation all the children have to carry to school is one sheet op electronic paper.
      There backs won't be damaged by loads of books and notebooks.

      And ofcourse they will laugh at there old fasioned grandpa. Electronic paper is to paper, what paper is to clay tablets.

      --
      if your pants fit well, it's not only because of the pants ...
    4. Re:Old Reliable by fucksl4shd0t · · Score: 4, Interesting

      That's perfectly fine. But the generation has already been born that will not share your preference. It's a matter of what's available when you grow up. My teachers' teachers wrote everything by long hand, including final versions of thngs. My teachers used the typewriter for final versions but composed in longhand. I write everything in a word processor first time through but still prefer hardcopy for reading. My students will soon be comfortable composing and reading electronically.

      Gee, I wonder where I fit in. I'm 30ish (well, I'll be thirty this year), and I prefer typing to writing on paper, but I actually prefer the Grafitti on my Clie to typing. Sure, it's not as fast, but it's much more portable than a keyboard. I can't even remember the last time I read something on a paper book. I fill up all available memory on my Clie with books, and as I finish each one I delete it. When it's empty of books, I fill it again. I've been reading more and at a steadier rate for the last 6 months than I *ever* have in my life, and I"ve got much less time to do so than I ever have in my life.

      And I just know that when we can write into a computer, we can search what we've written, and when the computer shows us what we wrote, it can be read by anyone in any font they prefer. Beats the hell out of rating someone's penmanship everytime you try to read their longhand.

      My question is, what's next?

      Um, penis tattoos?

      --
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    5. Re:Old Reliable by petgiraffe · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The biggest problem with this awesome idea is the fact that the price tag will always be significant.

      Uhm, have you seen the price of books? An engineering student can buy a pile of computers/PDAs for the price of a semester's worth of books.

      --
      -- The reader anything less than completely failing to not misunderstand this sig is cursed.
  6. The paper *is* reflective by yatest5 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    and can be seen in sunny environments? Erm, is that right?

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    • Mod parent up! [a] by Anonymous Coward (Score:5) Thurs, June 31, @13:37
  7. The next step by Capt'n+Hector · · Score: 4, Interesting
    Why is this only being marked for e-books? Why not slap a wifi card and set it up to scan the 'net for rss feeds? Laptop monitor? I don't know about the rest of you, but I primarily use my monitor for reading text. Wouldn't it be nice to have a secondary display in which you can do word processing, read and compose email, browse slashdot, run command lines... I don't know about you guys, but I think that would be pretty sweet.

    So the question is, would this be possible? Can the screen refresh its contents fast enough for normal computer use? Can it be used interchangably as a regular monitor? If so, this thing sounds great.

    --
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    1. Re:The next step by Maqueo · · Score: 3, Interesting

      How about setting up two monitors for the same PC? I have it at home and can't live without it anymore. I can code in one screen, and have a PDF/browser/DVD open in the other. It rocks :)

    2. Re:The next step by Sarojin · · Score: 4, Insightful

      because it's not very efficient for fast refreshes, just for static content, like pages in a book.

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  8. Can it read free content ? by mbyte · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Does anyone know if you can upload some "free" texts (HowTo's, gutenberg, etc) to this device ? The article only mentions BBeB, which has rather tight restrictions ... (i'm not permitted to read my books after 2 months ?! )

    1. Re:Can it read free content ? by PetrusMagnusII · · Score: 2, Informative

      I went to Sonys site for the answer, and as per usual for Sony, they arn't very clear on the details. But, what it says is that in order to get the books on your dily-bop whatever it's called, you have to download them from certain sites wich have a membership fee per month that will alow you to download 3-5 books a month for 6-10USD a month. It doesn't say what the format is, so i guess you'll have to find someone that has one and ask them :)

      I think it's pretty cool and i might wanna get one, but i just don't read that much.. hehe :) so i probaly wont get it. I ussually just sleep on the train.. But japaense people will love it. everyone reads on the train.. and you can read a lot when you have 2 to 4 hours round trip every day. Right now a pretty comon thing is book club stuff.. kinda like a blockbuster, but for books.. and it's usually inside the train station :)
      if this could replace that, that'd be kinda cool.. but i think it will take a long while before it's completely accepted.

    2. Re:Can it read free content ? by Anne+Thwacks · · Score: 4, Funny
      3-5 books a month for 6-10USD a month for that price, I'd rather join the book club and download real books by snail-mail which I can pass on to my grand-children when I've done with them. This sounds like its about as viable as a 1999 dotcom.

      Someone has lost the plot here. Is it them, or is it me?

      --
      Sent from my ASR33 using ASCII
    3. Re:Can it read free content ? by Prof.+Reginald · · Score: 3, Insightful

      "It runs a customized version of Linux, and being Sony-branded, supports MemoryStick."

      Since it runs Linux, I'm sure someone will come up with something.

    4. Re:Can it read free content ? by WindBourne · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If not, just wait. This is the first of many that are coming. You can bet on it that ones that allow gutenberg downloads will do very well.

      --
      I prefer the "u" in honour as it seems to be missing these days.
    5. Re:Can it read free content ? by cduffy · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Maybe -- but reading Memory Stick media without Sony's software is somewhere on the scale of "monumental"; they've got some serious protection in place there. So sure, you might be able to replace whatever internal flash the thing uses and boot your own OS -- but if you can't get to the hardware, what good does it do?

      See the PS/2 for an example of what I'm talking 'bout; sony has a fully GPLed release of their custom kernel source, but still nobody but them can touch the hardware.

  9. Dupe... by bircho · · Score: 2, Informative

    Nothing new here:Link

  10. Getting there by Teclis · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Now they need to make the power supply and electronics smaller, and the display bigger (at least 8.5x11). Add the ability to be able to roll it up or fold it and put it in your pocket and I might think about getting one.

    Minority report is approaching.....

    --
    Never let your sense of morals prevent you from doing what's right. --Isaac Asimov
    1. Re:Getting there by evilviper · · Score: 2, Insightful
      and the display bigger (at least 8.5x11).

      What? Why in the hell would they do that?

      As it is, it's bigger than most books I read, and considering the big margins in books to accomodate for the binding and whatnot, this is probably effectively much larger.

      Besides, even if making it biger had some advantage, I wouldn't want it. 8.5x11 would make it so big it would be definately non-portable. As it is, I could carry it around pretty easy, and it's still big enough to read from comfortably.

      I think they need to work on the formats it can read (HTML, PDF), and the media it accepts (CompactFlash), but other than that, it's close to perfect.
      --
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  11. refresh rate is not an issue by randomized · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Unlike displays we are using to watch movies and play games, e-paper does not need insane refresh rates and even if it's 5 frames per second, allows for better quality reading due to very high contrast ratios.

    Remember that this is black and white (at best greyscale) technology primarly designed for reading text. It will definitely be faster to change page than for you to flip the page of the book when reading.

    I can't wait to get my hands on those. E-books are finally readable :)

    --
    -- shortcut - the longest distance between two points.
    1. Re:refresh rate is not an issue by S3D · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Unlike displays we are using to watch movies and play games
      However It could be quite good for low graphics, turn based puzzle/strategy games. Think of Minesweeper, soliter, chess, etc. Could be another opportunity for small/indie developers (think of low cost 2$ games), and it can also leverage Linux gaming...If it has WiFi or bluetooth it could be a viable multiplayer platform too.
    2. Re:refresh rate is not an issue by Awptimus+Prime · · Score: 2, Informative

      There is no such thing as a refresh rate on a progressive display. There is pixel refresh latency -- but that is quite a bit different, technically speaking, and does not matter when looking at a static image. Anything above 15ms pixel refresh is annoying if you are playing a FPS. 25ms or less is good for an RPG. Anything higher, and smooth scrolling text will begin to ghost.

      Progressive displays simply turn on or off a pixel and set a color to it. Non-progressive displays, like your CRT, constantly refreshes the information in a sweep across the entire screen. Thus it has a refresh rate.

      It goes to show how many people got their display education from the Windows display control panel. I cracked up when I saw I still had to set a refresh rate with my LCD panel hooked up via DVI in XP.

    3. Re:refresh rate is not an issue by WindBourne · · Score: 2, Informative

      How about a "refresh" rate of 0? There is nothing of that with this product. The idea is to use energy to change screen, but once changed, it remains without any extra energy.

      --
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    4. Re:refresh rate is not an issue by egomaniac · · Score: 4, Informative

      Progressive displays simply turn on or off a pixel and set a color to it. Non-progressive displays, like your CRT, constantly refreshes the information in a sweep across the entire screen. Thus it has a refresh rate.

      That is not what progressive means. Progressive is the opposite of interlaced -- an interlaced display alternates updating the even and odd scan lines, while a progressive display updates all of the scan lines in one pass. Whether it requires constant refreshing (CRTs) or not (LCDs and Plasmas) is immaterial.

      --
      ZFS: because love is never having to say fsck
  12. 170 dpi? by Amiga+Lover · · Score: 2, Interesting

    What's the point of 170dpi? My Palm has perhaps 40dpi at the most and it has perfectly readable text.

    I think this is a case of a company marketing a product for a niche that doesn't need anywhere near the complexity or cost of the product they're pushing.

    1. Re:170 dpi? by WegianWarrior · · Score: 4, Informative

      What's the point of 170dpi? My Palm has perhaps 40dpi at the most and it has perfectly readable text.

      As already mentioned, higher resolution is easier on the eyes.. and recall that this is a japanse product which means it has to be able to display japanse letters (kanji and katakana I believe they are called) which needs a higher resolution then the latin alphabet to remain readable.

      --
      Everything in the world is controlled by a small, evil group to which, unfortunately, no one you know belongs.
    2. Re:170 dpi? by herrison · · Score: 2, Informative

      Resolution has an impact even before detailed character-based pattern matching occurs. Better type definition improves the brain's ability to gestalt process the word/sentence shape (which is why lower-case type is more legible than upper-case, there is better shape definition); thus the eye movements (saccades) are more effective, permitting 2/3 eye movements per line rather than constant reiteration as the brain prepares the data for a finer degree of pattern matching.

      --
      You know what I miss? Leeches.
  13. Re:Japanese QWERTY by bircho · · Score: 3, Informative

    Japanese keyboards are like qwerty, but each letter/number has a kana (like a syllable) associated. There's a key next to space bar that change keyboard mode (hiragana/katakana/roman).

  14. Re:Japanese QWERTY by packeteer · · Score: 2, Informative

    Japanese has an alphabet. I dont see why people think asian languadges are so difficult. They are often structured much better and are far easier to learn. Personally i found japanese to be far easier to learn than spanish. Oh and for anyone who thinks that its hard to memorize a word that uses symbols nto letters think of it this way. Every work in english has a certain way to spell it. When you see a word on paper you take the letters and turn it into a meaningful word in your head. Its the same with asain languadges. Instead of letters they use slashes and in some languages circles. You to remember how to spell each word you read in order to read it just like asains must remember what each symbol means to read.

    --
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  15. PDF Support? by DAldredge · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Does this unit have support for PDF's? Lack of PDF support is what kept me from buying the last generation of dedicated ebook readers.

  16. A writer's dream, almost by heironymouscoward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Very close to my ideal writer's tool: a portable writing pad consisting of a high-resolution B&W screen like this, a fold-up wireless keyboard, a long battery life, and just one application: a word processor. It should run entirely from flash memory . And a $400 price tag would be sweet too.

    --
    Ceci n'est pas une signature
    1. Re:A writer's dream, almost by Bazzargh · · Score: 2, Interesting

      "The closest I found was the Clio Vadem PC-1000 but it has a color screen and is rather big.. :("

      You want a 10" screen but think the PC-1000 is big! I have to say that I've been looking for that kind of thing too. I guess marketing depts worldwide that B/W won't sell, even with higher res and better battery life than the colour alternatives.

      The Vadem, its twin the "TriPad" and the Psion Series 7 were the closest I could find to what I wanted.

      Taking the cue from the grandparent to look for word processors I also found some other options - mainly aimed at the educational market.

      Of the links above, the two cheaper quickpads seem the most viable - it works as a wireless or USB keyboard at your pc, then just walk away with some text files (and apparently spreadsheets too?). At 11" its a bit large but it makes sense if you see it as a keyboard replacement. Interesting note on how it works in a review I found:

      "When a user returns to the office, the QuickPAD allows the files in the Text Editor to be uploaded into any favorite word-processing program. This trick is accomplished by having the keyboard "replay" all the keystrokes of the text editor's file."

      Interesting. So if you combine a Happy Hacking keyboad, a keylogger and a display, you'd have the same thing?

  17. i'll wait just a little bit longer... by utexaspunk · · Score: 3, Insightful

    this technology has a little way to go yet before it really kicks ass. for one, they don't have color yet, and secondly, the contrast ratio isn't that great- it looks more like black on grey than black on white. in another couple years, i bet they'll have this with higher resolution, higher contrast, and full color, and probably fast enough to do any computer activity on it. What will also be really cool would/will be full bleed- no more frames around your screen- image from edge to edge. This technology is what will hopefully finally make the paperless office a reality. Portable, high resolution reflective displays. Right now, we probably use more paper than ever, because technology allows us to communicate as much as we want, but we hate reading it on the screen...

    1. Re:i'll wait just a little bit longer... by evilviper · · Score: 4, Insightful
      for one, they don't have color yet,

      How many books have you read that were typed in color? All of mine are black text on white paper.

      The occasional picture would look a bit better in color, but B&W looks good enough. It's ready for primetime in that department.

      the contrast ratio isn't that great- it looks more like black on grey than black on white

      This is not a computer screen that you'll be playing UT2K3 on. It's solely for text display, and the contrast is better than it needs to be already.

      i bet they'll have this with higher resolution,

      It's 800x600 in a ~8" screen, with a much higher DPI than a computer monitor. How much higher res do you want? Besides, this is not for playing games on, it's for reading text.

      and probably fast enough to do any computer activity on it.

      If they're smart, they'll stick to being just fast enough to render PDFs and HTML docs. Nobody wants a device that goes through 3 AAA batteries in 5 minutes. BTW, this is a freaking eBook, not a PDA. It doesn't need to be able to run Office. Come on now.
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    2. Re:i'll wait just a little bit longer... by egomaniac · · Score: 4, Interesting

      In order to do color reproduction without a backlight, you need overlapping colored pixels, and that is an order of magnitude harder than just putting colored pixels next to each other, as on a TFT or CRT screen. If you want to create white and put red, green, and blue reflecting pixels next to each other, the result will be reflecting roughly 1/3 of the light in the best case, which is grey. It's comparable to a colored mobile-phone display with the backlight switched off.

      Wrong on several counts.

      1) The colors do not need to overlap. Why would they? As you noted, monitors use side-by-side colors rather than overlapping colors, and e-paper would be no different in this regard.

      2) As this is a reflective display rather than an emissive display, the primary colors would be cyan, magenta, and yellow (possibly with black), not RGB.

      3) I have no idea where you get the "1/3 of the light" figure from. This technology is quite different than LCDs -- LCDs have fundamental limitations on their ability to transmit light due to the use of polarizing filters. e-paper does not use polarizing filters, just plain ol' reflection, and this means that (theoretically) there is nothing stopping e-paper from having brightness comparable to good paper. It's just a matter of refining the technology.

      The real reason you haven't seen a color version yet, and aren't likely to anytime soon, is that e-paper is currently a strictly on/off display. It does not do grayscales at all. Suppose you figured out how to triple the resolution of this device and switch from B&W to CMY. You now have a display capable of showing exactly eight colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, black, and white. That's it. You need intermediate steps (say, 50% cyan and 25% yellow) to display any other colors.

      Either somebody needs to figure out how to make e-paper do grayscales, or the resolution needs to be way higher so that many subpixels of each color can be devoted to each pixel.

      --
      ZFS: because love is never having to say fsck
    3. Re:i'll wait just a little bit longer... by hankwang · · Score: 2, Informative
      I'll will elaborate.

      The colors do not need to overlap. Why would they? As you noted, monitors use side-by-side colors rather than overlapping colors, and e-paper would be no different in this regard.

      I can imagine technologies for colored pixels that result in either a scale from black to a saturated color (be it RGB or CMY), or from white to a saturated color (RGB or CMY). Let us take white-to-CMY as an example.

      Colors are mixed ADDITIVELY. Why? Your eye is receiving light from all three pixels! But each pixel only represents 1/3 of the reflecting surface, so the

      • cyan pixels can represent RGB values between (0.0,0.33,0.33) (ON) and (.33,.33,.33) (OFF),
      • the magenta between (0.33,0,0.33) and (.33,.33,.33),
      • and the yellow between (0,0.33,0.33) and (.33,.33,.33).
      (These RGB values are without gamma correction).

      Examples:

      • All pixels switched off (white): white color (100% reflection of all wavelengths).
      • All pixels switched on: total RGB (.67,.67,.67). Light grey.
      • Only cyan switched on: 2/3 of the pixels, i.e. the magenta and yellow ones, are still white. 1/3 of the pixels is cyan. The result will be an unsaturated cyan, corresponding to RGB (0.67,1,1) (ignoring gamma correction), instead of pure cyan (0,1,1).
      • Cyan and magenta switched on. You may think that that results in blue (0,0,1), but it will actually be the ADDITIVE sum of cyan(0,0.33,0.33) + magenta(0.33,0,0.33) + white(0.33,0.33,0.33) = (0.67,0.67,1), an pale light blue.
      So this display will be able to represent colors varying between white and light grey, and some pale colors lying inbetween.

      Similar problems will occur with RGB pixels, or with a black background instead of a white.

      In order to mix cyan and magenta into pure blue, you have to cover the whole surface with magenta, and then with cyan on top of that, so that the magenta layer will filter out all green light, and the cyan layer will filter out all the red light. That will be very hard, though not fundamentally impossible, to implement as e-paper.

  18. Re:Japanese QWERTY by bircho · · Score: 4, Informative

    I dont see why people think asian languadges are so difficult.

    Try find a kanji in a dictionary...
    Try read a japanese text with a dictionary...
    Try speak a word you read frist time (kanji usually has 2 way of reading)...

    Korean has a easier way of writing, but sometimes they use kanjis too.

    PS: IANAT (I am not a troll), but i do have a lot of work studying japanese...

  19. Re:Japanese QWERTY by Neo-Rio-101 · · Score: 3, Informative

    Yep, the jp106 keyboard layout is QWERTY, but has a few extra buttons to handle jumping between character sets. The space bar is much smaller as a result.... and the backslash is replaced with the yen symbol. And yes, in Japanese Windows as there is no backslash, you can imagine what the filename paths look like. I just wish the keyboard would work properly with DOSbox and Bochs... for some reason the DOS emulators get confused when dealing with Japanese keyboards. I can't get the colon to come out.

    --
    READY.
    PRINT ""+-0
  20. Okay, so... by Thedalek · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I thought the whole point of having ePaper in the first place was to have an inexpensive alternative to LCD which could be used in places LCD couldn't (like on product labels). At nearly $400, I don't see the ePaper providing a noticable savings over a comparable B&W LCD display, which could easily be used in a similar device. "So, 10 out of 10 for style, but minus several million for good thinking, okay?"

    --
    Happiness is relative, Based upon the way we live.
    1. Re:Okay, so... by evilviper · · Score: 2, Insightful
      (like on product labels).

      Obviously, you are thinking of another time of "ePaper".

      And it does not help that you didn't bother to read the article at all.

      I don't see the ePaper providing a noticable savings over a comparable B&W LCD display, which could easily be used in a similar device.

      I agree with you there... But I have never been able to find a device like this with a B&W LCD display. Until there is such a device, the issue is a non-starter.

      --
      Slashdot gets worse every day... Pipedot: News for nerds, without the corporate slant
  21. I love the idea but I won't buy it by bromba · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Not because I miss the touch of a real dead tree book. Not because it doesn't bend. Not because it's expensive.

    I won't buy it simply because it's ridiculous that the content expires in two months. What's the point of being able to load up to 500 books on that device if they expire 60 days later????

    1. Re:I love the idea but I won't buy it by bircho · · Score: 2, Informative

      i do agree with your point, but...

      Some won't expire.
      Some you don't care if it expire.
      But some people just don't care at all.

    2. Re:I love the idea but I won't buy it by eclectro · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I won't buy it simply because it's ridiculous that the content expires in two months. What's the point of being able to load up to 500 books on that device if they expire 60 days later????

      Especially when the product dies due to lack of market interest.

      Any content you did "own" will be unusable, and if you could crack the drm to transfer to another format, you would breaking the law. So you are left with nothing.

      In other words, another useless ebook.

      --
      Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
  22. Re:Japanese QWERTY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    You [need] to remember how to spell each word you read in order to read it just like asains must remember what each symbol means to read.

    That's not true. In English, you can speak a word you've never seen before by sounding it out (and I'm not sure if the irony was intentional, but your post had quite a few spelling errors).

    Japanese does have an alphabet (IIRC, there are about 25 symbols - and each symbol can be written using 2 English letters, from a set of about 10). But they also have thousands of symbols that represent words, which need to be memorized. If you hadn't seen one before, you'd have no idea how to pronounce it, so you couldn't just ask someone what it means over the phone like you could in English.

    And I think there are some Asian languages that don't have alphabets at all.

    Personally i found japanese to be far easier to learn than spanish.

    The language seems to have a fairly logical structure, so conversational Japanese shouldn't be too difficult to learn. But could you read a Japanese newspaper? To be considered literate, you'd need to have 1945 symbols memorized.

  23. Magna Doodle by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The technology behind these things sounds very similar to the Fisher-Price MagnaDoodle, which is a kickaround portable whiteboard that I cannot live without. It uses iron filings suspended in a white opaque oil, and it has a dot pitch of about 1/6" inch. The electronic version of these sound really great - especially the nonvolatility of the display. There is little doubt that these things are ultimately going to trounce LCDs.

    This particular implementation, however, does not sound appealling due to the advertising whores that want some screenspace and the DRM that cripples its functionality. If they can sell these things for under $400 at such low volumes, then much better device that use essentially the same display technology cannot be too far off.

  24. From the Guardian article by chrismear · · Score: 2, Interesting

    In his enthusiasm, Ukita lets slip that flexible electronic paper which can handle Harry Potter-esque moving images and colour is in the research and development labs and may be just two to three years away.

    Having not read any Harry Potter, I may well be missing something obvious, but what is so 'Harry-Potter--esque' about 'moving images and colour'? Why not just say "can handle moving images and colour"? I'm pretty certain we had them before Harry Potter came along.

    Or is it just a desperate attempt to interest people in the article?

  25. Not perfect... by WegianWarrior · · Score: 2, Interesting

    ..yet. Give it a generation or two to iron out the problems that bound to pop up, and practicly everyone will buy them. The first videorecorders, personal computers, walkmen, mp3-players and whatnot wasn't perfect either, but these days 'everyone' has one.


    For me, I would like to see this for at least half the prize and with the ability to display colour photographs (but then, a lot of the books I read has colour pictures in them), as well as support for wirtually any fileformat that displays text under the sun - as well as beeing able to display photographs from my digicam. Oh, and add a CF-card slot to it too, please ;)


    Seriously thought - drop the price in half and I'll prolly buy one, memorystick, monocrome text and all.

    --
    Everything in the world is controlled by a small, evil group to which, unfortunately, no one you know belongs.
    1. Re:Not perfect... by Rob+Simpson · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Screw the price - less than $400 is hardly unreasonable, considering the number of overpriced yet poorly designed PDAs on the market. I'm mostly interested in whether it will be completely crippled by DRM, or whether that will be restricted to the built-in viewer, and whether I would be able to install third-party (eg, iSilo) and open-source apps.

      (CF support would be nice too, but c'mon, this is Sony...)

  26. Re:Dupe...Not. by barc0001 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    It's not a dupe. The first story said they were going to launch it, with some few details. Now they have launched it with more details and some first impressions.

  27. Here is source by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    Here is source http://www.sony.net/Products/Linux/Download/EBR-10 00EP.html

    1. Re:Here is source by jsse · · Score: 4, Informative

      Mod this AC up, the link http://www.sony.net/Products/Linux/Download/EBR-10 00EP.html is real link to source code.

  28. Re:Japanese QWERTY by kfg · · Score: 4, Informative

    Japanese is a highly phonetic ( and also highly inflected) language. They have had their own phoentic alpabet for centuries. There is particular resourcfulness in typing this alphabet.

    The problem comes in two forms. The first of which is an early resistence by the intelligensia to actually use the Japanese alphabet (which was the invention of mere women). Chinese was the language of culture, and most Japanese works written before and around the time of the invention of the Japanese phonetic alphabet were not written in Japanese using the Chinese Kanji, they were actually written in classical Chinese (sometimes with a certain amount of skill, but often rather crudely). Much as the learned of Europe wrote in Latin, even though Latin was not their native tongue.

    With this dissimilarity, many of these people had a language that was either descended from or a close relative of Latin. Chinese and Japanese have no common base. They are very, very dissimilar.

    And just as these European scholars, when they did write in their native tongue they couldn't help themselves from sprinkling it liberally with Chinese.

    And so, despite their being a native alphabet, the Chinese Kanji became imbedded in the native style of writing.

    No we come to the second issue. Why don't they just, in modern times, simply drop the use of Kanji and write in Japanese? Because Japanese is a highly polyglot language, just like English. It has adopted into itself many foreign words, English, Spanish, Dutch, Portugese (the "Japanese" word for the kimono's (actually a western word in a sense, although composed of a Japanese phrase)undergarment, "Juban," is the Portugese word for "undershirt," gibao,( And the pattern of the garment itself is transformed from its traditional Japanese form into the European form)), and, of course. . . Chinese.

    But, as I've already pointed, out Chinese and Japanese have no relation, in particular Chinese is not phonetic, and thus there is no way to spell these Chinese words in the Japanese phonetic alphabet. So they need to use Kanji.

    Had the Japanese encountered the Spanish before the Chinese things would have turned out rather differently, as the Latin alphabet is not only a very good fit with the Japanese language, it fits Japanese a bit better than it does the Germanically derived English.

    KFG

  29. Inspector Gadget by DigiShaman · · Score: 2, Funny

    W00t! Now I can have a digital power book just like Penny in the cartoon.

    --
    Life is not for the lazy.
  30. hi-tech? by octal666 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    well, AAA batteries, 10,000 pages reades, 500 books in memory, why in Hell have they packed such a wonderful geek-toy with this poor memory and energy technology? For 350 euros more or less they should have put at least memory for enough books you cannot read in a lifetime and battery for reading them all.

    --
    DON'T PANIC
  31. Re:Japanese QWERTY by S3D · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I never tried to learn Japanise, but I've tried to leran Chinese. Looking for character in the dictionary is a science in itself. There are special sytems for look up in the dictionary - "Four corner" and "Root", which are qute difficalt to learn. On top of it there are communist-modified characters and classic character. And prononsation with tones. In fact chines could understand more easy student speaking without tones, then student reproducing tones not perfectly...

  32. Re:Japanese QWERTY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Actually, Japanese has 3 alphabets: katakana, hiragana and kanji (Chinese characters).

    There are 47 characters in katakana and in hiragana. There are about 2000 commonly used kanji. In kanji, there are usually multiple readings (on/kun yomi), which somewhat complicates things. However, if you understand the meaning behind kanji, you're doing pretty good, probably same if you can recognize Latin rootwords in language X.

    Kanji generally require correct stroke order to write. Japanese people have a tough time writing things by hand since they have often forgotten how to write many kanji. If they need to write something down, they will often do something on the computer, select the kanji the computer recommends (after checking the choices) then writing it.

    Additionally, some kanji are really complicated to write. "taka" is pretty tough and when I went to buy stuff when I was in Tokyo, nearly everyone needed to look it up in their books to figure out the kanji so they could write it down on the invoice.

    Chinese has about 20,000 from what I've heard. That's a lot.

    On the plus side, you can write hiragana and katakana the exact same way you hear it. In English, you need context to know the difference when writing "aunt" and "ant". "whole"/"hole" anyone? In fact, if someone hears a name and doesn't know the kanji, it is written down in hiragana or katakana.

    Anyway, personally I did better in Japanese than Spanish as the parent apparantly did, but that is due to my motivation. At least in Spanish you can guess that "interesante (sp?)" is "interesting". "omoshiroi" doesn't seem quite as easy to me.

  33. Customized Version of Linux? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    We should have the sources, right?
    If we can compile them and upgrade the device, there should not be any problem: we will probably be able to display whatever we want.

    Any other clue about that?

  34. Re:Evil marketing.....creeps by MemRaven · · Score: 2, Informative
    If you read the article, you'll see that they've been working with e-ink to bring this to market, the same people who have been the most vocal about working with the e-paper format. So I'm assuming that if there's an IP conflict between e-ink and any other e-paper companies, then e-ink has probably dealt with it.

    In addition, they are thinking that they'll have flexible (i.e. paper-like) e-ink displays in these things in a few years, but that they're not really ready for prime time yet in the format they wanted with the resolution/contrast that they wanted.

    In short, read the Guardian article. It covers who they've been working with to develop the technology.

  35. Sony corporate hardware & content conflicts by Bushcat · · Score: 4, Interesting
    Sony's problem is that it has quite a lot of in-fighting. The hardware divisions can design interesting stuff: the Clie has pushed Palm OS further than Palm would ever have taken Palm PDAs by themselves, for example. Sony pushes the envelope with MD and so on. But, Sony also manufactures both audio and video content, manages pop groups and so on. That side of operations doesn't want any content to be "free" any time whatsoever. I think one can see the market effect of this internal conflict in Sony's paucity of true digital offerings: Sony created and defined the Walkman market, yet it's got what, 2 solid-state music players on the market worldwide? Basically, whatever Sony does, it is forced to use DRM to keep its own divisions happy. So I imagine its Librie offerings will be similarly DRM'd to the point where the products are not sensible purchases for most people.

    Philips invented the paper, they work closely with Matsushita, so I'd wait for a Panasonic competitor to hit the market. Matsushita seem to have come up with a lot of neat stuff over the past year, hopefully it's a renaissance that will continue.

  36. Re:Japanese QWERTY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    Pretty good and accurate write up, however there are a few missing points. There's a good reason that the Japanese continued to use the Kanji (Chinese Characters) even when they started accepting the useage of Kana (phonetic alphabet). Although the Japanese Kana is strictly phonetic, there is no way to specify the intonation of the Kana, thus this must be recognized by context. The Japanese language does have subtle differences in pronunciation, but the written language has no way to reflect this. As an example, take the English word "Bear". It sounds the same as "Bare" but means something entirely different. However, you don't need context to notice the difference in the written language, whereas in Japanese Kana you would, because it would be written in exactly the same way. What's a bit interesting is that in the English spoken language, you WOULD need the context to realize whether the speaker means "bear" or "bare". In Japanese, the word "Kuma", depending on the pronunciation, can mean either "bear" or "dark circles under your eyes", but the pronunciation is different, and can be recognized immediately.

    Back to the original issue though, the Japanese language also has many words where the context is required to understand the meaning. For example "Kumo" (spider/cloud), "Kami" (hair/paper), "Hana" (nose/flower), and so on, all have identical pronunciations.

    Under such circumstances, using full Kana will result in a very difficult to understand sentence that is long, flat, and hard to read. Using Chinese Kanji for specific vocabulary makes it very easy to read. The Kanji provides the context, and often the pronunciation.

    One misperception is that the invention of Kana by women allowed them to write strictly in Kana alone. This is neither true nor accurate. As the parent had mentioned, the full Chinese Kanji writings of the time were written in a crude interpretation of the Chinese language, and was more often than not pretty poor as Chinese. It had it's own structure that was vaguely Japanese in grammatic structure, but you couldn't read it directly into Japanese. Hard to explain, but it was sort of a written language that was a language to itself. There was no way you could read it straight, it required interpretation.

    This meant that writting in Kanji required more than the knowledge of the written language, but a background in an entirely different spoken language (Chinese) too. Just imagine if English was merely a spoken language, and the written language was Russian. (French and Spanish are way too similar to English than Japanese and Chinese are.)

    By creating Kana, which was phonetic, it was possible to write sentences that could be read as Japanese by filling the gaps that the Chinese-esque writing simply "assumed". (I suppose you could say that prior to Kana, the written language was similar to Arabic where you need to assume the vowels by reading the context, as there are no vowels in the written language. Or so I'm told.) Of course, this was a very "Femminin" thing to do, and naturally was NOT a "Macho" (=Manly and Intelligent) thing to do in those days.

    Either way, the use of Kana was gradually accepted, and the written Japanese language evolved a little at a time. It's still evolving today (as is the case with most any active language) so even works from 100 years ago are hard to read or understand. The Japanese written language is still very different from the spoken language, but it's much more Japanese these days. There is also a trend in decreasing the ammount of Kanji and increasing Kana, although I believe this is more attributed to lower educational standards these days, with people that can't read a lot of the more complex Kanji. For better or for worse, that's the case.

    As a side note, Kana itself was derived from Kanji, and was a "simplified" form. I'm not sure how the Korean language evolved, but they too use a mixture of Chinese characters and their own phonetic characters. (Although it's rarely seen... the only areas I've seen Kanji in Korea were in a few signs, and occasionally in newspaper headlines.)

  37. Re:Surely I'm being stupid.... by MrAngryForNoReason · · Score: 3, Informative

    ...but the battery life would depend on how long you spent reading each page. You can't just say "it will last 10 000 pages" - someone might spend 10 seconds to read a page, or two minutes...

    If you had RTFA you would know that it only takes power to refresh the screen not to maintain a static image. So the battery life is 10,000 pages whether you flick through one a second, or spend an hour on each page.

  38. Solar Cells, Not Batteries! by VernonNemitz · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Any electronic device that uses such a trickle of current that batteries can last for months -- is an electronic device that should be powered by built-in solar cells. Indeed, this particular gadget appears to be frugal enough that if you have enough light to READ its text, then you probably have enough light to power it.

  39. bookmarks by interactive_civilian · · Score: 3, Informative
    Most document readers on PDAs allow you to set bookmarks in the text for easy jumping back and forth. E.G. I use a program called TiBR for PalmOS on my Visor and have about 20 books stored on it right now. I just went through and set the bookmarks for each chapter, as well as memorable quotes and such and now I can zip through them quite quickly.

    I can also jump anywhere in the book based on percent, so if I can remember where things are in the book based on the percentage (not unlike remembering approximate page numbers in a dead tree book) then I can jump to that area very quickly.

    It is also nice how the book stays on the same page when you "close" it (quit the program) and them "open" it again (open the program). Say hello to the end of traditional bookmarks and/or dogeared pages. :D

    I can't imagine why this bookreader would be any different...

    Incidently, reading eBooks on a PDA is great for reading on a train (such as those you find in Japan). You can read one handed and use the scroll buttons to flip the "pages" (great when you are standing up and have to hold on to a handle)...

    --
    "Empathise with stupidity, and you're halfway to thinking like an idiot." - Iain M. Banks
  40. Re:Japanese QWERTY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

    They, (actually, we :) had encountered the Indian writing system about the same time as Kanas were invented. But it did not contribute to the Japanese writing system. Indian writing systems, being syllabic, indeed well suited to transcribing Japnese. Also, the majority of the intellectuals in those days being Buddhist monks, some of whom were familiar with the Indian wrting system, adopting a writing system derived from an Indian system might have happened if they were willing.

    However, it did not happen. The Japanese already had a system of transcribing their syllables in Chinese characters, called Man-you gana. Hiragana and katakana were different ways of simplifying that Man-you gana.

    A benefit of this development, or more precisely the fact that the Japanese used the Chinese characters to transcribe their language was that it allows us to figure out the pronunciation of Japanese in those days.

    On the other hand, the knowledge of Indian writing system did contribute to the Japanese culture in the form of the table of 50 sounds. That was inspired by how syllables are arranged in Indic grammer, especially Sanskrit. Columns of consonants and rows of vowels, arranged to reflect the positions of vocal organs when a syllable is pronounced. This table, too, tells us how the syllables were pronounced in those days. So, for example the sounds that are pronounced as "ha" "hi" "fu" "he" "ho" today must have been pronounced as "pa" "pi" "pu" "pe" "po" because the the column for them is placed between "n" and "m". Pretty neat.

  41. For A Picture by obidonn · · Score: 2, Informative

    Here's a link to the japanese LIBRIE site (http://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/LIBRIE/) if you're interested in getting a look at it.

  42. The joy of eBooks by FuzzyDaddy · · Score: 4, Interesting
    I am a recent convert to the joy of eBooks. I just bought the low end palm (Zire 21 for $99) to help organize my life. A few days ago I downloaded the Weasel Reader and got some Mark Twain short storied off of the Gutenberg Project.

    What I've found is that it's no substitute for sitting down with a real book, but it's great when waiting around at the post office, eating lunch, or any time I have some time I'd like to read but may not have planned for and brought a book.

    The article and Sony seemed to be concerned with content, with the focus on this product that you can get a cheaper eBook than a real book. That, to me, is not a compelling reason to buy the thing. The collection at the Gutenberg Project would make it compelling for me, and I'm surprised that the eBook world has not embraced that in their marketing. Perhaps it's because consumer technology traditionally enables the sale of "content" (records, DVD's, etc.), and pointing to free content might be a no-no to publishers of current works. But if they wanted to sell the hardware, it would be a pretty gutsy move to advertise "thousands of free classic titles".

    --
    It's not wasting time, I'm educating myself.
  43. Re:Japanese QWERTY by GlobalEcho · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I'm not terribly knowledgeable about linguistics, but I do know that Korean is written in a bona fide alphabet that separates vowel and consonant symbols (contrast to the two syllabaries {katakana and hiragana} used by Japanese). It's invention is attributed to a king many hundreds of years ago.

    Academic Korean writing (I've been told) still uses lots of Chinese characters. I get the impression it's a style/showoff thing.

    Like English, with germanic-derived and latin-derived vocabularies combined ["hate" versus "detest"], Korean has "native" Korean words and chinese derived words.

    You are considered an eloquent speaker if you use a lot of "chinese character words" -- words derived from the Chinese that in previous decades might have been written with the Chinese characters, but these days are probably spelled out like almost everything else. This is somewhat analogous to English, where the sentences comprised of latin-derived words are usully considered more erudite.

  44. Re:I can see a use for this... by anubi · · Score: 2, Interesting
    Unfortunately, we run into economics and monopolies.

    Yes, students spend upwards of $500/semester on books. I do. And I have seen countless occasions where book publishers issue revision after revision, often making changes as minor as just re-ordering the problems at the end of the chapter, just to render the previous revison ( no longer available, reproduction of previous revision forbidden by copyright law ) obsolete, forcing teachers to adopt the new version, also rendering student's investment in the earlier version a sunk cost.

    Think its gonna be cheaper to "lease"? We already do. Cost of reproduction is not that much. Geez, if printing is so expensive, how can you justify the literal tons of printed junk mail generated daily?

    For my stuff, I generally keep my books anyway. Geez, they are the ones I fall back to when I am trying to remember some little quirk in Control Theory or some obscure little DSP goodie I remember my professor talking about. I even still have my books discussing control theory algorithms using Vacuum Tubes!!! Although the mechanizations change, the basic ideas are identical. I see over and over again where often things get way, way, way more complicated than they need to be. I can perform integration with a fullbore DSP. I can also do it with a capacitor. Or, I might use a combo approach to use the digital side to store constants which compensate for analog tolerances. But then, think of all the techniques I was taught that I would lose reference to if my books expired!

    --
    "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good." [KJV: I Thessalonians 5:21]