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Finding the Pits In CherryOS

An anonymous reader writes "DrunkenBlog is carrying a story with piles of gathered evidence (including screenshots of code diffs) exposing the speed claims of CherryOS, and that the company behind it (Maui X-Stream) is not only stealing code from the open source project PearPC but at least several other OSS projects too. There are some choice quotes from PearPC developers on how it is harming their project. They appear to have a strong case, but enforcing the GPL could take help."

95 of 494 comments (clear)

  1. Does this? by maotx · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Looks like they had their cherry popped ;)
    In all seriousness though, this looks like a perfect time to test the GPL in cou rt (if they make it that far.)

    Does their use of OSS without complying with GPL violate copyright laws or justlicensing laws?

    --
    I'm a virgo and on Slashdot. Coincidence? Yes.
  2. Warez too! by sH4RD · · Score: 5, Informative

    According to this thread on PearPC.net, he is using a warez'd copy of several programs as well.

    --
    WASTE - The Secure P2P
    1. Re:Warez too! by tyleroar · · Score: 2, Informative

      Actually, the thread doesn't say he is using several warez programs. They say he is using ONE warez program. Plus, some guy saying the installer he used was warezed, doesn't really make it true.

      --
      Portland, North Dakota Puppies
  3. Steal or Copy? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful
    exposing the speed claims of CherryOS, and that the company behind it (Maui X-Stream) is not only stealing code from the open source project PearPC but... *SNIP*


    Stealing code? I though they were wrongfully copying it, or did we completely throw away the concept of copying alltogether?
    1. Re:Steal or Copy? by Saeed+al-Sahaf · · Score: 3, Interesting

      'spose it also depends on if they have or have not included the GPL thingy. Have they REALLY violated GPL? Or are people just pissed because they want to make money on freely avail. code?

      --
      "Who are in control, they are not in control of anything - they don't even control themselves!" - Glen Beck
    2. Re:Steal or Copy? by noidentity · · Score: 4, Funny

      Didn't you hear? The PearPC developers don't have the code anymore because the CherryOS guys stole it. That's why they want the source of CherryOS released, so they can get it back!

    3. Re:Steal or Copy? by NetNifty · · Score: 2, Informative

      IIRC the GPL says you can charge whatever you want for the binary, but you have to release the source code which you used in it (ie make it available, at the very least by including the LICENCE.txt in the main directory of the software) and release it under the GPL licence. CherryOS has not done this.

  4. The sad truth... by Saeed+al-Sahaf · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The sad truth is that the GPL has no real teeth, because most of the people writing GPL'd code do not have the resources or time to do anything about "code theft".

    --
    "Who are in control, they are not in control of anything - they don't even control themselves!" - Glen Beck
    1. Re:The sad truth... by maotx · · Score: 2, Interesting

      If it is possible to sue for ?damages? then I'm sure at least one geak who is a lawyer would like to take a stab at it.

      If anything else I'm sure that somewhere out there is a geek lawyer who wouldn't mind taking a shot at it if s/he could be reimburst for expenses.

      --
      I'm a virgo and on Slashdot. Coincidence? Yes.
    2. Re:The sad truth... by serviscope_minor · · Score: 3, Informative

      The sad truth is that the GPL has no real teeth, because most of the people writing GPL'd code do not have the resources or time to do anything about "code theft".
      --
      What's worth doing is worth doing for money...


      That does not mean the license has no teeth, just like many other civil laws: you have to have the money to go to court.

      Oh and regarding your .sig: does that apply to sex too?

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    3. Re:The sad truth... by deanj · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Definately not a Troll.

      Look at the Linux phones out there. None of the phone manufacturing companies supplying the OS on those things have released ANY code for those phones.

      And that's Linux itself!

      Why isn't anyone doing anything about this?

    4. Re:The sad truth... by jacksonj04 · · Score: 3, Informative

      I would say it depends on how the phones work. If all they are is a basic kernel with the companies own proprietary binaries on top, then there's nothing the company has to distribute. The kernel is available, it's their own binaries which make it special.

      Remember - as long as it's not a modification of or using parts of GPL code, then you can do what you like with it.

      --
      How many people can read hex if only you and dead people can read hex?
    5. Re:The sad truth... by Tim+C · · Score: 3, Informative

      No, they have to make the source of the kernel they use available to anyone who has the binary (ie an owner of the phone). Just saying "it's stock 2.4.2, get it from kernel.org" isn't good enough, they have to make it available themselves.

      You are correct that they don't have to give out the source to their own binaries, as long as they're not GPLed or derived from GPLed software.

    6. Re:The sad truth... by dominator · · Score: 5, Informative

      That's not true at all. I've hashed it out with a few corporations over wvWare, my MSWord reading library. Usually the threat of action is enough to have the infringers quaking in their boots, and coax them into complaince. When it's not enough, you've got the FSF all-too willing to come to your aide:

      http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl-violatio n.html

      Regarding these cases, Eben Moglen (the FSF's general legal counsel) once told me that the reason you've never seen a GPL violation case go to court is because it's always a slam-dunk case that will be decided in your favor; that it's always in the infringer's best interest to settle out of court. I don't know how self-serving that statement was, but it's worth pondering at least. It's been my experience, in any case.

    7. Re:The sad truth... by slux · · Score: 2, Informative
      Luckily, we now have the Software Freedom Law Center.

      FSF has also been taking action against GPL infringers for a long time now AFAIK.

      Some infringers do get away with it, one such case was a proprietary messenger application misappropriating Psi's code, but the defense is available if the developers are willing. Another sad case for me are the Linux kernel binary-only modules which apparently aren't perfectly legal either, yet I myself have a D-Link router that contains several. No-one is sure what the court would find on those, though.

    8. Re:The sad truth... by FlashBuster3000 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yeah, but after the netfilter vs. sitecom case the GPL proved as legal in real life.
      see http://www.netfilter.org/news/2004-04-15-sitecom-g pl.html

    9. Re:The sad truth... by zotz · · Score: 2, Informative

      "No, they have to make the source of the kernel they use available to anyone who has the binary"

      Actually, according to 3b,

      "b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange;"

      they have to provide the source to any third party, not just people who have the binary.

      Assuming they are not giving the phones away. If they are, they may get by with 3c.

      all the best,

      drew

      --
      FreeMusicPush If you want to see more Free Music made, listen to Free
    10. Re:The sad truth... by tomjen · · Score: 5, Informative

      No you need assitance from the GNU foundation - they have the lawyers (two law professors if i am not mistaken) and they would like to fry that company - then everybody would fear and respect the GPL.

      --
      Freedom or George Bush
    11. Re:The sad truth... by mav[LAG] · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I don't know how self-serving that statement was, but it's worth pondering at least.

      It's not self-serving at all - at the heart of the GPL lies the power of copyright law. In court the plaintiff will say "Your Honour, Infringer A is distrbuting my copyrighted work without permission - make him stop please." Infringer A has two choices: a) admit copyright infringment and get fined or jail time OR b) say "I have a license to do so - the GPL." Either way, he loses. Moglen and Stallman knew exactly what they were doing when the GPL was crafted.

      --
      --- Hot Shot City is particularly good.
    12. Re:The sad truth... by dominator · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Could be. At least in a typical GPL case, the tables are turned with respect to the RIAA cases.

      In a typical RIAA displute, the RIAA has deep pockets and ample lawyers. They're bringing a case against some poor schmoe. The schmoe isn't really profiting from the infringement. But it's in the schmoe's best interest to settle.

      In a typical GPL dispute, some poor schmoe like me brings a case against a company with comparitively deep pockets and ample lawyers. The company's profiting from their infringement. But it's in the company's best-interests to settle.

    13. Re:The sad truth... by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 4, Informative
      FSF does not own copyrights on the Linux kernel, and I don't know of anyone who has come to FSF who does own such copyrights. But we now have the resources to pursue such matters outside of FSF. I would like to hear from kernel copyright holders who would help with that. If we let the unauthorized derivative works go on for too long, I'm afraid we will create an estoppel that would limit the effect of the GPL.

      Bruce

    14. Re:The sad truth... by KarmaMB84 · · Score: 2, Informative

      They have to make it available upon request, but I don't see anyone getting upset and taking them to court when they tell them the exact source for the underlying OS is available at kernel.org. If it becomes unavailable at kernel.org, then they'd have to either start mailing it on physical media to people who request it or link them to their own FTP (possibly even with a one time username/password) for it or something similar. It would be incredibly stupid for the OSS community to force anyone distributing binaries made from vanilla sources to become a mirror for the source.

    15. Re:The sad truth... by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 2, Insightful
      It is an unauthorized derived work, even though nVidia wrote the whole thing. It incorporates a significant amount of copyrighted information on kernel internals that it must connect to. It doesn't access them through the normal system call interface that is exported for use by proprietary applications.

      If they've given you a binary, you have the right to the source code under the GPL.

      Bruce

    16. Re:The sad truth... by HermanAB · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, if you are the lawyer of Scammers Inc. and you are up against your old law professor, who is a buddy of the judge, you'd settle too...

      --
      Oh well, what the hell...
    17. Re:The sad truth... by Dolda2000 · · Score: 2, Funny

      Then again, does the GPL need ph34r 4|\|d r35p3ct? ;-)

    18. Re:The sad truth... by shellbeach · · Score: 3, Informative
      Actually, according to 3b ... they have to provide the source to any third party, not just people who have the binary.

      This is incorrect. Read section 3 in context ...

      Quoting from http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html:

      • 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

        a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

        b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

        c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

        [My emphasis]


      Thus you only have to comply with one of either (a), (b) or (c) and it is perfectly legitimate to sell GPL software and only provide the source with the purchased binary (thereby meeting the requirements of section a). Mind you, anyone who buys it can then quite happily make it available for free download if they want ...
    19. Re:The sad truth... by shellbeach · · Score: 2, Informative

      Sure, but in context of the thread, they have purchased the router, and thus have the binary and have not been supplied with the source. Therefore, a is out and that leaves b and c for consideration.

      Sorry :( - I thought you were talking in general terms: the idea that the author of GPL'd software has to make the source available to everyone on the internet is a common misconception. So as far as those linux phones go, you're right - the manufacturers should be providing the source of the kernel they're using or a link to that source.

    20. Re:The sad truth... by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 2, Insightful
      If whatever **** you're saying is true, that including GPL header files means your program has to be GPL, then commercial software on Linux is doomed.

      This is why we apply the LGPL, not the GPL, to the C library and its headers.

      Bruce

  5. Mirror by Joey+Patterson · · Score: 3, Informative

    The DrunkenBlog site is very slow, so here's a MirrorDot mirror of it.

  6. If the court decides they should compensate... by SlashThat · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Who gets the compensation? Do they split it between the developers? How they decide who the developers are and what part each of them gets? What if PearPC is based on other open source projects? This is going to be interesting...

    --
    1's and 0's should be free.
  7. This would be anticlimactic by karmaflux · · Score: 4, Insightful

    ...if after all that noise from SCO the first court case to test the GPL involves some little dorky scammer trying to sell code he didn't write.

    --

    REM Old programmers don't die. They just GOSUB without RETURN.

    1. Re:This would be anticlimactic by farble1670 · · Score: 2, Funny

      some little dorky scammer trying to sell code he didn't write

      worked for mr. gates, didn't it?

  8. Why does CherryOS even bother? by chrispyman · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Though the article is /.'ed, I have to wonder, why does CherryOS even bother? Everyone already knows that their project was a ripoff of PearPC and they've already lost the trust of everyone.

    1. Re:Why does CherryOS even bother? by PhiberOptix · · Score: 3, Insightful

      actually, when cherryos was first announced, i remember that i saw a piece of news in a big portal site saying that their software would allow you to run mac osx on your intel pc. no mention about pearpc whatsoever. the "reporters" just read the announcement that cherryos made, and just replicated it on the main page.
      so you might get to see people buying their ripped of software, yes.

    2. Re:Why does CherryOS even bother? by northcat · · Score: 3, Informative

      Everyone already knows that their project was a ripoff of PearPC

      Correction: Everyone on Slashdot and the PearPC forums.

  9. already slow... by Neophytus · · Score: 5, Informative
  10. contact the EFF and the FSF? by Mark19960 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Im sure these two organizations would be glad to take this matter up.

    if I was a PearPC developer, I would.
    this is blatant theft.

    1. Re:contact the EFF and the FSF? by mrchaotica · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Yep, I would be outraged too. In fact, I am pretty outraged about this.

      But regardless of my personal feelings, I have to be fair. I refuse to call what the CherryOS guy did "theft" because I don't want the RIAA calling copyright infringment of their songs "theft." I would rather be pedantic than hypocritical.

      It's just like the recent murder spree we've had here in Atlanta (where I happen to live). This guy was on trial yesterday for rape, when he grabbed the bailiff's gun, killed him, the judge, and another deputy, and ran. He killed a customs officer today, before he turned himself in to the FBI.

      Now, my dad was saying things like "they oughta just shoot him." But I disagree. Even though it's blatantlly obvious that he killed those people, and he should be executed for it, he still deserves Due Process.

      The CherryOS guy deserves to not be called a "thief" for the same reason. Get it?

      I want to be able to argue my position (sharing music is moral, infringing the GPL is not) without the opposition being able to turn people's emotions against me (by calling me a "thief" or hypocrite). To achive that, I must give them the same consideration.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    2. Re:contact the EFF and the FSF? by Artifakt · · Score: 2, Interesting

      (I am SO not a lawyer.)

      This crime actually involves two seperate considerations:
      1 CherryOS apparently is in violation of current copyright law.
      1b. This violation aledgedly came about in part through breaking a contract (1 or more examples of the GPL). That's a civil matter, not a criminal one, so the GPL violations themselves definitely aren't theft in just about anyone's book.
      2. In this particular case, the copyright violation was intended to lead to CherryOS getting paid money for someone else's work. That work was generally being given away, but with conditions. It is argueably worth money, and is being given away out of the goodness of the creator's hearts, rather than because it is worthless. Accepting the contract conditions was itself a form of payment that was also demonstratably worth money, simply because it costs many entities complying employee time and server space to make their own revisions avaiable. It can be argued reasonably that such type of profiting from other people's work without compensation is theft.

      This is one perfect example of how copyright vioaltion by itself isn't theft. In this case, copyright violation was a tool that was used to attempt a theft. Contract violation was also a tool, but there are few people indeed arguing that all contract violations are criminal or, more particularly, the type of crime we call theft.
      CherryOS could have violated a copyright on something without taking anything of real value. They could have used a 5 year old kid's refrigerator drawing without permission, and it could be widely apparent that no customer was buying their code because they wanted to get that drawing, and there would still be a technical violation of copyright.
      CherryOS could have also tried to take the value of someone else's work by breaking a contract, without there being any copyright on the work involved. If CherryOS failed to pay the power company for electricty used, does there need to be a copyright on the electron flow before we call it theft? If copyright violation is theft, then we are essentially arguing that two thefts of the same item occurred, one by copyright violation, and the other by contract violation.

      --
      Who is John Cabal?
  11. You've got to laugh... by lxt · · Score: 3, Funny

    ...at the sheer cheek of putting up a "performance comparison table" on the CherryOS website between CherryOS and PearPC...

    I mean, even the name itself smacks of copyright infringement...

  12. Copyright infringement is NOT THEFT! by serviscope_minor · · Score: 5, Informative

    It is copyright infringement, just like the subject says.

    It does not matter who's copyright is being infringed or who is claiming it, it is STILL NOT THEFT.

    I'll bet I'll be modded down now, since this sort of thing is only accepable on an anti *AA thread.

    --
    SJW n. One who posts facts.
    1. Re:Copyright infringement is NOT THEFT! by WhatAmIDoingHere · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Actually, this is almost theft. If you make a LEGO fort and offer the plans to people for free, that's all well and good. But if I come along, get the free copy of your LEGO plans, change the title, violate the license it was originally licensed under, claim I made it all myself, and charge people for it.. I am a theif and I stole something from you. I've stolen your hard work and claimed it as my own.

      If I download a song by *insert popular music person here* and claim that I performed the song and charge people for a copy.. I'm a theif and I've stolen their hard work and their income.

      --
      Not a Twitter sockpuppet... but I wish I was.
    2. Re:Copyright infringement is NOT THEFT! by Ralph+Yarro · · Score: 4, Insightful

      But if I come along, get the free copy of your LEGO plans, change the title, violate the license it was originally licensed under, claim I made it all myself, and charge people for it.. I am a theif and I stole something from you. I've stolen your hard work and claimed it as my own.

      No, you're not. If while he was distracted you grabbed hold of the plans he'd written down and walked off with them without permission then that would be theft. Claiming his work as your own would be fraud. Duplicating his work and distributing it without permission would be copyright infringement.

      --

      The real Ralph Yarro posts as Anonymous Coward. Anyone else is an impostor.
    3. Re:Copyright infringement is NOT THEFT! by 91degrees · · Score: 3, Insightful

      No. Plagiarism is so much better a word. Much more fitting and has similar, if not greater negative connotations.

  13. How about a legal fund for PearPC? by Mr+Ambersand · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I doubt that the FSF or the EFF are willing or able to get involved; but that doesn't mean that users and people who have a vested interest in keeping the integrity of the GNU license can't raise the funds needed to sue the CherryOS fools.

    --
    "Your admirers in the street
    Got to hoot and stamp their feet
    in the heat from your physique" -King Crimson
  14. GPL coders by Mantus · · Score: 4, Insightful

    It seems like every couple of months or so we hear about some company violating the GPL. When are the OSS programmers going to do something about it? IMO it's not even close to enough for a violating company to say "Oops, we're sorry, here is the code" It's called commertial copyright infringement and the true copyright holders aught to sue the companies for every dime they can get. Companies violate the GPL because they feel its good for their bottom line. Someone should prove it isn't.

  15. "Troll"??? by Saeed+al-Sahaf · · Score: 3, Informative

    "Troll"??? It's not a troll. And it's not a condemnation of GPL either. It's a truthful statement that most FOSS developers can't afford to sue people.

    --
    "Who are in control, they are not in control of anything - they don't even control themselves!" - Glen Beck
  16. So if the SCO Lawsuits were Good for Linux... by X43B · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Is now the time to test the legality of the GPL?

    It seems like this might be a good case if the evidence is really so strong.

  17. Damn those code thieves! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Now PearPC is going to have to write it all over again! If only the CherryOS people knew how much damage their code theft has done!

    Can we just call it breach of license and stop being all dramatic about it?

  18. The Opensource Community needs to pull together by episodic · · Score: 4, Insightful

    If persons are going to take GPL'd software and claim it as their own, then the work of many talented programmers can be passed off like cheap tracings of the Sunday comics. Pull together. Agree on this - blatent copying for no reason can't be allowed. Lest when those that take GPL'd software use it and fark it up, the first thing reported is that the software had an 'open source' base, further alienating the mainstream computer users.

  19. No, they didn't steal it. by mrchaotica · · Score: 2, Insightful

    They infringed the copyright and/or violated the GPL. I've said that copyright infringment isnt' stealing in many a P2P story, so I'll say it here too.

    --

    "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

  20. You know what's funny by Fox_1 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    in like less then a month random people have compiled more evidence supporting the idea that CherryOS is a complete and blatent ripoff of PearPC, then I ever saw come from the well funded SCO Group supporting their idea that Linux infringed on some of their code.

    --
    The rock, the vulture, and the chain
    1. Re:You know what's funny by t_allardyce · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Even worse, the PearPC side comes up with basically the equivalent of a smoking gun, bloody finger prints, CCTV, DNA and a man with red hands and he just makes a press release saying "sometimes variables and functions have the same name, damn a load of people would love to be able to use that excuse in other areas "well you see, sometimes in order to tell the same story a film will end up being identical to another.. frame for frame.."

      Meanwhile the US government can arrest people without so much as opening an evidence bag.

      --
      This comment does not represent the views or opinions of the user.
  21. Re:When is stealing IP justifiable? by Ralph+Yarro · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Why are people here up in arms when GPL code is stolen, but not when copyrighted music or movies are illegally downloaded or swapped?

    Serious question? It's because most people here identify themselves more with the open source movement than with the music industry.

    If you steal from my house I will be "up in arms", if you steal from my neighbours house I will be almost as outraged. If you steal from a bank I have no connection with on another continent then I may be interested in the news report, or maybe not.

    --

    The real Ralph Yarro posts as Anonymous Coward. Anyone else is an impostor.
  22. Re:Grab zagrabyonnoye by RdsArts · · Score: 2, Informative

    Cherry-OS is a PPC emulator. If someone runs Mac OS X in "violation" of some EULA, that's the user's problem. Many have used it to, for example, test out PPC Linux distros.

    Furthermore, no one with half a brain would say that software someone bought and then used on something other than the exact hardware someone else wanted them to is "stealing." That's just daft double-speak.

  23. CherryOS is given too much credit by TheGuano · · Score: 4, Funny

    I just don't understand. A regular rumor/hype/unsubstantiated-claim is made and the general tendency is not to give them the benefit of the doubt - they get flamed and hen-pecked to hell before they even have a chance to prove their claims. Then CherryPC comes along, which is SO MANY WAYS is such an obvious rip-off that IT'S ALMOST AMUSING, and people act so damned civilized, presenting balanced views, structured evidence, etc. Why bother with the niceties in this case? Just call Hawaii5-0 and bust a cap in his ass already.

  24. Is Pear allowed to... by cr0y · · Score: 4, Interesting

    ....legally take apart cherry (ie, decompile, hex edit, reverse engineer) the cherry exe to compare it to pear? IF they did this and found it to be the same, could pear counter-sue for reverse engineering? Would it hold up in court?

    --

    ItWasFree.com - Take the mystery
    1. Re:Is Pear allowed to... by MooseGuy529 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yes, first, click-through EULA's are iffy anyway, and second, if you can extract the data from the SETUP.EXE program, you can do anything, since their site allows downloads without accepting the EULA!

      --

      Tired of free iPod sigs? Subscribe to my blacklist

  25. Anonymous? by Leo+McGarry · · Score: 2, Interesting

    An anonymous reader writes ...

    Gee. I wonder who that could be.

  26. Re:When is stealing IP justifiable? by mrchaotica · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It's more than that. It's the difference between the goals of the RIAA vs. the Free Software movement.

    The Free Software movement's goal is to increase the availability of software. Free Software advocates want to give control to the end-users. The GPL is designed to prevent people from hoarding it and reducing the availability. It basically uses copyright law against itself*, because if there were no copyright then all software would be Free.

    In contrast, the RIAA's goal is to decrease the availability of music. They want to control it themselves. Their use of copyright is designed to augment their ability to control and hoard the music.

    Even though both organizations use copyright as a tool, they use it for opposite goals. And that's why we believe copyright infringment is moral in one case and not in the other.

    *when I say the GPL uses copyright against itself, I mean the modern (e.g. RIAA's) interpretation of copyright. Originally, the goals of copyright were more aligned with the goals of the GPL, to increase and spread knowledge. It could be argued that the modern interpretation is a corruption of copyright, and the GPL is a device to try to restore its original meaning.

    --

    "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

  27. Re:Grab zagrabyonnoye by iCEBaLM · · Score: 4, Insightful

    PearPC can be used for more than just running MacOS X, you can run PPC Linux on it and various PPC BSD's, aswell as Darwin.

    I don't think Apples EULA statement about running it only on apple hardware is legal anyways, it sounds like illegal tieing, but what the hell do I know? IANAL.

  28. How to avoid their EULA by MooseGuy529 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    On the Trial Download page, there are 5 checkboxes you "have" to agree to. If you don't check them, and click Download, it still lets you download with agreeing!

    --

    Tired of free iPod sigs? Subscribe to my blacklist

  29. Google Bomb by Kalak · · Score: 2, Interesting
    Blatently Stolen from a PearPC page that I've lost the URL for (claim credit for the idea if you like), is to link
    <a href="http://pearpc.sf.net">CherryOS</a>
    CherryOS
    --
    I am, and always will be, an idiot. Karma: Coma (mostly effected by .hack)
  30. Re:Stealing code? by m50d · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This goes beyond mere redistribution though, they're claiming to have written the code. Which I think fits into the conventional definition of stealing. You couldn't say "He stole my theory" if someone sold a copy of a paper you'd written, but if they claimed to have written the paper, saying "He stole my theory" would probably be acceptable. So I think calling the code stolen in this case makes sense.

    --
    I am trolling
  31. Compensetory vs. Punitive by DoctorHibbert · · Score: 2, Insightful

    For the compensetory damages, a judge would likely just force Cherry to release all source code changes and enhancements. After all, that is what they where supposed to do from the start. Additionaly they may require the defendant to pay some or all of the plaintiffs cost of the law suit.

    Punitive damages are different. It means the judge takes money from the defendant just because he was a naughty boy, it's a punishment. Typically it's awarded to the plaintiff but IIRC a judge can award punitive damages to a third party as well (this may vary by state). In this case an organization like the EFF would be a good candidate.

    --
    Arbitrary sig
  32. Comparing two different things by BarakMich · · Score: 2, Interesting

    People are asking, how is sueing CherryOS different than becoming the RIAA and sueing music downloaders?

    Answer: Neither is theft. The latter is considered copyright infringement. The former is copyleft infringement.

    Think about it -- I was to understand the idea behind the GPL was specifically so that people COULD take the source, hack at it, and release something -- but that you had to continue to make the source available if you did. Compare to copyright, where the idea of sharing source at all is non-existant.

    Maui-X-Stream (the people behind CherryOS, and a stupid name IMO) should not be sued to cease-and-desist. They should be sued to open up their source.

    By all means, let this team of no-talent assclowns keep playing with the source -- they're allowed to anyway. And, in fact, let these dicks sell a distro -- so long as people have the choice between source code bases, even Joe Schmo's CVS build of the CherryOS "fork", that's fine.

    But the biggest thing is that MXS is a bunch of stupid lying ass-grabbing money-grubbing bastards. I like how they used the term "never ever" when asked if they stole PearPC code. Sounds like they "never ever" grew out of elementary school.

  33. All tell the CherryOS authors how nice they are... by rbarreira · · Score: 3, Informative

    Why don't we all send a nice letter to the makers of CherryOS? Here are some email addresses:

    mail@cherryos.com; press@cherryos.com; info@mxsinc.com; arben@vx30.com; vx30@mauionline.com

    I was thinking of posting this anonymously, but I didn't. Feel free to mod me as troll or anything else you want, but before that just think - how would you react if they were doing this to your own software project?

    A nice letter is not as much as those guys deserve... They are scammers and deserve to be trusted as such.

    --

    The AACS key is NOT 0xF606EEFD628B1CA427BEA93A9CA9773F
  34. Hypocrisy.. by NevarMore · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "CherryOS surfaced as a PowerPC emulator for x86-compatible systems, specifically geared, and sold, to allow Windows users to use Apple's Mac OS X. This is actually kinda cool. Even though Apple Computer could sue your ass off because they have a clause in their EULA disallowing it, it's a really stupid clause and there are a whole host of reasons why someone might want to do this."

    I agree, it is not OK for CherryOS to take code from PearPC under the terms of the GPL.

    But it is also not OK for PearPC to write software to explicitly violate Apples EULA.

    Its suicidal for PearPC to press the case on CherryOS because the nature of both is to violate the EULA of a 300lb gorilla. This legal copyright, liscencing thing is a two way street. If you want the GPL enforced then you're going to have to stop bitching when the EULA of any other software is enforced.

    1. Re:Hypocrisy.. by rbarreira · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I don't understand how one can disallow anyone from making a emulator of your own machine... Theoretically, I don't even need to use their software/hardware to write one, so how can they enforce those terms on me?

      --

      The AACS key is NOT 0xF606EEFD628B1CA427BEA93A9CA9773F
    2. Re:Hypocrisy.. by spaeschke · · Score: 3, Informative
      Possibly not... A case could be made that PearPC merely emulates the PPC, and isn't specifically made to run OSX. Hell, you could probably run YellowDog on it if you wanted to.

      Of course, we all know that's not the true purpose behind PearPC, but they could win on a technicality.

    3. Re:Hypocrisy.. by polyp2000 · · Score: 4, Informative

      Thats bollocks!
      PearPC - While able to run OSX - it is simply an emulation of PPC hardware. There are plenty of operating systems that PearPC can run eg: linux, bsd , beos etc. It is upto the person running the emulator whether they violate apples licensing agreement.

      Cherry OS however - albeit the same thing as PearPC are explicitly advertising their (stolen) product for the purpose of running OSX. They are much more likely to find themselves on the end of an apple lawsuit than the PearPC developers.

      --
      Electronic Music Made Using Linux http://soundcloud.com/polyp
    4. Re:Hypocrisy.. by Animats · · Score: 2, Informative
      Even though Apple Computer could sue your ass off because they have a clause in their EULA disallowing it, it's a really stupid clause

      Yes, it is a really stupid clause, because it's an "illegal tie-in sale". IBM lost that one decades ago, trying to prevent clones of their mainframes. That's how the third-party IBM mainframe market was created.

    5. Re:Hypocrisy.. by mlk · · Score: 2, Insightful

      But it is also not OK for PearPC to write software to explicitly violate Apples EULA.

      PearPC does nothing of the sort, PearPC *might* infrenge on IBM/Moto & Apples IP (namely the rights to create a PPC based proccessor), but PearPC does not violate Apples EULA. End-users *might*, but then again, they might use it for checking that Open SOurce Software X runs fine on LinuxPPC.
      --
      Wow, I should not post when knackered.
  35. More /. HYPOCRISY by bonch · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I may get modded down for this (I know, it's a cliched phrase), but I'm getting incredibly sick and tired of these CherryOS articles and their "stolen code" discussions.

    Slashdot and its readership are quite happy to demonize the RIAA when it goes after infringers of its copyright. Posters will go so far to defend piracy that they will even initiate pointless discussions about how copyright infringement isn't theft (it is, because you are depriving them of revenue they would otherwise be receiving), and that it's just a cultural movement to take intellectual property. There are entire belief systems and mindsets invented to justify this piracy.

    But since the very first CherryOS article, everyone has been discussing "stolen GPL code." People have even suggested legal action. Note that when I refer to Slashdot's opinion, I'm talking about the majority opinion as filtered through the upmods and discussion threads.

    So, let's break it down:

    • Slashdot is okay with copyright infringement and P2P piracy. But it is not okay with copyright infringement of GPL code.
    • Slashdot is okay with pursuing legal action against CherryOS on behalf of PearPC authors. But it is not okay with the RIAA pursuing legal action against infringers to protect its own property (and let's not forget Slashdot was suggesting they do this in 2000 during the Napster lawsuit).
    • P2P copyright infringment is not theft. But taking GPL code is "stealing" it.

    I'm sorry, but I find this highly amusing. Four years of non-stop demonization of *AA and pro-piracy articles, and every time there's an incident of possible GPL infringement, suddenly everyone is on the side of intellectual property and the law. Look at all this talk of testing the GPL in court! Since when was everyone a fan of intellectual property all the sudden? Oh, that's right, when it didn't have to do with protecting the piracy you've grown accustomed to the convenience of all these years. It makes the pro-piracy opinions around here appear even more self-serving than they already were.

    Note to those preparing to reply with "That's not everyone on Slashdot" replies, I know. If none of the above applies to you, congratulations. But it applies to the majority, and the nature of Slashdot's posting system tends to encourage groupthink. And so, you get these ridiculous double standards that people haven't full thought through.

    1. Re:More /. HYPOCRISY by wirelessbuzzers · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Of course, the pro-piracy opinions are largely self-serving, but there is an important difference here: Cherry OS is for profit. I expect that most of the pro-piracy posters on Slashdot are against selling bootlegged CDs or DVDs, and especially strongly against taking obscure works and selling them as your own.

      I think that Slashdot as a whole tends to be against making money without making a useful contribution to society, and against corporatism. So they're OK when someone patents a specific, useful, non-obvious idea and makes money from it, but not when a corporation which probably didn't invent the idea buys up an obvious patent and goes around suing people who are using the idea independently. Similarly, if someone copyrights a work and makes it available at a reasonable price, most Slashdotters would be fine with that, even if they would prefer that he give it away. But when the RIAA gets rich by selling crap music with ridiculous contracts to prevent the artists from making a buck, this is a bad thing.

      My personal views are pretty similar. I hate obvious patents, especially software and business method patents, and patent-whoring companies as well as copyright-whores like the RIAA (but their music is mostly crap, so I don't pirate it). I'm fine with copyrights on say Windows (although I wish it were better), and I think the copyrights on PearPC are legit also. Personally, I try to make my work public domain, because it's not good enough to sell and I don't want people to bother about credit, but if I do something saleworthy, I'll certainly sell it.

      --
      I hereby place the above post in the public domain.
    2. Re:More /. HYPOCRISY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful
      It's interesting. In every one of these CherryOS threads, you come in, take an oversimplified view of the nature of copyright infringement, and act all high and mighty thinking you've exposed some supposed Slashdot hypocrisy on the matter. Yes, to claim the code was "stolen" isn't technically true. I'll give you that. But there is a clear difference between the type of copyright infringement that Slashdotters generally defend and the type that they generally rail against. When people download music/movies, they aren't generally turning around, burning them onto DVDs, and selling them at a profit. More importantly, they aren't claiming that they created the material in question either. Those particular acts consitute a different form of copyright infringement where the term 'stolen,' while still technically incorrect, begins to make more sense. The folks who post on Slashdot consistently look down on this malicious type of copyright infringement. Look at those Y.R.O. articles where the copyright infringer intended to make a profit and you'll see strong negative reactions here on Slashdot.

      The bottom line is that copyright infringement in this day and age where nearly anyone can make a copy of anything is a fairly nuanced and complex matter. This is essentially because many of us (read:you) have forgotten the spirit in which these laws were created. I applaud you for playing a sort of devil's advocate and trying to get these folks on /. to clarify their particular positions on the matter (as you have clarified mine), but to the extent that you accuse the greater majority of Slashdot as hypocrites, without apparently appreciating the complexity of copyright, goes too far.

    3. Re:More /. HYPOCRISY by iminplaya · · Score: 2, Funny

      You're right. What we should do is just put CherryOS, reversed engineered source and all, up on BitTorrent and let them sue. That would be an interesting case. It would be like you calling the cops to report that someone stole the car you jacked the previous night.. Has this thing been released yet? Is anybody going to buy it?

      --
      What?
    4. Re:More /. HYPOCRISY by Ohreally_factor · · Score: 2

      P2P copyright infringment is not theft. But taking GPL code is "stealing" it.

      It gets even more extreme than that. If someone uses code released under a completely different license, say BSD, and doesn't "give anything back" to the posters personal satisfaction, they are considered to be stealing.

      A lot of the problem is that there is a natural tendency to side with the little guy against a perceived bully. It's giving favor or support to the underdog. This is all fine and good, but what happens when the underdog is wrong? Do we blindly and unquestioningly support the underdog, even when the underdog has not a leg to stand upon? According to at least a large part of the slashdot population, the answer is yes. The underdog is always right, big bad corporations are always wrong.

      So what you're seeing is not hypocrisy so much as an oversimplified and childish world view. To the extent that such views are self serving (and thus, as you contend, hypocritical), I would say that that is the result of immaturity on the part of a large number of posters.

      We run into this so often that it's tempting to make generalizations such as "Geeks are immature". A better generalization (because it's a bit more precise) is that "A large and vocal number of geeks on slashdot have a tendency to be immature, and this seems to skew the discussions towards immaturity. (It can get so frustrating that I've gone so far as to take a very immature stance or two myself.)

      --
      It's not offtopic, dumbass. It's orthogonal.
  36. Re:Stealing code? by madaxe42 · · Score: 2, Informative

    They're not code diffs, and they haven't released any code - they're diffs of hex dumps of libraries and executables - a lot of strings remain human readable - play around with a hex editor a bit, or use 'strings' in unix.

  37. The Dan Rather connection... by KrackHouse · · Score: 4, Funny

    From their website:
    "Jim Kartes is the president of Maui-X Stream... He later worked as a news and documentary cameraman for CBS News in New York." (emphasis mine)

    I guess we should have seen the writing on the wall.

    --
    What if Digg added local news and a Slashdot inspired comment karma system? ---
    http://houndwire.com
  38. how the average joe can help by steak · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "enforcing the GPL could take help"

    the average man may not be able to help in a court of law, but the best way for the average person to ensure the GPL is upheld is to boycot software that violates it.

  39. Not everybody knows by Craig+Ringer · · Score: 4, Informative

    That's the issue. Not everybody knows. I saw a post on the local Mac user group list (I support macs at work so I need to keep track) about CherryOS. They had no idea of the issues involved and the article they referred to did not mention them.

    It's worth making some noise even about something this blatant.

  40. Right back at you: by koko775 · · Score: 3, Interesting
    This post probably won't be modded up, but for the sake of argument:

    Your points would be valid if they weren't so automatically cynical.

    * Slashdot is okay with copyright infringement and P2P piracy. But it is not okay with copyright infringement of GPL code.
    No, Slashdot is for the freedom to do things without big corporations having the means or possible means down to breathe down everyone's back, or against laws that are contrary to fair use. Many slashdotters don't practice what they preach, but to treat all slashdotters as equally hypocritical is itself hypocritical, unless you yourself are hypocritical. In either case you are a hypocrite.
    * Slashdot is okay with pursuing legal action against CherryOS on behalf of PearPC authors. But it is not okay with the RIAA pursuing legal action against infringers to protect its own property (and let's not forget Slashdot was suggesting they do this in 2000 during the Napster lawsuit).
    Slashdot *would* be okay with the RIAA pursuing legal infringement if they weren't trying to sue for $150,000 per song (or something). Do you think that the PearPC would claim millions in damages to Maui X-Stream? Duh, no.
    * P2P copyright infringment is not theft. But taking GPL code is "stealing" it.
    P2P copyright infringement is not theft. Selling copyrighted materials is. Taking GPL code is not theft. Selling GPLed materials is.

    You take three extreme examples and apply stereotypes to all three. BTW, saying "but it applies to the majority" and then talking about "ridiculous double standards" is also a double standard. Congrats on hanging yourself with your own rope, hypocrite.
  41. Actually.... by Craig+Ringer · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Sometimes, I think it's quite fine for the company to repair the situation and be done with it. If the wronged developers are OK with that, and think it's a reasonable option, that's just fine.

    One one hand there's the desire to "send a message" but on the flip-side, some OSS developers feel that it's important not to totally alienate the commercial devel world, and understand that sometimes screwups and misunderstandings happen. Especially in a world of cheap contractors, offshoring, MCSEs who think they're developers, and limited knowledge of OSS and its licensing.

    You may have guessed that I fall on the side of playing things cautiously. If someone stole my code, I'd either (a) laugh at them and tell them how utterly stupid they are for actually bothering to steal code that bad, or (b) get rather pissed off ... but attempt to find out what's going on and why before flying off the handle.

    I'm not at all convinced that much tolerance would be extended to really blatant offenders who deny it and continue to offend. Unfortunately, I'm not aware of any cases like that that've come to court.

  42. Re:Grab zagrabyonnoye by IWannaBeAnAC · · Score: 4, Insightful
    The legality of that EULA would be a much more interesting court case IMHO.

    It may be true that no GPL cases have come to court (although I'm not sure about that either). But there has been a very large number of infringement claims that never made it to court, becuase the guilty party gave in. In summary, to win against the GPL, you cannot argue that it is invalid: if it were invalid then normal copyright law would mean that any copying or distribution was illegal - so that approach would be the lawyer equivalent of shooting yourself in the foot. Instead you would need to convince the judge that it is both valid but allows more than it appears to allow. But that is a difficult case to argue ;)

  43. Trademark infringement, too! by Nordberg · · Score: 3, Funny

    CherryOS -> CheeryOS -> Cheerios

    --
    *Splort*
  44. Why not do something about this? by Amich · · Score: 5, Informative

    It's obvious this sort of thing is an outrage, and we should stand up and do something better than preaching to the choir on Slashdot.

    This story made me decide to donate to the PearPC project http://sourceforge.net/donate/index.php?group_id=1 08675 . I'm sure if enough donations piled up, PearPC's authors would go after CherryOS in court.

  45. The sadder truth by Ohreally_factor · · Score: 4, Funny

    Hey, you're not supposed to actually read or to even understand the GPL here. You're just supposed to bludgeon people with it when they disagree with you. You're not new here; you should be ashamed! =)

    The saddest truth is that I'll probably be modded funny (at best) or troll, instead of insightful. =)

    --
    It's not offtopic, dumbass. It's orthogonal.
  46. Trademark by xgamer04 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    In addition, on this page, they don't acknowledge Motorola's trademark on "AltiVec". It sounds like these guys really have their IP knowledge down.

    --
    When you look at the state of the world, how can you not become a radical, liberal anarchist?
  47. Someone please mod this troll DOWN by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    This is an obvious troll from a known hypocrite and copyright infringer

    Please mod him down.

  48. Mod parent up, please. by Frodo+Crockett · · Score: 2

    Mod the parent up. If 1% of Slashdotters kicked in $5 or $10, the PearPC group would be very well funded. Think of it as supporting the GPL. :)

    --
    "The newly born animals are then whisked off for a quick run through a giant baking oven." --heard on Food Network
  49. Re:When is stealing IP justifiable? by Farmer+Tim · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "In contrast, the RIAA's goal is to decrease the availability of music."

    Not 100% correct (or badly phrased): the RIAA's goal is to restrict the number of competing sources of music and control the distribution of music (even exclusive distribution is quite different from hoarding). The record industry relies on having a large, clearly demographically defined market and exclusive control over promotional channels. P2P threatens to fragment that market by making more styles of music readily available and responding to changes in styles more rapidly than major media outlets.

    Illegal P2P usage plays right into their hands, as it gives them the legal basis they need to shut down or absorb any potential competition and continue the status quo. So instead of P2P becoming a great new way to spread ideas and promote culture from a grass roots level with everyone on an equal footing (the true egalitarian utopia the 'net was supposed to be), we'll just have a continuation of the existing cycle of a brief blaze of protocol glory followed by a flurry of lawsuits, with big media still in the driver's seat. It's ridiculous to complain about media oligopolies, then effectively swamp the only truly uncontrolled distribution channels with exactly the same material in a pretense of being an electric Robin Hood. We don't need more sources of the same, we need alternatives. That's what real competition is about; currently, the majority content of P2P networks simply confirms that people want the **AA's products as is (at worse quality, even), so what incentive do they have to work harder?

    I would like to see a day where the only things on P2P networks are GPL, creative commons, or public domain. Sure, you won't be able to download Generic Pop Diva #437's latest single, but which is better: a forum where anyone can express themselves to the world with an equal voice, or 3 minutes of ear-candy and a billion good ideas lost forever?

    There is no moral high ground since both groups insist on forcing their moral values on the everyone else. At the heart of the issue is the right of the creator of a work to do with it as they see fit, whether it's release it free, ask a fee, or shove it up their nose. That's part of free speech: the right to limit who you're speaking to on a totally arbitrary basis, even the right to remain silent. Does Scoop Dogg Doody (or whatever that rapper's name is today) have the right to come round to your house and demand you perform a few songs for him? No, you have the right to tell him to sod off. Reverse the places: just because he's a rich bastard who can afford to record himself, does that mean you now have the right to demand his performances? At what level of wealth do we start repealing constitutional rights? I'm just curious, since you seem to be trampling the rights of others in the quest to assert your own, what makes you believe you deserve rights and others don't, and how exactly does this make your position more moral? And as far as protest and civil disobedience goes: six years, zero improvement; in fact, thaks to knee-jerk reaction legislation like DMCA and PIRATE, things are now considerably worse. Might be time to re-think the strategy perhaps?

    I believe there's no reason the laws of supply and demand shouldn't apply when ever people's time and effort are involved (in fact I think OSS and public domain work should be subsidised by tax deductions*; it would be more than worth it for the economy). And if that doesn't suit you, there should be a legitimate alternative. Which might be there, but it's really hard to tell with all the illegal warez clutter.

    *On a per-title/stable release basis would probably work the best.

    --
    Blank until /. makes another boneheaded UI decision.
  50. Nothing to do with licenses. by csirac · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I think we need a better form & delivery of licensing, not to mention what the license reads.

    This has nothing to do with licenses, since they are not following the terms of the license (GNU GPL) offered to them by the copyright holders.

    This is copyright infringment, plain and simple.

    1) They copied copyrighted works and claim it as their own, in some cases without even removing the orignal author's name and GNU GPL license notice.
    2) The only way they can legally use the copyrighted works is by honouring the license under which they authors have released it with
    3) They have not honoured the terms of the GNU GPL (Unless they are simultaneously denying the use of GNU GPL'd code and are also providing downloads to said source code).
    4) Now we fall back to good old-fashioned copyright law. If you don't have permission, you can't copy it.

    Considering the complete lack of evidence of there being even a sliver of their own code in the PPC emulation, apart from doing a "search and replace" for "PearPC"->"CherryOS", then this does in fact need to be taken very seriously.

    Ok, so if they follow the gpl, so what?

    So what? They wouldn't be breaching international copyright law, that's what.

    Contributors to PearPC don't want to work 40hrs a week at their real job and come home to find their pride and joy/hobby being ripped off to profit some wanker who just slapped together a nice VB frontend over a couple of weekends.

  51. Re:When is stealing IP justifiable? by mrchaotica · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Not 100% correct (or badly phrased): the RIAA's goal is to restrict the number of competing sources of music and control the distribution of music (even exclusive distribution is quite different from hoarding).
    Yeah, sorry about that; I was trying to make my arguments more parallel. Glad to see you know what I meant!
    At what level of wealth do we start repealing constitutional rights? I'm just curious, since you seem to be trampling the rights of others in the quest to assert your own, what makes you believe you deserve rights and others don't, and how exactly does this make your position more moral?
    I'm not sure what you're getting at here, and I think you've drawn your argument past its logical conclusion. Who's constitutional rights am I trampling? If I were to download a Snoop Dog (whoever) song, that's not the same as forcing him to perform for me. He already created that song; whether I download it or not can't change that.

    And his "right" to make a profit through copyright isn't a constitutional Right at all, so that can't be what you're talking about. If the choice is between his "right" to profit, and the public's Right to freedom of information (i.e., culture), the public wins. That's the stated purpose of copyright, donchaknow.
    And as far as protest and civil disobedience goes: six years, zero improvement; in fact, thaks to knee-jerk reaction legislation like DMCA and PIRATE, things are now considerably worse. Might be time to re-think the strategy perhaps? ...there should be a legitimate alternative. Which might be there, but it's really hard to tell with all the illegal warez clutter.
    Now, that really is a legitimate argument -- the idea that copyright infringment via P2P is counterproductive. Honestly, I don't really have an answer for you on that one, because it's hard to say "this is morally righteous blah blah blah... and by the way, don't do it." For what it's worth, I personally don't download all that much music anyway, and it's usually old stuff (like the Beatles et al. where the artists are dead).
    --

    "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

  52. Re:Are the interfaces copyrightable? by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 2
    Yes. Distributors of proprietary drivers for the Linux kernel should either stop, or GPL their driver. Either would be an acceptable way to remedy the infringement.

    Bruce