A Criticism of Race Portrayal in Games
Joystiq points out (and comments incitefully on) a two-part examination of African-American roles in videogames on the site Black Voice News. Series author Richard Jones takes the videogame industry to task for the numerous poor images that young black people have to compare themselves to. He singles out Carl Johnson, the protagonist of GTA: San Andreas as an example. Jones also acknowledges that 'the video game industry is all about money', pointing out the unfortunate lack of black designers and illustrators in the industry to sway the creative choices of publisheres and developers. He gives a call to arms to black players, saying they should focus some of their passion on the skills required to make games. They'd get rich, he says, and work to reverse some of the negative stereotypes that non-whites are subject to in games. The Opposable Thumbs blog takes a critical look at his argument, offering up another side to the story. While it's obvious that Mr. Jones doesn't have a great grasp on the games industry itself, he would seem to make a few valid points as well.
From the sound of his argument, there's a lot of demand out there. And as he hints at, get started making those games. If you're black, have an aptitude for computers, and you're intelligent and ambitious then the gaming world is your oyster.
and all asian people go kung fu fighting.
They'd get rich, he says, and work to reverse some of the negative stereotypes that non-whites are subject to in games.
If rap music is any indicator, the trend for negative stereotypes in video games won't change that much regardless of the game designer's skin color. Besides, with a few big name exceptions, who gets rich in the video game industry anyway?
Look, the greatest game of all time already has a black protagonist: Shaq-Fu. I mean, after encountering that masterpiece, how could you ever want to play any other game?
And in that blog we get this line:
Which honestly, is a ludicrous assertion. MAYBE if you limit "taking on the role of a character" to RPGs, but most games have you taking on the role of a character, and most of them don't allow any customization whatsoever.
If anyone else had written it, I might think that "comments incitefully" was a clever pun. But as it's Zonk, I'm afraid it's more likely a Malapropism.
At the bottom of the
I mean, everyone knows he's Indo-Afro-Latino-Cau-freakin'-castic. The only thing he's not is Laplander. What we need are more Laplander game designers. Then we'd be playing some reindeer games, man.
Don't disappoint your bird dog. Go to the range.
Look at rap music ... ...
For the most part, Rap music has the worst portrail of black people and it is created (for the most part) by black people
Simply having more black people in the industry is not going to change how black people are represented in games
I'm not saying that the GTA series is a good role model, but I don't see how it is inherently racist that the PC is a black man.
African-Americans play a BIG role in the music industry, unlike the game industry, so you have to wonder why so many of them persist in portraying themselves in such a negative fashion there. Gangsta rap has been the worst thing for race relations since the acquittal of the cops who beat up Rodney King -- and for the most part it's not white musicians making it.
I piss off bigots.
Race is a social construction. The term race is itself "racist" because it has roots in a scientific theory that there are different sub-species of humans. There are only a few ultra right-wing scientists left who still hold on to this theory.
There are different cultures, obviously, and also different skin colours and other superficial appearances.
"He gives a call to arms to black players"
Sounds like they need to give the minorities better weapons in the games.
and all asian people go kung fu fighting.
In my games when japanese girls fight agains enourmous tentacled monsters they don't go kung fu fighting. I think my games aren't stereotyped.
My city: Barcelona.
I've been wondering recently with people talking about race in games why the games can't be adjustable. Although I've most recently played games on the Wii that seem to let you create different race individuals, apparently many do not let you do that. It would seem useful to allow the user to adjust things to look like his or her community, or like a different community. It could be done by parents, or just for fun. When I was a kid we had Wizardry II (Apple ][) and IIRC you could select Dungeons and Dragons style races like dwarf, mage, etc. Ultima and the rest of the genre too. I didn't realize games created roles for kids to look up to, but certainly I was looking in the Wii selection for faces that I wanted to be. I had lots of fun doing it but actually they ought to provide more combinations, it took a while to find one I really enjoyed "being".
And are Orcs really soooo bad?
Do not try to read the dupe, thats impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth
What truth?
There is no dupe
The GTA games have always had a heavily satirical slant to them, and anyone who has actually played the games would be able to tell you that.
Post Final Fantasy 7 Berret quotes here. I'll start: "But that's for Marlene's schoolin'!"
The biggest problem is that racial minorities are just that. Minorities. As such, most games are geared toward the majority. Which, in North America, is your white middle-class suburbanite teen. And the only thing that a lot of them know about minorities is the stereotypes. It's so much easier to make money feeding on people's preconceived notions that worry about educating them.
The real solution? Dilute North America so far that we all become one race.
Cynical Idealist
that we get 2 articles about this in one month because it's February..second /. article here
... Well, what about in games like Dead To Rights where the white cop just goes through the street shooting people? So does that make white kids think they should become vigilante cops?
I personally never noticed in a game about shooting thugs what their race are. It's a shame that racism still exists. Even the blatantly biased commercial for the superbowl about Tony Dungy and Lovie Smith. What really keeps racism alive is these arguments about it. How many people have played Max Payne or Dead to Rights and really take notices of the color of the digital skin of the guy you're shooting? The links in the summary surely will open up heated debate. In the article "Psychologists agree that if your race is always the thief or killer, then after a while you start to think that's how you should be, or you think that's how your people are."
I'm not saying that Mr. Jones is incorrect. I'm saying it's how you are raised. You can't just blame things on games and movies. Society needs to change and become more acceptable. Take a lesson from Star Trek.
That which does not kill me only postpones the inevitable.
There was also another article from Terra Nova about "Cultural Borrowing in WoW" where they point out that the Horde (or 'evil' side of the game) have Jamaican accents, voodoo-flavored culture or have features in text/sound related to indigenous peoples that have in the past been seen as inferior.
I guess that today's article focuses on the non-white stereotypes in games in more realistic real life games. I know a lot of people are going to say that this is folklore in Warcraft or that it's 'just a story' in GTA and that the character could be any color. But why is it that I've never seen a game from the point of the Native American defending attacks from people like Andrew Jackson or Phil Sheridan? Why haven't I ever seen a game where the hero (and an actual positive hero) is fighting against someone who is white or Caucasian?
I think it's time we applauded Daikatana for not allowing the player to leave without his African-American buddy, Superfly.
Gamingmuseum.com: Give your 3D accelerator a rest.
While we're on this topic, i would like to point out the apparent age discrimination on slashdot in moderators. The popular comments far outweigh intelligent ones in high moderations.
Have you read my journal today?
The latest chapter of GuildWars, Nightfall, is set in a Northern African inspired area of the GW world, has quite a few positive black and vaguely Arab/Mediterranean characters. Now, as the protagonist in an RPG, you get your standard character customization, but it seems to me they included more options for the various ethnicities one would expect to find in North Africa (then again, it may just be me; of course, I also thought the Factions chapter included more Asian ethnic options as well, which is appropriate given the Asian theme of that chapter). So, you don't have to be a black character, but a number of your comrades, allies and such are, and are cast in the role of hero alongside your own in a fantasy setting. And the thing is, none of them are really ethnically stereotyped, and if you're not paying a lot of attention, it's easy to overlook while playing. In short, I really like the way they handled it in game.
09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0
Except for the furries which seem to be all around in Second life, most people are white, or some other typical shade of human with less frequency than they are white.
I'm green. When people meet me, they usually say "Whoa dude, you're green". Fucking stupid. Why NOT be green? It's bizarre that most human characters in second life are boring human colors which you can just go to the mall to see. And if they're animals, they are just big versions of things you can see at the zoo.
Why don't Second Life people dress up like animals that you can see at the grocery store? There's no reason why you couldn't be a big talking salmon, but I've never seen one. I don't recall ever seeing a cow in Second Life either. Or a chicken. Everybody's a cum covered fox or kitty it seems. Maybe a wolf, but it'll actually look more like a coyote with tits. Monkeys are in short supply too. Everybody loves monkeys and apes. Why haven't I met bigfoot in Second Life yet?
Racism in video games like Second life is way more than black or white. Fucking Kermit the Frog was right about it not being easy to be green.
Fascism trolls keeping me up every night. When I starts a preachin', he HITS ME WITH HIS REICH!
It's a good thing that the first four GTA games weren't about some white guy....
Oh wait...
And of course the Arabs and Persians and Jews all get off scott-free because they control the media...
Of course the gay characters are _never_ stereotypes...
And the "sex workers" of the world are always portrayed in the most positive and even-handed light possible...
And the "spics" and "rice burners" were perfectly valid and even-handed portrayals of racial norms as well...
(And we all know that cops are just corrupt dealers and killers with legal enforcement powers that can be convinced to leave you alone if you change your clothes or drive your bike through just the right spot in the local mall parking lot.)
I don't hear this guy protesting the treatment of and message presented to the youth of any _other_ "minority".
ENOUGH WITH THE EMOTIONAL STUBBED TOES ALREADY!
The sad fact of the matter is that GTA wasn't portraying "black people" as anything, it was portraying the "black gansta stereotype" and it was _even_ somewhat even-handed since the main character was "acting against type" by trying to straighten out a mess as much as make one.
And before you re-stub your emotional toe on the word "stereotype", please keep in mind that every non-proper noun _IS_ a stereotype. Teacher. Cop. Politician. Meter Maid. Brother. Sister. Nun. Clerk. Priest. (etc od nausium). Every single damn one of those words come with a precompiled message and set of expectations. That's all a "stereotype" is. "Baseless racial stereotype" is a different concept all together.
The actual problem is that the "gangsta" movement has deliberately manufactured a stereotype that someone doesn't like, but this is being hoist on their own petard. Heck, the members of that self-created group probably thought the portrayal was totally cool.
You cannot save people from their own damn selves, nor should people who make a bad image for themselves garner sympathy.
As far as the "game makers", well, they know that a game based on the law-abiding middle-income family guy from suburbia, who goes to work and pays bills on time and attends a baseline church and plays a friendly game of poker once a month with "the guys" WOUDL MAKE A TERRIBLY BORING VIDEOGAME.
I'd say "They tried to make a good game, so sue them" but I am sure somebody somewhere with a bruised medula would do just that.
And P.S. I didn't like or play the game when my roommate brought it home because _NONE_ of those stereo types interested me. I kind-of liked Vice City because the soundtrack was interesting and the action wasn't skewed beyond the empty plot of Miami Vice. But I didn't whine about the game much either, except when it was interfering with me using the TV for something valuable. (I'd say "like NASCAR or Pro Wrestling" but I fear the irony would be lost on the stupid and someone would take that seriously and dub me "raciest" without regarding context, so let me put "watching firefly" here instead.)
Innocent people shouldn't be forced to pay for inferior software development.
--"Code Complete" Microsoft Press
Are you sure that's the word you wanted to use?
Is it just me, or does anyone else get the sneaking suspicion that game devs see latinos and think "target"?
.... kill some latinos.
... for killing latinos. Sure, there are some asians to kill as well, and I'm admittedly not that far along in the single player campaign (can ANYONE get used to the squad command d-pad stuff?), but so far it's pretty much been a latino shooting spree.
I played the demo of the new 360 shooter "Crackdown" on the weekend. From a race relations perspective, on the plus side you get to pick the race of your character and have a fairly wide range of options.
On the negative side, you then spend the next hour of the demo killing latinos. Lots of them.
One example does not an argument make, you say? Arguing from analogy is bad logic, you postulate?
Well, take a look at the Saint's Row demo, also available to you from the kind folks at XBox Live. Load it up, sit back and
Coincidence, you sputter?
Okay, sit down, relax and pop in the disc for a little GRAW. The great thing about this game is that you have HUGE range of guns available
Now I'm a white guy, and a bit dense when it comes to the social niceties. I'm the kind of guy that forgets valentines day despite the fact that the secretaries in my office had hearts pasted on everything that wasn't self-mobile for days in the lead-up.
So when I tell you that I notice this stuff, it's rampant.
There was an interesting article where the main character had an ambiguous race. Players were welcome to decide if she was asian, black, or perhaps some humanoid alien of some kind. Personally I just thought she was smart, cute, and sassy, always a winning combination.
Yup. And really, race is such an absurd concept! The differences between races is at best superficial. Therefore, race doesn't exist, take your pills and go back to sleep.
Keep in mind that often when a positive black character comes along, he is accused of being an "oreo" or something to that effect. Even if you had something like a black cop as the hero, people will call it "stereotypical" if he still says "whats up, dog?" to an informant or fellow cop. But if he says "Well there my dear friend, do you have any news on that narcotics shipment coming in a fortnight?" he would be accused of "not really being black." Its like people are EXPECTED to act according to the stereotypes to be a "real" member of their race.
There is more to science than physics!
www.iomalfunction.blogspot.com
Why does everything about race in America have to have a negative connotation? Why is it all about the stereotypes?
Every time you read some self-centered interest group going on about the treatment of (fill in ethnic, racial, religious) group in a game it's hard to decide what's worse; the whining or the fact that the game makers are taking advantage of these fractures in American society.
What is most depressing is that there doesn't seem to be any possibility of resolution within anyone's lifetime. I'm not talking about rainbows and angels "peace and harmony", I'm talking about no-one giving a flying fark what race you are. It shouldn't freaking matter, but America just seems to want to keep the divide.
I happen to be Caucasian, my wife happens to be Asian. We have taught our kids that they represent the future of humanity, where races mix without fear of discrimination simply because it reaffirms the fundamental truth that we are all just human beings. That color of skin matters less than what they strive to be and how they help move mankind as a whole forward. That should be all there is to it.
If you don't want to repeat the past, stop living in it.
African-Americans play a BIG role in the music industry
Define "BIG" - while rappers, R&B singers, and certain producers are visible on TV, the great majority of executives, A&R reps, and producers are white, even at hip-hop labels like Def Jam and Roc-A-Fella.
so you have to wonder why so many of them persist in portraying themselves in such a negative fashion there.
Again, define "so many" - popular artists =/ most artists. And these guys are popular because white teenagers are buying so much of the product. For every hardcore gangsta rapper you hear on the radio, you have a gospel or R&B artist who can't get airplay.
Gangsta rap has been the worst thing for race relations since the acquittal of the cops who beat up Rodney King -- and for the most part it's not white musicians making it.
Fuck tha Police came out in 1988 and white suburbanites were outraged. The Rodney King verdict was announced four years later, and people started to understand that maybe the song reflected a relevant point of view. One man's outrage is another man's foresight.
While white musicians aren't making most of it, white consumers are buying it and white executives are pushing it. As long as that's true, blacks (and Asians and whites and Latinos) will be making it.
"black" homo sapiens races and
attribute that should not not even related at allattribute that should not be or is not even related at all
Ave Maria
I mean really, which character would you rather stare at when you play a game, a middle-aged Black guy or a hot Asian woman in revealing clothes?
Gangsta rap has been the worst thing for race relations since the acquittal of the cops who beat up Rodney King...
Gansta rap predates the Rodney King fiasco by a number of years.
There are a few here. Along with some misunderstandings.
1) Why is it perfectly mainstream and acceptable to link sympathetically to a site called "Black Voice News", when if you did the same thing for a site called "White Voice News", you'd be instantly accused of wanting to gas 6 million people?
2) "The video game industry is all about money"... um, ok. Like any other form of media, it's an immense power that has a small ability to make some money on the side. The ability to shape the minds of millions of people to an extent that movies can't is worth far more than any revenue stream that could be derived from games. 10 billion a year is small potatoes on a world scale. An Iraq war alone costs an order of magnitude more. For someone who has the resources to promote such a thing, the game industry is cheap at multiples of the price.
3) "The problem is that our youth and adult players see themselves as players and not designers or illustrators." It's far more likely because of inherent genetic limitations of IQ wrt population size. It's simply unrealistic to expect large numbers of Black people to be effective in creating video games, the same way it would be to expect the White working class players of video games to be putting out content that has mass appeal. (Obviously there will be a small minority who will.)
I've got to give Richard O. Jones credit though. He does capitalize the word White when referring to race, something that Blacks, Jews, Asians, and Hispanics have benefited from for decades now. It's nice to start being recognized as a people for once. Maybe "our" media will follow suit one day? I'm not holding my breath.
If I have seen further it is by stealing the Intellectual Property of giants.
I don't know about GRAW, since I haven't played it, but I can speak a little to Crackdown and Saint's Row, having played a lot of both. (Yes, I got the retail copy of Crackdown before it officially released)
Both Crackdown and Saint's Row certainly have your fair share of hispanic thugs that you take down. But to be fair, they also have several other gangs of various ethnic types. Saint's Row has your stereotypical rap-listening, gold-chain wearing African-American gang that you have to take down, as well as your stereotypical car-modding, street racing Asian thugs. Crackdown also has your stereotypical communist-loving, heavy metal listening, ultra-punk Eastern European gang, and a stereotypical rich, technology-loving, Asian gang.
Note how many times I said stereotypical in that last paragraph. It's because it's true. As an Asian-American myself, yeah I can say that I had fun playing those games, but it still irks me everytime these racial stereotypes are used in games. No doubt, developers also poke fun at other races as well. For example, there's a hilarious radio station in Saint's Row that makes fun of the Religious Right as racist, scientifically-backwards nut jobs (similar to the Colbert Report on Comedy Central).
That said, it would be nice if games didn't have to resort to racial stereotyping, no matter if it is "fair" by equally making fun of every race. Just because it's fair doesn't necessarily make it "fine" or "okay". It's perpetually reinforcing these stereotypes, no matter how incorrect they may be. Not every Italian guy is a member of the mob, or every Christian a racist hick, or Muslim a terrorist threat, or every Asian a kung-fu expert, etc.
Unfortunately, I know why developers continue to do this in games. Simply put, it sells. And I know I'm guilty and hypocritical because I still buy these games despite it.
-- jchenx
He gives a call to arms to black players, saying they should focus some of their passion on the skills required to make games.
Yeah, that'll happen. Mod me racist or whatever, but that community has severe and deep cultural problems that are decades from being overcome. When you're born into a culture that considers success to be "selling out" or achieving a high position is just being the "house Negro", you have a lot more problems than video game portrayals. Seriously, when a kid is told by his peers not to bother with "the white man's math and science" how do you even deal with that?
And if you pay one of them a compliment, but maybe don't word it perfectly, you're dragged through the media mud like some fucking Nazi. Is it any wonder no one gives a shit anymore? People don't want to deal with chips on shoulders when the chip is the size of Manhatten.
And that's the truth no matter how much you politically correct dumbasses hide your heads in the sand.
How can you make a quasi-realistic game without including stereotypes? They are everywhere in our society, and should not be avoided like the plague. They should be drawn out and exposed for what they are, a set of (usually) baseless assumptions.
Personally, I get pissed off when minorities stereotype me (a white guy) by assuming I beleive stereotypes about them. To me, actions speak much louder than words or the color of your skin. If I have to hire someone, and the decision is between a white guy and a black guy, I'll go with whomever is more qualified. I don't give a rat's ass if the black guy complains that he wasn't given an equal chance because of his education, that's not my problem and I don't have control of that.
Some games are designed to be a reflection of society, and not just the parts we enjoy and are proud of. Racism in games will always exist as long as it exists in reality.
Animal crossing is "covariant" as opposed to "non-covariant". That is, according to your position, they took The SIMS and added things. Which is fine.
My immediate point was that nobody could make another "The SIMS" (particularly to model the boring life of some accountant.)
My larger point implicit in the thread as a whole is that a "first person" game about some random law abiding person would not sell.
As a matter of fact, not all The SIMS are "law abiding" and for that matter "The SIMS" doesn't follow any one character.
The SIMS itself, is largely based on the "god-view tweaking environment affecting only partially controllable independent entities" that you could follow all the way back to the game Populous.
But see the "second person shooters" (GTA etc) are a fundamentally different kind of game that The SIMS. You are not supposed to self-identify with some individual SIM the way you are supposed to take droopy-mac-gangsta-pants' personal plight to heart.
You (metaphorically) have the "well what about my cat!" response to my _original_ statement that "metal is hard". Fluffy being fluffy isn't material to the discussion.
When people make statements _ALL_ the words count. So does the _Topic_. The fact that The SIMS is centered around SIMS that have boring virtual lives in no way furthers the conversation as to whether or not people would buy a game _CENTERED_ around _A_ (singular) suburban nobody doing nothing in particular. See how those things are not even _SORT_ _OF_ the same?
That makes the meta-meta-issue of enumerating the progression of the third-person god-controller games moot when discussing games "about" "characters".
Please learn to include context in your arguments.
Innocent people shouldn't be forced to pay for inferior software development.
--"Code Complete" Microsoft Press
At least they have one.
What about middle easterners? inuits? eskimos?
I suprised there hasn't been more about FF12. The only dark skinned character is an actual bunny that lives in a jungle. That definitely caught my attention.
Have these guys actually played the other GTA games? White dudes doing really, really bad stuff. The fact is, in GTA:SA you don't actually need to be particularly evil to complete it, and the main character does at least have his own moral code and is trying to make things better for the majority of good/innocent people.
I don't think GTA:SA even has kill frenzies any more.
const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
By the way, I'm white and I enjoyed San Andreas very much. Although I'm quite certain it was not the main objective of the creators of the game, I now perhaps can identify a bit more with people that grew up in different circumstances than myself. But I'm not supposed to, I understand. I'll start playing the ignorant white male again, right after I've hit the submit button, mkay?
Error 001
Security Scan and Virus Detection do not work with your operating system.
You actually made a unique post, so it's alright. The previous posters were "nuh hua, you are so wrongorzs cus like da SIMs is so _exactly_ a game *about* accountants" (and so on 8-)
At least you apparently got the point, and on slashdot that makes you totally a new thing.
Innocent people shouldn't be forced to pay for inferior software development.
--"Code Complete" Microsoft Press
>>
If games have a blind spot about race, I'd have to admit that it's the appearance of Indians, Muslims, Sikhs and the other eastern peoples as "terrorists" in most situations.
>>
Darn straight, we need to have more diversity among our terrorists or budding lesbian Latina Shinto suicide bombers will suffer from depressed self-esteem.
(Sidenote: Aladdin, in his zillion incarnations. The entire freaking cast of Prince of Persia. You can play as Tehran Airlines in Aerobiz, and if you manage to get past the fact that your region is in ceaseless war (because in real life that region is in ceaseless war) you can even make a profit at it -- it was my favorite "conquer the world" scenario after I got bored of winning with easy starts like Tokyo, New York, and London. I suppose Japanese RPGs have a distinct lack of Muslims but then again they have a distinct lack of Catholics, Jews, and people with hair which is not neon and spiky.)
Help poke pirates in the eyepatch, arr.
- if by race, you mean genetic differentiation related to ancestry in humans.
Of course, much as we can discuss "is there such a thing as a chair" (or any choice of labelling) all day long without any results, we can try to obfuscate the reality of human genetic differences all day long using word games like "there is no such thing as race".
In everyday use though, there is indeed a social component - what is considered "black" in the US might not be considered "black" in Nigeria. For everyday use though, the social conception of race corresponds surprisingly well to the underlying biological reality.
Here is a neat summary of the current state of affairs:
http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2007/01/race-current-cons ensus.php
"I. Genetic variation in humans forms clusters that correspond to geography
The fact that one can cluster humans together by geography based solely on their genetic information was most convincingly demonstrated in two papers (the second one is open access) by a group out of Stanford. These studies looked at several hundred variable places in the genome in 52 populations scattered across the globe. The hypothesis was as follows-- on applying a clustering algorithm to these data, individuals from similar geographic regions would end up together.
I've put a representation on the right, where colors represent poplations-- on top is a pattern of variation that would lead to no clustering (the colors all blend one into the next) while on the bottom is a pattern of variation that would lead to clustering (there are subtle but noticable jumps from yellow to green, for example, though there is much variation within each color). Note that the lack of clustering would not mean that all populations are genetically the same (in the top figure, yellow and orange are not "the same" even though you couldn't find a fixed boundry between them).
But indeed, the researchers found the situation corresponding to the bottom figure-- the individuals formed five clusters which represented, in the authors' words, "Africa, Eurasia (Europe, Middle East, and Central/South Asia), East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas". Some populations were exceptions, of course (there are always exceptions in biology)-- they seemed to be a mix between two clusters, or could even form their own cluster in certain models.
But in general, the second model in the figure is a good fit for human variation based on the spots in the genome used by these researchers-- continents correspond to clusters, and geographic barriers like the Himalayas or an ocean correspond to those areas where a "jump" from one cluster to the next occurrs.
II. Clusters and race
The fact that humans cluster together based on genetic information could, in theory, be entirely orthoganal to the concept of race. However, at least in the United State (where this has been explicitly tested), this is not the case. The most important reason for this, in my mind, is that the ancestors of European-Americans and African-Americans were not randomly sampled from the globe (there's a bias towards points on the globe that are quite distant), and this non-random sampling accentuates the genetic differences between the two groups. But in any case, the reasons for this are irrelevant to the argument; let's look at the data.
The basis for this assertion comes from a paper (open access) by a different set of researchers at Stanford, who assembled a group of Americans who identified themselves as either African-American, white, East Asian, or Hispanic. They followed a similar protocal as the studies in the first section-- they took DNA from all individuals, looked a hundreds of different DNA variants, and applied a clustering algorithm. They then looked to see if their clusters corresponded to self-reported group. And indeed, in 3631 out of 3636 cases (99.85%), the individuals were clustered by the algorithm into the "correct" racial
Social anthropology is about as scientific as most other social studies diciplines - i.e. not very scientific at all. Genetics (a real science) is where the cutting edge work on human genetics and relatedness is done - anthropology hasn't been in the game for a long, long time.
"Its like people are EXPECTED to act according to the stereotypes"
Du'h!
FRA: STFU GTFO
And become Brazil ? No thanks.
Please go there before spouting about cute chicks and the carnival.
You can't even leave your car on the side of a country road and expect to find anything
left (including wheels) if you go get a tow truck down the road. It's that bad.
But that's right , keep pumping out those kids like rabbits... it's the only way forward !
If some black americans weren't reproducing their own stereotype so much it's laughable,
maybe it would happen less.
Rap is dead fools, get over it.