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Windows 7 Likely Going Modular, Subscription-based

Microsoft CRM writes "When Windows 7 launches sometime after the start of 2010, the desktop OS will be Microsoft's most 'modular' operating system to date. That's not necessarily a good thing, of course; Windows Vista is a sprawling, complex OS. From Microsoft's perspective, though, there are many possible benefits. The OS's developers can add/remove functionality module by module. New modules could be sold post-launch, keeping revenue streams strong. A modular approach could also allow the company to make functionality available on a time-limited basis, potentially allowing users to 'rent' a feature if it's needed on a one-off basis. Microsoft is already testing 'pay as you go' consumer subscriptions in developing countries."

113 of 603 comments (clear)

  1. The primary idea by Shados · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Their primary concern is probably far more to be able to ditch or unbundle a feature as soon as they feel a threat from Anti-Thrust agencies or something of the kind: they learned the hard way that saying "but its so integrated, we can't separate it!!" doesn't work, so there's no point to program their OS like crap on purpose anymore, and they can deal with the real problems instead.

    1. Re:The primary idea by dch24 · · Score: 5, Funny

      I'm excited for this new ability to unbundle! Pretty soon, Windows Server 2010 will offer me Good News Office Modular Extensions(TM), which will work something like this:

      1. open command prompt
      2. yum install msoffice2010.msi
      3. cat "http://www.officeupdate.com" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
      4. apt-get update
      5. emerge -pDNu windows

    2. Re:The primary idea by jaavaaguru · · Score: 4, Funny

      I was thinking more along the lines of:

      apt-get remove msie7
      cat "http://3rdparty.windowsupdate.com" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
      apt-get install firefox
      apt-get install openoffice

      If they're going to go to the bother of making it modular, they'd make life a lot easier for many geeks if they let users choose their "modules".

    3. Re:The primary idea by MajinBlayze · · Score: 5, Funny

      no, this will be based on PowerShell
      ps> Get-An-Install-File microsoft_office_2010.msi
      ps> Append-String-To-Text-Document "http://www.officeupdate.com", "C:\WINDOWS\7\module\installer\config.txt"
      ps> Update-Installer-With-The-New-Config-File
      ps> Update-The-Computer-To-The-Newest-Version-Of "Everything"

      --
      "Hate is baggage. Life's too short to be pissed off all the time." Danny Vinyard -American History X
    4. Re:The primary idea by innerweb · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Of course you will get to choose the modules. MS will have a large list of MS or MS partner made pre-approved apps or modules that you can install from.

      They might allow open source, but I would not be holding my breath.

      I am surprised at how long it has taken the MS to get to this point. This has the potential to be far more profitable to them than the current model. If it is not installed, they do not support it. If it is installed, then that is an extra cha-ching for them. It eliminates the bundling issues, and allows people to semi-customize their MS installations. It is a huge win-win-win for MS, MS partners and MS customers. That is provided they do it right.

      I am willing to bet that there is a fee to become a viable installable module proivder (or at least to get a module listed). I am willing to bet that there might be some kind of specialized location where the modules can be downloaded (and only from this locations of other *approved* locations). MS was (is?) very smart at making money. This could be a great time to buy their stock. If they can put out an OS that actually competes with many of linux's merits and allows the *windows* experience their fans have come to desire, they have a chance for a strong winner.

      Now, lets see what they actually release. Everything else until then is vapor.

      InnerWeb

      --
      Freud might say that Intelligent Design is religion's ID.
    5. Re:The primary idea by blantonl · · Score: 4, Funny
      Actually, this modularity is going to function like this:

      host$ yum install audio-drivers
      Please enter credit card number now: 3333 445812 22438
      Please enter expiration date: 05/99
      Installing audio drivers.....done
      --
      Lindsay Blanton
      RadioReference.com
    6. Re:The primary idea by thrillseeker · · Score: 4, Funny

      this will be based on PowerShell

      won't it be called something like PowerShell Professional Enterprise Level Home Edition Plus Networking, Five Seats, Single Core?

    7. Re:The primary idea by halcyon1234 · · Score: 5, Funny

      "The contents of the Standard In buffer have been modified, and the computer must restart for these changes to take effect."

    8. Re:The primary idea by Nullav · · Score: 2, Funny

      Their primary concern is probably far more to be able to ditch or unbundle a feature as soon as they feel a threat from Anti-Thrust agencies
      How fitting for a corporation with so many customers bent over the table.
      --
      I just read Slashdot for the articles.
    9. Re:The primary idea by Dr.+Evil · · Score: 2, Funny

      OEM, Volume License or full retail?

  2. Well... by name*censored* · · Score: 3, Funny

    No matter how horrible a business model they use, it still can't be worse than Vista.

    --
    Commodore64_love: I don't comprehend people who're so frightened of death that they'll bankrupt themselves to stay alive
    1. Re:Well... by PoliTech · · Score: 5, Funny
      Were Windows ME and MS BOB worse than Vista? Why yes they were!

      Have some faith! Microsoft can always do worse!

    2. Re:Well... by RailGunner · · Score: 3, Funny

      Windows ME is better than Vista. Both are complete shit, but at least WinME doesn't require 2 GB to be complete shit.

    3. Re:Well... by alexgieg · · Score: 5, Insightful

      No matter how horrible a business model they use, it still can't be worse than Vista.
      Sure it can. Just imagine the possibilities:

      a) What? You want to use ALL of your installed 8 GB or RAM, not only 2 GB? Sure! The "improved memory accessibility module" subscription goes for just $1.50/GB/month!

      b) So, you say you want to use all 4 of your cores instead of just 2? Plus have access to the 2nd processor in your 3D graphics board? Why, no problem! We're selling a PERMANENT, I say PERMANENT license to the "multi-core compatibility mode" for just $35! Offers end by July 13th, 2011.

      c) Ah, you need to have 5 USB devices connected simultaneously, and need them all to work in fast USB 3.0 mode instead of USB 2.0? We had a promotion for that last month, but unfortunately now we're back to the standard price, sorry. It'll be $0.50/USB device/month for every device above the 4th, plus $14.99 for the permanent 3.0 functionality, or $0.90/month for the subscription version. The module name is "FastUSB expansion/speed-up bundle package", and you can find the different option in the Connectivity tab at the Module Shop window.

      And so on and an so forth.

      Not a pretty picture.
      --
      Conservatism: (n.) love of the existing evils. Liberalism: (n.) desire to substitute new evils for the existing ones.
    4. Re:Well... by PoliTech · · Score: 3, Funny
      And that's what it has come to. Arguing about whether Windows ME or Windows Vista is the worst MS OS ... evah. (well, besides BOB)

      It's both sad and funny at the same time.

    5. Re:Well... by HolyCrapSCOsux · · Score: 2, Informative

      I'm sure that back in the 70's during the gas crunch, the people that said "gas is gonna be $2, 3, 4 a gallon" were told the same thing OMG! Slippery slope! Slippery Slope!

      --
      0xB315AA8D852DCD3F3DCA578FD2E0BF88
    6. Re:Well... by jalefkowit · · Score: 5, Interesting

      What? You want to use ALL of your installed 8 GB or RAM, not only 2 GB? Sure! The "improved memory accessibility module" subscription goes for just $1.50/GB/month!

      It was a bit before my time, but the story goes that IBM used to operate in pretty much exactly this way back in the mainframe days. They would sell the customer a mainframe at a certain performance level, but actually ship them a much more powerful machine with some of its resources disabled/limited/throttled via software, so that it performed at the (lower) level the customer had been sold. Then when the customer needed an upgrade, they would bill them a ginormous amount, then send out a service tech to "install the upgrade" -- but all he really did was remove the limiters. This was called a "golden screwdriver" upgrade because the tech could earn IBM hundreds of thousands of dollars just with the proverbial turn of a screw.

    7. Re:Well... by misleb · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I don't think it is a slippery slope at all. It actually sound disturbingly realistic. I mean, a lot of software already is limited to the number of CPU's it will use. And there's versions of MSSQL that only support databases of certain size. It really isn't too much of a stretch to have to pay for these things in Windows 7.

      Though I don't think it will go over well with customers. As if running a Windows computer wasn't already a hassle with having to think about virus protection, malware protection, now you'll have to constantly be bumping up against limitations of the OS and offered "upgrades."

      It just seems like MS is going the wrong way with OSes. Instead of making them more transparent and simple, they just keep piling on complexity. I mean, complexity for the user. Obviously the complexity of the code is going to go up. That much is a given. But the way the user interacts with it doesn't have to be complex.

      --
      "THERE IS NO JUSTICE, THERE IS ONLY ME." -Death
    8. Re:Well... by plague3106 · · Score: 2, Informative

      And there's versions of MSSQL that only support databases of certain size.

      There's ONE version, and it's free.

    9. Re:Well... by jedidiah · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Still. Vista remains the version of Windows that instead of
      inspiring anticipation inspired OEMs to continue pre-loading
      the previous version.

      You can't rationalize that away as Linux user grousing.

      --
      A Pirate and a Puritan look the same on a balance sheet.
    10. Re:Well... by cayenne8 · · Score: 2, Interesting
      "But I can guarantee you I'd never buy a computer just so I can start paying a monthly fee to use the OS."

      I'd have to guess that the primary target of the 'renting modules' scheme would not be to home users, but, mostly to businesses. Businesses are used to 'renting' software, and maintenance fees. It would probably do well for them, especially for trying out new things, and if it didn't prove profitable, they could drop the module/service.

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    11. Re:Well... by aminorex · · Score: 5, Insightful

      On the other hand, if MS does this, then competitors can come in and offer the same components/services. Open source will do it very quickly, driving the cost to zero. If MS tries to shut out anyone else, the result is antitrust action.

      Selling the OS as on-demand modules could be the first great leap in converting the Windows user base to 100% open source.

      --
      -I like my women like I like my tea: green-
    12. Re:Well... by tokuchan · · Score: 5, Informative

      IBM didn't sell you anything back then. You leased the machine, rather than buy it. IBM would charge you a low price but ship and install a bigger machine with extra processors and memory modules installed. The lease terms limited you, rather than physical limitations. This was actually a very good thing. First, whenever something broke, IBM could switch it out over the phone, which made those late night calls much more tolerable. Second, if you needed more power, they could switch on more processors and bill you. Then, when you no longer needed the extra, they could switch them off again and save you money. It was really a win-win situation for everyone.

      The big difference here is that we are talking about software, not hardware. If MS really does this, it will either be a wild success or a dismal failure. Personally, I will stick with my Mac or move back to Linux.

    13. Re:Well... by Sandbags · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I like Apple's model better. They have one OS, one price. Everything is included, for home or for business. $149... It's modular in the sense that nothing runs unless you run it, and uninstalling a program is a simple as dragging it's folder to the trash can. Heck, have you installed Office on a mac lately? Put the CD in and it says "Drag this to Applications to install"

      OS 7 may choose to go modular, but if it's a sales model, not a feature model, then it will likely fail. I can understand the ability to streamline the performance curve by uninstalling unneeded or unsupported parts of the code, but realistically, the only major differences between Microsoft's Flagship Ultimate OS at more than $350 and their most basic home version at about $150 is 1) business support, 2) media center functionality, 3) a fancy GUI that requires fancy hardware, and 4) some file replication and backup options. Really, for an extra $200, that's all you get...

      Here's a feature comparison for you:
      http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/27/leopard-vs-vista-feature-chart-showdown/

      Just to note, here's a few issues I found with their list:
      - They say Explorer is more powerful than finder. Are they on crack? Coverflow and the power of Apple's search tools vs thumbnails and desktop search? this is not a comparison...
      - there are AV tuners and TV recording capabilities for Apple systems (Happauge makes a few as well as others) Windows has no integrated native apps for it, just hardware and 3rd parts software support same as Apple.
      - Network projector support on Windows is via 3rd party apps only. Same as Apple for which software IS available.
      - There are a lot of network storage appliances for Apple, including OS X server. Listing Windows Home Server doesn't count as a plus in Microsoft's corner since it's not "out-of-the box" and requires additional software installed by the server to do these things. Vista does NAS no differently than Apple without a real server behind it... They both access network USB the same, though 3rd party drivers or network shares. Apple also supports more than just SMB shares, so I even lean on their side on this a bit, but still call it tied.
      - Automator is a sync tool when set up. Better yet, configure rsync (included) and sync only delta changed packets instead of whole files... Sure, it requires some know how, and Windows Sync Center is easier to use, but it can't be used on business editions anyway...
      - Presentation mode? Are they referring to PowerPoint? That's not included in Windows, plus both PowerPoint for Mac 2008 and Keynote do this (and more).

      they give Apple 46 points and Vista 41, still in Apple's camp by their count. i'd give apple 6 more, or at least take away Window's advantage in those categories.

      Here's a few more they missed:
      - Automation Features - apple has lots, Windows has a simple task scheduler to lauch batch files...
      - Price - Clearly in Apple's favor (hardware aside, which by the way in mid and upper range does compete directly with Dell's pricing for Windows PCs. Compare iMac to Dell's shiny new all-in-one.)
      - Security - Apple wins since Admin access is disable by default and their firewall is superior, plus not a single ITW virus for mac and little or no spyware (might change in the future, but not a concern now)
      - Voice Control and dictation support - only works on Windows with Office 2007 installed
      - file preview - opening a file to view it or print it in it's native app is a waste of time. Cover Flow and Quick Look is far superior, a win for Apple...
      - Updates - goes to M$ on this one. Not only for being predictable, and having more granular controls, but also for documenting what's in the update clearly and making that info easy to find.
      - Dashboard and Widgets - Windows dashboard sucks and is a memory and resource hog. Apple wins this round, not to even count the sheer volume of apple widgets available.

      --
      There is no contest in life for which the unprepared have the advantage.
    14. Re:Well... by misleb · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I agree 100%. My mom, for example, downloaded OpenOffice (without any prompting from me) when her trial version of MS Office ran out. If Dell had included a "free" version of MS Works with the computer, she'd probably be using that right now.

      I think Microsoft is forgetting how they came to be dominant in the first place: bundling, hiding the cost of the software in with the hardware purchase. Even if they end up paying about the same in the long run, customers are going to feel like they are paying more.

      --
      "THERE IS NO JUSTICE, THERE IS ONLY ME." -Death
    15. Re:Well... by Sancho · · Score: 2, Informative

      Not necessarily. I guess that it depends upon the hardware. There are three groups we can be discussing:
      a) All 32-bit hardware.
      b) 64-bit hardware with limitations on the MMU that ultimately restrict (to various degrees) mapping of high portions of memory.
      b) 64-bit hardware with an MMU that does not have the above restriction.

      All modern operating systems on hardware platform a are going to have problems seeing 4GB of RAM.
      All modern 64-bit operating systems on hardware platform b (including Windows Vista 64) will be able to map the full range of memory, less whatever is mapped or reserved for devices. This is the hardware platform that I was referencing. More on this later.
      All modern 64-bit operating systems on hardware platform c should be able to see the full amount of RAM. This seems to be the hardware platform to which you're referring.

      The specific issue I had was with a 64-bit, dual-core Athlon processor and a motherboard (I don't remember the brand, much less the model.) The board was advertised as capable of accepting 4 gigabytes of RAM, but when I put four gigabyte sticks in, Linux told me that it was only able to use 3.25. This was 64-bit Linux with a kernel that should have allowed the full amount to be accessed. After I ran into this, I started researching the issue and discovered the cause.

    16. Re:Well... by jimicus · · Score: 2, Informative

      On the other hand, if MS does this, then competitors can come in and offer the same components/services. Open source will do it very quickly, driving the cost to zero. If MS tries to shut out anyone else, the result is antitrust action.

      Simple solution to that one: you allow anyone to write the modules, but Windows will not install them unless they're signed by Microsoft. And the signing process costs money.

  3. Artificial Bundling? by samkass · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Considering Microsoft has, in the past, been accused of artificially bundling components together (IE+Windows, DirectX10+Vista, etc), I'm going to remain skeptical on this plan. It seems like Microsoft can get much higher revenue from a several-hundred-dollars major upgrade than a pick-n-choose bundle of features. The only way I see them breaking it apart is if their monopoly really does begin to be challenged and they have to start selling in a truly competitive market.

    --
    E pluribus unum
    1. Re:Artificial Bundling? by CastrTroy · · Score: 4, Informative

      The problem will be in the dependancies. Want MSN Messenger, that relies on IE, because it can display HTML content. So to install messenger, you have to install IE. Same goes for Linux. You want GIMP, well you have to install GTK, because you can't have one without the other.

      --

      Anthropic principle: We see the universe the way it is because if it were different we would not be here to see it.
    2. Re:Artificial Bundling? by drsmithy · · Score: 2, Informative

      Considering Microsoft has, in the past, been accused of artificially bundling components together (IE+Windows, DirectX10+Vista, etc), [...]

      Of course, accusations != truth. For your two examples, IE was no more "artificially bundled" into Windows than its equivalents were into contemporary OSes and DirectX10 requires features only present in Vista's new display system.

      "Artificial bundling" is as meaningless as "bloat". Stuff that you, personally, aren't interested in != stuff that no-one is interested in.

      [...] I'm going to remain skeptical on this plan. It seems like Microsoft can get much higher revenue from a several-hundred-dollars major upgrade than a pick-n-choose bundle of features. The only way I see them breaking it apart is if their monopoly really does begin to be challenged and they have to start selling in a truly competitive market.

      Huh ? It was the competitive market that resulted in IE, etc, being "bundled" into Windows in the first place (in response to competitors doing the same). What on Earth makes you think its going to drive them to start removing stuff when their competitors continue to add more and more features as part of their base packages ?

    3. Re:Artificial Bundling? by click2005 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      It seems like Microsoft can get much higher revenue from a several-hundred-dollars major upgrade than a pick-n-choose bundle of features. The only way I see them breaking it apart is if their monopoly really does begin to be challenged and they have to start selling in a truly competitive market.

      I dont think its about selling the add-ons for hundreds of dollars. I honestly think the basic Windows will eventually be free but by then it'll just be stripped down to the basic OS & browser. They wont sell the add-ons, they'll license them to people for a monthly fee. As the mess they made with Vista shows... if the OS doesn't sell they make less money and the hardware vendors make less money.

      By giving away Core Windows with every new PC they get around the MS Tax on buying computers by charging you more later. Then you can upgrade as much as you wish...

      Multimedia upgrade for $10 per month
      DirectX upgrade for $15 per month
      Office upgrade for $30 per month (or $7 per app per month)

      Microsoft wants a continuous revenue stream from its users. They want you to keep giving them money whether you upgrade or not. They wont care if you insist on running your 4 years out of date OS as you'll still be paying your MS Rent. All the software will be auto-installed, auto-patched, auto-scanned and made nice and safe. They'll get people to upgrade to newer versions by charging more for older OSes which encourages them to upgrade their hardware (so the system feels less sluggish).

      Its all leading to TPM/NGSCB machines riddled with DRM-locked hardware. Only 'approved' software will run (cue the protection from malware excuse) and any attempts to bypass security or normal operating functions will be reported. Future Windows versions will check all the files on your PC to make sure its safe, deleting anything they decide is bad for you.

      --
      I am a free slashdotter. I will not be modded, blogged, DRM'd, patented, podcasted or RFID'd. My life is my own.
    4. Re:Artificial Bundling? by FLEB · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I doubt they'd do that to something like DirectX or multimedia drivers. Those are core system components, and the people who make their OS relevant-- application builders-- wouldn't stand for paid prerequisites to use their basic products. However, one could take a look at Apple's strategy with iLife, iWork, and QuickTime Pro and see that while content viewing apps are usually too basic or needed to be an upgrade, simple content production apps are enough of a seperately added value that they could be split off into paid additions. Things like Windows Media Encoder, Movie Maker, tools for CD/DVD authoring, a pared-down Office... all of those could reasonably make a case as a paid add-on.

      --
      Information wants to be free.
      Entertainment wants to be paid.
      You just want to be cheap.
    5. Re:Artificial Bundling? by Ambidisastrous · · Score: 2, Interesting

      That sounds about right.

      1. Linux and BSD made Unix a commodity platform.

      2. Windows gets its value as a platform because of the apps written for it, not because of any inherent awesomeness in the API and supporting low-level tools. So charging for the userland alone should bring in almost as much money as charging for the whole OS.

      3. Windows Genuine Advantage is broken; user apps can be modified to call home and check for updates/certification regularly as part of their normal functionality, but a base platform will have problems if it has to do that successfully in order to work. (The OS is used in too many different ways.)

      Solution: Make the basic Windows platform a cheap or free commodity, too, to prevent any mass exodus. Build WGA-like restrictions into the valuable apps, and then Microsoft has the ability to enforce any subscription model they please. Since it's only an app and not the whole OS that gets the remote touch-of-death for failing to call home properly, some of the problems with the original WGA scheme go away. Profit!

      Redesigning the OS to actually function this way is another matter, of course -- the plan only works if the new platform runs all of the same software and hardware that the old one did.

  4. Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is over. by inTheLoo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Once again, Microsoft is making fantastic promisses that have little to do with their last set. I wonder how many current features will evaporate.

    This is not a good way to make money. Vista is a failure and Windows 7 will be an even bigger failure. At a minimum, the next three years belong to GNU/Linux. Users and hardware makers alike know better than to buy into Vista now and people looking for new hardware and software are going to go Linux. By 2010, Microsoft's base will be erroded. The Microsoft game, at long last, is over.

    --
    No calls now, I'm ...
  5. Hmmm by scubamage · · Score: 2

    So that will be around the release of Ubuntu 10, right? Glad I know which OS I'll be using :)

    1. Re:Hmmm by mwvdlee · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Renting an OS is only sensible if you aren't dependant on it for your applications and files.
      If you're no longer dependant on the OS, then why rent one if you can get an identical one (from a productivity perspective) for free?

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  6. bad idea, meet worse idea by pxuongl · · Score: 2

    are we going to need hardware usb dongles like is needed with CAD software in order to control what features are turned on or off?

  7. A bit risky? by sholden · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Once that becomes possible, less microsoft-friendly jurisdictions (like say the EU) might demand they open up the interfaces so competitors can use them. People buying chunks of OS from non-microsoft vendors probably isn't in microsoft's best interest...

    1. Re:A bit risky? by JustinOpinion · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Another 'danger' (from Microsoft's perspective) would be "the WINE effect", a.k.a. reverse engineering. If they separate their OS into well-defined modules, then others can create replacements for those modules. Even if the interfaces are secret and there is no public documentation (which is likely to be the case), the partitioning into modules will mean that at some level there is a well-defined API (even if it isn't publicly disclosed). So people can reverse-engineer that API and write their own drop-in replacement modules.

      This would be great for lots of people: other companies could write competing modules to replace Windows functionality (why pay for Microsoft's system-wide search module when Google's is so much better?). Also, free and open-source modules will probably be created for many of those features.

      Of course, it may be that Microsoft intends to create a complicated system of internal certificates and code signing so that only MS-approved modules can use these hidden APIs. It seems like that would add a considerable performance penalty, but then again I guess that's not too different from the decisions they made in designing Vista.

  8. Stupid Is as Stupid Does by tjstork · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Microsoft seems to be hell bent on making their product harder to use, and at its own peril.

    What Microsoft doesn't get is that operating systems and computers, in general, are just appliances. Yes, people like to tinker, but, when one opens up the box, they want everything. This fascination with dynamically installed and dynamically loaded modularity has been the ruin of Microsoft ever since Windows 3.1 began prompting me for Disk 5 when I tried to do something, and it continues to this day. All the Windows versions continually ask for the CD/DVD, whatever, Visual Studio defaults to online help - which sucks when you are on the train, and now they want to make Windows even more modular?

    By contrast, I put in a Linux DVD, and I install everything. If I want to install something more, I can do the insanely difficult exercise of typing "sudo apt get install [programname]".

    --
    This is my sig.
    1. Re:Stupid Is as Stupid Does by secPM_MS · · Score: 2, Insightful
      Microsoft does make digital appliances. Look at Server 2003 and even more so, Server 2008. With Server 2008, you can install the core functionality (without a GUI) and then install your server role to enable a headless server. If you find the GUI useful, you install the standard server functionality and then install the roles and features that you want. I run standard server on my desktop with the search indexer (from the file server role) and the wireless feature installed. It runs fast, stable, and does what I need.

      I know nothing about any plan to implement the consumer componentization that is being discussed here. I wish we would componetize the client the way we have the server and then add a wizard to appropriately configure the system with reasonable defaults.

      I would note the interesting observation that if MS ships a unified SKU, it is criticized for its lack of componentization. If people think that MS is going to componentize, MS is criticized for not shipping everything and planning on per-feature charging. Clearly, for many in this crowd, whatever MS does is wrong - by definition.

  9. competitive? by Johnny+Mnemonic · · Score: 4, Insightful


    I wonder if this will backfire. A modular OS means that each component is easier to replace, as it's not intrinsically linked with the rest of the OS.

    If you can replace a component, and choose which pieces to run piece by piece, people might make choices that aren't in Microsoft's interest.

    --

    --
    $tar -xvf .sig.tar
  10. It makes me laugh... by Toreo+asesino · · Score: 4, Interesting

    ...how that more & more Windows looks like *nix sometimes.

    Since NT 3.5 we've had:
    True multi-user (Terminal services, fast-user switching), sudo (UAC), headless servers (server core), decent scripting (PowerShell), and now more modularity?

    Yeah I know, some of these aren't exactly the same, but you see my point.

    --
    throw new NoSignatureException();
  11. Let me get this straight... by damburger · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Microsoft intends to reverse the mistake of Vista by making an operating system that continues in the direction of Vista even further, and force users to pay continuously for the privilege. All this and they don't plan to release it until 2010 giving Mac OS X and Ubuntu a chance to chip away at their market dominance for two years whilst their current top of the range OS flops.

    --
    If we can put a man on the moon, why can't we shoot people for Apollo-related non-sequiturs?
  12. In other words... by Oxy+the+moron · · Score: 4, Insightful

    ... if you haven't started your plans for moving away from Windows, now would be a good time.

    I think Microsoft is starting to realize the gig is up. In Vista, the whole "we'll just produce a mound of crap, and people will have to buy it" model is starting to dwindle. Unfortunately, it looks like the new model is "we'll only force half the amount of crap we used to, and you can pay for the rest when it's released."

    I honestly like using Windows 2000 and Windows XP. I don't like it as much as my Ubuntu installation, but it isn't terrible... at least, not after SP2. I simply just can't tolerate Vista, though. I was somewhat hopeful for Windows 7, but news like this (albeit far from 100% sure to happen) puts a big dimmer on it.

    --

    Proudly supporting the Libertarian Party.

  13. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by the_humeister · · Score: 3, Insightful

    That's the same rhetoric that's been said by the anti-MS crowd for the past 10 years. What makes the next 5 any different?

  14. Mach by goombah99 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    So I wonder if this will be some high level granularity or some true kernel level modularity like Apples quasi-mach kernel. Or even go all the way to a Objective-C message passing interface at the code level.

    It's interesting to note that Apple's OS is ultra-modular at the lowest levels but is sold monolithically. Apple has always done well by specing out it's hardware and software at a maximum consistent level for every machine. Thus developers could assume that firewire exists or this or that OS feature exists. etc...

    --
    Some drink at the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle.
    1. Re:Mach by misleb · · Score: 3, Interesting

      t's interesting to note that Apple's OS is ultra-modular at the lowest levels but is sold monolithically.


      In what way? How is it more modular that, say, the Linux kernel with as much as possible compiled as modules?

      --
      "THERE IS NO JUSTICE, THERE IS ONLY ME." -Death
    2. Re:Mach by IamTheRealMike · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I wouldn't call the bizarre mess of the MacOS kernel "modular". It's certainly not a micro-kernel, if that's what you mean.

      All the mainstream operating systems today are somewhat modular, in that you can swap components in and out if they implement the same interface. This is especially true for Windows, in which long-term heavy usage of COM (which was explicitly designed to promote modularity) has meant that you can do things like swap out the IE rendering engine for Firefox, and it'll work. Well, assuming that Firefox supports the features the embedding app in question needs, of course. If you doubt this, feel free to download the Gecko ActiveX plugin and try it ... most apps use IE just as a convenient rendering engine and can run when Gecko replaces it.

      That might not sound impressive, but try swapping out Gecko for WebKit or Opera on Linux and see what a mess you get into. Hell, just try upgrading Firefox on Ubuntu. You will almost certainly fail. I know, because I've tried it. About the only sane way forward is to leave the old version in place and install a new, parallel copy - but that has its own problems due to general brokenness in the way ELF was designed (it doesn't seal off shared libraries from each other properly, so they can interfere and cause crashes). Although to be fair, Linux (really, unix) does let you swap out your display subsystem for another one thanks to X. So they all have strengths and weaknesses in this area.

      I'm not really sure why you think Apple has "specced out its software at a maximum consistent level". Dealing with missing features is just a part of the software development game, and Apple supports that with what they call weak symbols. It's important because not everybody upgrades their OS at once, so even if you only have one edition of your operating system, developers still need to adapt at runtime to things that are missing. The piss-poor support for this in Linux is another reason upgrades are so flaky (it's only done at compile time for most programs).

      I'll be interested to see what Windows 7 actually ends up being. I suspect that this whole modularity drive is coming from upper management somewhere, and by the time it reaches the engineers they will say "well .... but windows is already modular!". They'll make some token gestures, clean up some cruft that users won't really notice except in worse app compatibility, marketing will trumpet the changes as meaning that things will Really Be Different This Time! and nothing will really change.

    3. Re:Mach by snowgirl · · Score: 3, Informative

      This is especially true for Windows, in which long-term heavy usage of COM (which was explicitly designed to promote modularity) has meant that you can do things like swap out the IE rendering engine for Firefox, and it'll work.

      Well... in a way. COM is now pretty dated, and it required a lot of extra programming to make sure that things were properly supported. Programs that bundle with Microsoft Windows are extremely integrated, regardless of whatever libraries and APIs are made available. There is no "cd %notepad_dir%; make" command for the Windows system, literally, there is no way to know for sure if something needs to be rebuilt without literally recompiling the whole source code.

      You make a change to some random library, that changes the publics for that library, and that disseminates out and touches potentially tons of binaries. The reason Vista started using componentization is exactly for this reason, so that you could trust that updating a certain library only hit a limited number of binaries. However, even this isn't ideal, as many of the changes to library don't propagate changes out to binaries, but since they're all in the same component, you have to bundle all of them together, even if most of the component is just updating version numbers.

      For quite awhile the Service Pack for Vista was looking at being a ton of GiBs big... once they made some changes to be able to again only patch at the binary level *gasp* the SP size went down. Oddly enough it was called "small SP", even though it is still larger than other SPs before. (There's just data to "touch" the version number of all the binaries that didn't change despite being in a component that was serviced.)

      (it's only done at compile time for most programs).

      As noted above, most of the internal modularity of Windows the OS is done at compile time as well. As for updating things, I've updated on the fly the Linux kernel, X-Windows, WINE, and Mozilla/Gecko before on the ol' Red Hat systems. Honestly, I don't know where you're getting your troubles from, but I've never experienced any of them myself. Most notably tough, I don't have to recompile everything from scratch each time a new version of Gentoo is released... rather, I just compile what was updated. Windows Vista still isn't uncomplicated enough in compiling to be able to do this. No less, its dependence upon the Microsoft Corporate network.

      And you're actually wrong. Mach is a microkernel. But just because the kernel is a microkernel doesn't mean that the stuff built upon it actually make use of that microkernel. Windows has also been based on a microkernel since Windows NT. The difference between a microkernel and a macrokernel are pretty irrelevant once you get to the layer of stuff on top of the OS.

      --
      WARNING! This girl exceeds the MAXIMUM SAFE standards established by the FDA for BRATTINESS
    4. Re:Mach by darthflo · · Score: 4, Informative

      I hope you're not too serious, but I'll try to explain.
      Ubuntu uses Debian's apt package management system. It's a great thing, fast as hell (especially when one's coming from Gentoo or source-y relatives), easy through Synaptic and so on. It does, however, have one major difference to Gentoo's way of handling new releases: Only security fixes are applied to packages after a release.
      That's a great advantage to admin staff. Never touch a running system's config unless upgrading to a new release. It's also a (rather large) disadvantage to people favouring the bleeding edge. A seperate "backports" repository will contain some new releases but it's not as extensive or current as gentoo's. The actual updating process itself, though, is typically orders of magnitude faster because packages are distributed binary (source optional) instead of as source and compiled locally.

      Updating Ubuntu's embraced and extended* edition of Firefox to it's newest version is as easy as "apt-get upgrade" (emerge -u world) or "apt-get install ubufox" (emerge firefox) after an "apt-get update" (emerge --sync). Updating to vanilla Firefox from mozilla.org is, as GP stated, another beast.

      * I'm seriously hoping for that third "e" there -- all those annoying Fx banners and buttons and other nuisances are enough to ruin an already mediocre product completely. Freedom in software should mean letting people use whatever browser they like. Be it Opera, Safari, ELinks, Lynx or even a properly secured instance of MSIE.

    5. Re:Mach by node+3 · · Score: 4, Informative

      Flaimbait? How in the world is this considered flamebait? I'm sincerely asking how the XNU kernel is necessarily more modulular than other kernels. Generally speaking:

      The Linux kernel is monolithic, even if you compile everything as a module, it's basically stitched back together as a big monolith. Linux modules are just excised chunks of the kernel that you can load on demand, but you still need something specifically compiled into the kernel for each specific module to hook into.

      With XNU, kernel extensions are more self-contained, and insert themselves into the kernel using more generic/universal interfaces.

      That's why OS X device drivers don't have strict requirements for kernel version while binary Linux device drivers require a specific kernel version with specific compile-time options, and source drivers need the kernel to be compiled with support for them.
    6. Re:Mach by IamTheRealMike · · Score: 2, Interesting

      It's rare to encounter if you only install software from your distribution, because typically, people will hack around it or simply force everything to compile against the same version of the library. I documented this problem a few years ago: here's a relevant GCC bug and if you want a slightly easier to read explanation read this doc I wrote on writing shared libraries and search for "scoping".

      The long and short of it is that in ELF, every symbol exported by a shared library (including internal symbols if you aren't careful!) exists in a global scope. Imagine you have a function called "clear()" defined in your program. Not so unlikely, right? Now imagine that you link against libfoo.so.1, which in turns uses libncurses to implement some of its functionality. Well, now you have a problem. It turns out that the ncurses API dates from before the time when prefixing function names with the library name was common in UNIX, and it also defines a function called clear. In any sane operating system (like Windows - gasp) this is not a problem. Your program doesn't use ncurses directly, so there's no conflict there. And libfoo is not linked "backwards" against your program either. So when libfoo invokes clear(), control should be transferred to libncurses.

      However, that's not what happens. What actually happens is that libfoo jumps into your program and then crashes with stack corruption, because clear() was defined there first. The fact that libfoos ELF headers state that it depends on libncurses will cause ncurses to be loaded into memory, but not actually used for this function.

      To put it mildly, this is not what most developers expect. The example above may seem contrived, but a far more common case is when a program indirectly uses two versions of the same library. This is what happens when you use mozilla.org provided Firefox binaries. Then, Firefox from upstream is compiled against libstdc++.so.5, because it's more widely available. Firefox loads some plugin .... for instance maybe it loads SCIM if you want to type Chinese as part of the GTK+ input methods framework .... which in turn loads something else written in C++ .... which in turn loads libstdc++.so.6 - well, now you lose, because you have the same library defining symbols with different names. The OS has sufficient information to pick the right one, but doesn't, because of the general way in which binary loading on Linux works.

      For the specific case of libstdc++ this is "fixed" by using symbol versions which are basically a gross hack ... they make the risk of name collisions less likely but do not eliminate them. Except that it wasn't actually fixed, as that bug describes. This is a general problem that affects all libraries on ELF based platforms.

  15. Module? by Bogtha · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The OS's developers can add/remove functionality module by module.

    How is this any different to what they have done all along, where custom installations allow you to pick and choose components? I remember doing that all the way back in the mid-90s.

    I guess what I'm saying is: what separates a "module" from an application or a library? There appears to be no meaningful difference.

    --
    Bogtha Bogtha Bogtha
  16. Re:To be expected by calebt3 · · Score: 5, Funny

    Losen up, will ya? Their not that bad. You just can't let it effect you.

  17. Rentier economy by dpbsmith · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Michael Hart (of Project Gutenberg) has it right. He's been saying for about a decade now that publishers, music companies, software companies, etc. are trying to move us into a world where ownership as we know it will no longer exist; nothing will be owned (at least not by consumers), everything will be rented. E.g. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=2003&post=2003-01-22,3>here

    This is an issue that both liberals and conservatives should be united on. The desire to own stuff goes deep in the human psyche. The person who rents everything is utterly dependent on a high, steady stream of income can't survive even a short interruption or reduction in that stream. It's a very insecure and anxiety-provoking way to live.

    1. Re:Rentier economy by bnenning · · Score: 2, Interesting

      This is an issue that both liberals and conservatives should be united on.

      Exactly. As a conservative/libertarian (not to be confused with the current White House occupants), I despise DRM because it's an assault on real property rights. It means that I own my computer only in the sense that I paid for it. The Cato Institute has an excellent analysis here.

      --
      How to solve most of our problems: 1.Lots of nuclear plants. 2.Cure aging.
  18. when does Cairo ship? by wardk · · Score: 3, Funny

    that "object file system" is gonna rock

  19. Because by eclectro · · Score: 3, Funny

    Microsoft secretly wants you to switch to Linux. Really, they do.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
  20. Windows looks less and less appealing... by JustinOpinion · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This is a perfect example of why Windows looks less appealing over time, and why I started shifting everything I do to be inherently platform agnostic (e.g. if I'm going to learn a new piece of software, I preferentially find programs that work on any OS).

    Basically, they are redesigning Windows not so much for engineering reasons, but for marketing reasons. Having a modular OS could be a very good idea, if done properly. However if this is just artificial fragmentation so that they can nickel-and-dime their customers, then this means the software is going to get worse.

    Why? Because it's hard enough to optimize software just to do its job properly. You can't optimize for every constraint simultaneously, so if you add requirements like "separated into marketable modules" or "resistant to user tampering" then the coders will necessarily have to compromise on other optimizations, like "speed of operation" or "flexibility" or "reliability" or whatever.

    Software is becoming more and more of a commodity... which means that open-source software is rapidly catching up (in those fields where it wasn't already the leader), and also that companies like Microsoft who are still caught in the "must sell proprietary code in boxes" mindset have to add more and more user-hostile features.

  21. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by inTheLoo · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The difference is Vista's poor sales and Microsoft's imploding cash reserves. No cash, no control, end of story.

    --
    No calls now, I'm ...
  22. I have one of those by rubycodez · · Score: 5, Funny

    I've got one of those modular operating systems, can just have a bare-bones core for appliance or add things until it turns into a desktop or server or supercomputer node.

    but what I'm scared of is I've been hitting the shopping cart too often, apt-get this and apt-get that.

    I'm dreading the day the bill for all these nifty modules comes in the mail.

    1. Re:I have one of those by Timothy+Brownawell · · Score: 2, Funny

      Don't worry, nobody ever got around to writing a billing module.

  23. So? by Phoenix666 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    After Vista, you have to wonder what Microsoft thinks it can do to revive its fortunes. A modular OS? Hello, meet *nix.

    I've been an exclusive linux user for ~10 years. I know more than some, less than many. But friends, relatives, and co-workers are suddenly coming up to me and asking about "Ubuntu." And three days ago I read an article in CIO magazine posing the question, "Is is time to dump Vista?" to which many replied, "switch to Ubuntu."

    That's significant. I've been happy to be ahead of the curve in terms of usability, stability, and security. And I can't lie--it gives me pleasure still to hear about people having problems with Windows issues while knowing I'm immune. But when people who've previously given me blank stares when I extolled the virtues of FOSS come to me and ask about a distro whose name is based on an African language, I can't help but wonder at the exigency that drove them to such extremes.

    I look forward to the era of the 2nd coming of Apple, and the underlying gospel of *nix. For a time, Apple will collect those who have money and favor dead-easy implementation. But eventually they too will succumb to the ineluctable realities of *nix.

    --
    Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.
  24. Subscription? by VitrosChemistryAnaly · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Okay, there is no way in hell that I'm going to run any OS as my main OS that requires a fucking *subscription*.

    What happens when you're late with a payment? You windows will refuse to let you log in?

    I've been using Linux pretty exclusively at home for the past year (my wife does OSX on her new intel macbook). The more I use it, the more I can envision a completely MS free life. Now this news just gives me a date to go along with that vision

    I'm going to say it: 2010 will be the year of the Linux desktop! Thanks to MS!

    --
    "It's a tarp!" -- Dyslexic Admiral Ackbar
  25. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by PhrostyMcByte · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Anybody remember Vista Ultimate edition? The one that promised Ultimate Extras - regular extras that you could download through Windows Update? They released 3 things through that: an small card game, DreamScene (sucks up CPU to animate your desktop background), and Bitlocker full drive encryption. That was all just a little after RTM - nothing since then.

    When they came up with the idea I thought it might be interesting, but they've shown they can't follow through. If this is at all similar I'm sure it will fail. Microsoft won't be overthrown just from this, certainly not by 2010, but I'm sure it will pave more of the Disappointment Road that Vista started.

    When they say "subscription" I get kind of worried. Valve carefully calls their Steam games "subscriptions" to remove your right of resale.

  26. It was already "modular" by realmolo · · Score: 4, Interesting

    What they REALLY mean is that they are going to be taking out huge chunks of functionality, and then charging you separately for each of those chunks.

    I *fully* expect that the first version of Office that runs on "Windows 7" will have formerly free features that no require you to pay for add-ons to Windows before they will work.

    I actually like Microsoft for the most part, but their push towards software-as-a-service is really turning me off. If anything is going to bring them down, it will be this. I don't think they understand just how much of a backlash their is going to be. No one wants to be nickeled-and-dimed to death. Business won't do it, and consumers won't care.

  27. 30 different flavors of Windows 7? by dougwhitehead · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Modular, on the surface, is a good thing. But is this just an excuse to create lots of versions with confusing pricing (and poor user experience)?

  28. Re:The transparent idea by Lally+Singh · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It's the business model that's different. Technically, they're doing little more than selling/renting out DLLs. (Well, .Net assemblies, most likely)

    --
    Care about electronic freedom? Consider donating to the EFF!
  29. How to get karma'd-up-quick on slashdot by Toreo+asesino · · Score: 3, Funny

    1. Post statement bashing Microsoft/Vista.
    2. Don't provide any evidence
    3. Predict the downfall of Microsoft in X years.
    4. [optional] Add reference to glorious "Year of the Linux desktop".
    5. Profit?!

    --
    throw new NoSignatureException();
  30. Dear Microsoft by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny


    Die

  31. Re:To be expected by colmore · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Many slashdot posters speak english as their second or third language. We should always remember that English is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn; it is an order of magnitude less regular and its working vocabulary is far larger than the Romance languages. All rules about spelling, punctuation, pluralization, etc. are wrong at least 1 or 2% of the time. There are over 30 vowel sounds represented by 5 1/2 letters. There is quite simply no logic to the use of prepositions in idiomatic phrases, and idiomatic phrases are all over the language, even in basic tourist / shopkeep speaking.

    That said, "no" "hello" and "OK" are just about universal words at this point. If people are forward and the other party isn't made uncomfortable by foreign language speakers (Americans, for fairly obvious reasons I think -- isolation and power -- are the rudest first worlders about people who don't speak their native language. It isn't just waiters and store owners who are blatantly rude to non-English speakers, it's about everyone. A really high percentage of Americans will simply shrug or outright lie to someone requesting help to get them to shut up and go away.

    Anyway, don't pick at peoples grammar. They're a stranger and you know nothing about them. Plus, given the way education generally works, it's classist as all hell.

    --
    In Capitalist America, bank robs you!
  32. Software modules that add functionality. by imgod2u · · Score: 3, Insightful

    And here I thought they were called "applications". And I believe they already are sold separately. And can be added/removed at whim. Hell, my Windows XP even has a friendly UI to help me keep track of, and add/remove any that I want.

  33. Why Microsoft in 2008 is Like IBM in the 1980s by WombatControl · · Score: 3, Insightful

    What we're seeing is the end of Microsoft--not as a company, but as the monolithic OS vendor that they've been for years. It's much like IBM in the 1980s. IBM went from the monolithic vendor of PCs to a company that had to compete with the "IBM compatible" clones. The reasons are the same in both cases:

    Corporate Culture: IBM, like Microsoft, had the "IBM way" of doing things. They had a corporate culture that stifled real innovation and was all about maintaining revenue streams above all. They weren't willing to take risks, they weren't willing to sell products at less cost, and they were all about promoting their own ecosystem. Just like Microsoft. There have been plenty of rumblings about the way in which Microsoft is becoming a less and less hospitable place to work, and the erosion of the corporate culture is one of the biggest signs of a failing company.

    Erosion of Markets: Microsoft depends on a Microsoft ecosystem. Windows on the server, Vista on the desktop, Windows Mobile, SharePoint, etc. The second there becomes a viable alternative to anything, they lose revenue. If people don't upgrade to Vista, they lose revenue. If people stay with Office 2003 rather than Office 2007, they lose revenue. Don't even get them started on Linux servers, Macs, or iPhones. Microsoft's real biggest competitor, though, is Microsoft. The reason why they're moving to a subscription model is because they have to keep people on the upgrade cycle. If their old stuff works well enough that people don't need Vista, 2008, and the latest Windows Server, they lose their chief revenue stream. That's the wall they're running into today.

    Stronger Competition: The iPhone is set to eat Windows Mobile's lunch. Macs are taking the educational market back. Linux is gaining more and more acceptance. Firefox has taken browser share from IE. Why pay $100 for a Windows license for a device like a $299 eeePC? As computing becomes a commodity, Windows loses relevance. The rise of the web has taken 15 years to start breaking the MS stranglehold, but it's doing what we said it would back then. You don't need Windows to use Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Flickr, or Gmail. Every web app challenges Microsoft's OS dominance. If those web apps run on commodity UNIX servers, even more so. Microsoft is competing for the market space of 5 and 10 years ago, while Google and Apple are creating their own market spaces where Microsoft isn't dominant.

    This doesn't mean that Microsoft will go away, but it does mean that their days of dominance are over. The OS market will fragment, and we're already seeing that happen now. It isn't nearly as quick as some had predicted, but it is happening. Microsoft won't go out of business any time soon--but they can forget about being the only player that really matters anymore. It's the business cycle in action, and this was bound to happen sooner or later.

    1. Re:Why Microsoft in 2008 is Like IBM in the 1980s by Vegeta99 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      iPhone eating Windows Mobile's lunch? What planet are you on?

      Windows Mobile isn't going anywhere, and the iPhone is not going to replace the hundreds of Windows Mobile phone models out there. Wanna take a guess why? Windows Mobile is more open.

  34. User Mode Drivers by QuantumFTL · · Score: 3, Informative

    Does this mean we might see drivers for most devices that aren't part of the kernel itself? A stock Windows XP install is surprisingly robust, but add even one crappy driver to the mix (Yeah, ATI, I'm looking at you!) and soon the computer's gone on a one-way vacation to Reboot City.

    1. Re:User Mode Drivers by *SECADM · · Score: 2, Informative

      This was introduced in Vista in fact: http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/driver/wdf/umdf_intro.mspx

      Of course not all drivers can be switched to this framework because the requirement to touch physical memory, register for ISRs, etc. But moving 3rd-party drivers to user-mode is definitely a good thing.

      --
      sure I'll have a sig.
  35. Windows 8 by whisper_jeff · · Score: 2, Funny

    Is Windows 8 going to be the COS - Collectible Operating System - sold in stores beside the CCGs? Open a booster pack and see how long it takes to build a complete OS. Just gotta hope that the components needed to connect to the 'net aren't one of the ultra-rares...

  36. You guys are missing the point by crismoj · · Score: 2, Insightful

    It's all about the money. Gates has been fuming for years that people sign up and pay for monthly services for ISP accounts, Cell Phones, etc... He wants that monthly revenue (remember back in the late 90's with "Software as a service"?). So he wants to convince someone to pay $15 per month for an OS, (or $150 per year which would be a 20% discount) Of course if you want to network or use MS word on a monthly basis that will be a little extra.

    The bad part is that after M$ does it, everyone will want to do it from Virus protection to Media players, etc...

    Show me the money!!

  37. Re:To be expected by c0p0n · · Score: 2, Informative

    I think you're right, but I wouldn't agree to "English is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn", seeing the struggle of native English speakers in learning French or Spanish and, to a lesser extent, German, languages that are all related to each other. If you count Chinese and the like, well, we're all equally buggered. On the other hand, Europeans aren't too bad at English if only at a basic level (after all it's taught at school), specially in the Nordic area. And yes, as you've guessed, English is not my native language :)

    --

    Your head a splode
  38. Won't somebody think of the developers? by thePowerOfGrayskull · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Can I just say, "Holy crap!"? On the surface, my first response was - "Huh. Actually, that sounds pretty cool. I'm tired of getting Windows installs with all the extra shit I don't want."

    Then I put on my developer hat, and reached the aforementioned "holy crap" conclusion. The best thing that Windows has going for it from a development perspective is its consistency. (I know enough people disagree with this, but just let it ride for argument's sake.) What I mean by that is that you know, for a target OS version, exactly what is available to you. If you have Windows 2000+, various security APIs work. If you have win98+, various common controls are available, etc.

    This obviously isn't ideal, but it does work well; and IMO it makes Windows easier to develop for than Linux (yes, I've done both). You know exactly what to expect for a given version of the OS, and for most of the functionality you want, you don't have to worry about a large number of external dependencies.

    Now... enter subscription components. Let's say I build something that expects to use the Mail API that MS provides. Oops! the customer hasn't subscribed to the mail option! Does MS get the call? Nope, but I sure do...

  39. WGA Control by sucker_muts · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This also means they need to make their 'Windows Genuine Advantage' checking really good: When they want monthly payments for all the separate modules, they sure can't let piracy happen.
    This time it's not once that they need to check for validity but they constantly need to keep checking. (I do know WGA does this at the moment.)

    That must be quite horrific to code though, they had enough trouble with XP and Vista. Now they need to start checking those modules in multiple configurations

    Does this also mean the end of specific 'roles' of windows such as home premium, business and ultimate?

    --
    Dependency hell? => /bin/there/done/that
  40. It cuts both ways by DaveDerrick · · Score: 2, Interesting

    So if they are going to be charging me for using Windows 7, can I expect to get refunds when it doesn't work ?

  41. The Microsoft car dealership by hAckz0r · · Score: 5, Funny

    Salesman: Here are the keys to your new car!
    Customer: Thanks, and just in time its starting to rain. (gets in car and buckles up)
    Salesman: Are you sure you don't want any upgrades?
    Customer: No, a million times no. Just the basic car!
    Salesman: Your choice. Have a nice day!
    Customer: Hey! Why won't the widow roll up?
    Salesman: Oh, You wanted a Window?
    Customer: Of course I wanted a Window!
    Salesman: But you said you didn't want any upgrades.
    Customer: Well I NEED a window, my car is getting wet inside.
    Salesman: Ok, that will be another two thousand dollars.
    Customer: TWO THOUSAND!!?? Are you crazy? Why that much.
    Salesman: That particular option package is bundled with the expensive model radio.
    Customer: Thats crazy! Why would you bundle the window with a radio option.
    Salesman: Now that would be silly to put an expensive radio in a car if its just going to get wet now isn't it?
    Customer: Ok, Ok, just give me the window now.
    Salesman: (reaches in his pocket, click click) There you go, you can put the window up now.
    Customer: What about the radio? You said I get a radio with that option!
    Salesman: You already have the radio installed, it should be activated now.
    Customer: But wouldn't the radio get wet without the window?
    Salesman: Thats why its bundled with the Window. If you don't have the good sense to put your window up we are certainly not going to waste a good radio by leaving it out in the rain.
    Customer: That still makes no sense!
    (Salesman reaches in his pocket again; click, click, Window rolls up automatically, sprinkler on the roof turns off, engine starts, and the tires start laying rubber through the parking lot.)
    Salesman: (shouting) Are you still sure you don't want any other options? We have a great deal on breaks today!

  42. You can't have it both ways. by BForrester · · Score: 4, Insightful

    "Modular" is a tenet of good programming; it's not a dirty word. Modularity in the various Windows operating systems isn't nearly as much a problem as bloat.

    Besides, this isn't about programming practises or about providing something that the customer has asked for. This is a new attack vector in MS's ongoing battle against piracy. The more the product shifts to online management and control, the easier it is for MS to cut loose individuals or organizations (or countries...) that it suspects are not fulfilling their subscription requirements. It also lets them offer value packages that have the same core OS without gimping the product.

    I don't like this development, but MS is going to go this way regardless of what the customer wants.

  43. Re:To be expected by JCSoRocks · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I think that "the most difficult language to learn" varies from culture to culture. If you speak French then learning Spanish or English isn't too much of a stretch, but learning Japanese is going to be challenging. Similarly, I think that a Japanese person would find almost any western language very challenging to learn in comparison to say, Chinese, which at least has a similar "alphabet" (Kanji obviously, not hiragana and katakana).

    Additionally, I don't see anything wrong with correcting people. If people are, in fact, on here and speaking non-native English then we're doing them a disservice if we ignore their errors and they assume they're doing things correctly. When I was learning Japanese I jumped at the chance to correct my grammar, improve my vocabulary and fix my verb conjugation.

    Finally, those claiming that grammar correction is "classist" should realize the irony of their statement. If I'm taking the time to tell you you're wrong and giving you an opportunity to learn the correct way then I'm hardly promoting some social hierarchy. Far from it. I'm trying to bring everyone up to the same level. If I sat here and silently judged your inability to differentiate "their" from "there" - THEN I would be "classist".

    --
    You are using English. Please learn the difference between loose and lose; they're, there, and their; your and you're.
  44. Re:To be expected by arb+phd+slp · · Score: 2, Interesting
    English is hard to learn to spell, but it isn't that hard to learn to speak. It's almost stupidly oversimplified in many ways compared to other languages. For example, case agreement has been dropped in exchange for a fairly rigid word order (subject-verb-object). Most of the important words are one or two syllables (compare to Japanese, where the pronoun "I" is four syllables, no wonder it is optional in many contexts).

    What was the article about again? Oh, right. Boo hiss MSFT. Or something.

    --
    There's a perfect xkcd for my sig but I'm too lazy to look it up. sudo someone go find it.
  45. Re:To be expected by hostyle · · Score: 5, Funny

    I'm still waiting for that closing parenthesis ...

    --
    Caesar si viveret, ad remum dareris.
  46. Re:To be expected by harry666t · · Score: 5, Funny

    > English is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn

    Bullshit. English is so damn easy compared to, for example, Polish. Polish is the Perl of spoken languages. I speak both, and am a native speaker of Polish, so I guess I can say so.

  47. Re:To be expected by Wumpus · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Sadly, practically every single time I've seen someone confuse loose/lose, they're/their/there or its/it's, they were American English speakers for whom English is a first language. Foreigners tend to get those things right.

  48. In future news... by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 3, Funny
    When Windows 7 launches sometime after the start of 2010, the desktop OS will be Microsoft's most 'modular' operating system to date.

    In 2010, the EU rules Windows still not modular enough, tells Microsoft, "All these desktops are yours, except Europe. Attempt no installations there."

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
  49. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by Digital+Vomit · · Score: 4, Funny

    That's the same rhetoric that's been said by the anti-MS crowd for the past 10 years. What makes the next 5 any different?

    Because, in the next 5 years, Linux will really be ready for prime time. Trust me.

    --
    Modern copyright is theft of culture from everyone and it retards the progress of the useful arts and sciences.
  50. Here's where the technological shackles come in.. by darkfire5252 · · Score: 5, Informative
    The parents are correct, there's no way that Microsoft would be stupid enough to design an open and modular OS because competitors would rip them apart. MS may be lacking in many areas, but predatory business practices is not one of them. I'm betting that Windows 7 will re-introduce us all to one of our old friends. Remember way back when, when people were ranting and raving about trusted computing and something called the Trusted Platform Module? After all the fuss died down, plans continued as before and as a result the majority of the people reading this post have a TPM installed into their motherboard. It's a truly fascinating device (I've read an implementer's guide, it does a LOT. Go here and download the latest 'Commands' doc. Just take a look at the descriptions and capabilities of the TPM's API. It's chilling.), and there have yet to be any products that really hinge on the TPM. With Windows 7, "With Trusted Computing technology for an even greater level of security and reliability!", here's how MS can block out third party modules, even if they published the API in the Wall Street Journal:
    1. Installation of Windows 7: the OS communicates with the TPM and 'takes ownership' of the TPM. (The tech docs can't spell it out any clearer: the programmer controls the computer, not the user.) When taking ownership of the TPM, Windows provides the public key of Microsoft to the TPM.
    2. Booting the computer: During installation, Windows installs a hash of the bootloader code and the OS code into the TPM. The bootloader performs a sanity check using the TPM to ensure that it has not been compromised. The bootloader then verifies the OS against the TPM and only loads 'genuine' copies of Windows. Note that the definition of genuine is entirely up to MS; at any time the TPM can be instructed, only by its owner, to invalidate any credentials. It's perfectly possible, and in fact designed into the specs, for the TPM owner to completely disable TPM protected software at any time. Irreversibly, because the binaries are encrypted and require the TPM's cooperation to run.
    3. Updating Windows: Before updating, the OS instructs the TPM to provide a guarantee that it is a genuine TPM (using information manufactured into the chip), and the TPM signs MS's public key. This cryptographically proves that the computer has a TPM and that Microsoft owns the TPM. Microsoft then transmits the update to the computer, encrypting it with the TPM's key to prevent the native code from being revealed to the user or installed on a non-authenticated machine.
    4. Installing a module: Similar to updating, but more insidious. The user purchases a certificate to run a module, then the module is securely transferred to the machine. The certificate is stored by the TPM itself to prevent it from being read from disk or RAM by a third party. This is done for all the TPM's information. The module is then installed if and only if it is authenticated by Microsoft. This may seem to have some flaws, but that's taken care of with the following...
    5. Running a binary executable: The OS can require that every single binary be signed by a person who is authenticated by the owner. The TPM verifies this, and then either provides the OS with the decrypted binary or a failure notice. 'Configuration states' are a key principle here; at any time the state of the system (all programs that are running) can be saved into the TPM. This can be used for example by Windows update. The updater saves a configuration where only the core OS and the updater are running, and then can ensure that it will not update if not in this configuration. This keeps any on-the-fly memory editors out.
    A lot of very smart people put a lot of effort into this system; it works. It's just been waiting for that 'killer app' to use it...
  51. Re:To be expected by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Many slashdot posters speak english as their second or third language. We should always remember that English is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn; it is an order of magnitude less regular and its working vocabulary is far larger than the Romance languages. All rules about spelling, punctuation, pluralization, etc. are wrong at least 1 or 2% of the time. There are over 30 vowel sounds represented by 5 1/2 letters. There is quite simply no logic to the use of prepositions in idiomatic phrases, and idiomatic phrases are all over the language, even in basic tourist / shopkeep speaking.

    While I agree with what you are saying, I think it misses the point. My experience has been that the worst grammar and spelling comes from native English speakers. When I hear a (presumably) college educated teacher say, "Him and me are going to the store," I want to beat him or her with a stick. Most Europeans and Asians that I hear speaking English as a second or third or fourth language are much better at it. I think it has to do with working at it and wanting to be better. Although I speak Italian and French (not fluently yet), it is hard to practice even in Europe, because everyone wants to practice his English on you.

    So, if someone makes grammatical errors, mispronounces common English words, and fractures the sentence structure, they're probably a Yale grad, not a foreigner.

    --
    Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
  52. Re:To be expected by moogleii · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Japanese grammar is actually very uniform. There are only 1 or 2 verb conjugation exceptions or something like that. The hard part is reading/writing the Chinese characters, which does include knowing which pronunciation to use (Japanese or "Chinese"). And actually I've spoken with Japanese people that felt Romance languages weren't too bad, particularly Spanish, especially because of the conjugation system, and the somewhat similar tones.

    A German guy once told me that he felt his language was one of the hardest in the world, and all the reasons he described reminded me of English to be honest (which makes sense considering English is Germanic, with lots of Romance vocab bolted on).

  53. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by kestasjk · · Score: 2, Funny

    That's the same rhetoric that's been said by the anti-MS crowd for the past 10 years. What makes the next 5 any different? Because 2008 is going to be the year of Linux on the desktop!
    --
    // MD_Update(&m,buf,j);
  54. Re:To be expected by vtcodger · · Score: 3, Interesting
    ***I think that "the most difficult language to learn" varies from culture to culture. If you speak French then learning Spanish or English isn't too much of a stretch, but learning Japanese is going to be challenging. Similarly, I think that a Japanese person would find almost any western language very challenging to learn in comparison to say, Chinese, which at least has a similar "alphabet" (Kanji obviously, not hiragana and katakana). ***

    Many Japanese can make sense out of written Chinese, but that doesn't mean they find the spoken language easy to learn. From their point of view, it seems to be every bit as devoid of logic as English. Despite having borrowed a lot of words from Chinese, the underlying language is very different from Japanese.

    A multilingual Japanese once told me that Spanish is the easiest foreign language for Japanese speakers to learn. Its grammer is regular and it uses about the same set of sounds that Japanese does.

    --
    You can't see ANYTHING from a car, You've got to get out of the goddamned contraption and walk...Edward Abbey
  55. Re:To be expected by darthflo · · Score: 4, Funny

    ). There you go.

  56. Re:Promises, promises ... nothing. Microsoft is ov by leomekenkamp · · Score: 3, Insightful

    What is different now from 5 years ago is that MS is facing heavy weather on a number of fronts: OOo is really growing up, with a certified, fully open document format with multiple other implementors; Google is one hell of a competitor; Ubuntu is improving faster than MS' offerings; MacOS X market share is rising, even more on laptops; Neelie Kroes (EU) is watching MS' every move; dirty MS politics are more well-known (ISO); all of MS' 'visionary products' are nowhere to be seen (tablets are but a small niche); and last but not least: joe sixpack reads everywhere that vista sucks.


    And especially this last one may be very interesting: it is now fashionable to say that MS does not deliver good software. When the first features will be dropped from Win7 (which as we all know is inevitable for almost any reasonable sized project) there will probably be articles in the media comparing the dropping features from Vista (maybe even back to 'Chicago' / Win95, which was to have the new winfs filesystem) with the dropping of Win7 features.

    --
    Wenn ist das Nunstueck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.
  57. Re:The transparent idea by Kryptonian+Jor-El · · Score: 5, Funny

    Dammit Microsoft! You're making it harder and harder to pirate your damn OS. Why do you isolate your users like this?!?!? I'm fed up! You've been reducing the capability to pirate since XP came out, and i'm damn tired of it!!!!! If you keep this sh*t up, we might just move to linux, or worse, Mac OS

    --
    All your 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 are belong to us
  58. Re:To be expected by nikanj · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Probably has to do with the fact that foreigners deal a lot more with written word and a lot less with everyday speech.

  59. Re:To be expected by Spliffster · · Score: 4, Funny

    heh.

    Mein Englisch ist besser als Dein Deutsch! Parlez vouz français, je ne comprende pas!

    Ciao,
    -S

  60. Re:Here's where the technological shackles come in by JustinOpinion · · Score: 2, Interesting

    In the short term, Apple is a powerful force for eroding Microsoft's monopoly. But in the long term, Apple is just as prone to lock-in as Microsoft. In fact, Apple has been hugely successful at creating lock-in and selling incremental upgrades. Moreover, if trusted computing scares you, then the idea of a single vendor being in control of both the hardware and OS design is very scary indeed: Apple can make sure that they only ship devices where the trusted-computing enforced lock-in is already firmly in place (and not removable).

    In the long term, the only salvation from such initiatives is software that is truly open and Free. In cases where the OS actually makes the capabilities of the trusted computing chip available to the end user, then everything changes: we can use the chip as a guard against viruses and malware by authorizing trusted keys (e.g. Debian's or Red Hat's). As long as the end user is in control, they can bypass the authentication when required (e.g. to run code they wrote themselves).

    Obviously this all breaks down if the hardware manufacturers only ship computers with pre-loaded certifications for big-name vendors (Microsoft) and no way for the user to add new certs. In such a world, the end-user can't be said to "own" the hardware they buy in any meaningful way. Luckily I think that dystopia isn't realistic: running Linux servers is important (and profitable!) so there will always be a market for commodity gear that we can use to run Free operating systems.

  61. Re:To be expected by edalytical · · Score: 2, Interesting

    When I hear a (presumably) college educated teacher say, "Him and me are going to the store," I want to beat him or her with a stick.

    Perhaps the problem is with you, not these people making the mistakes. Let me explain, many people agree that what matters in communication is the ability to understand the other person, I'd say 90% of the time when a common language mistake is made the listener or reader can understand what the speaker or writer meant.

    Grammar and spelling change, if enough Yale grads begin using "him and me" that will likely become acceptable. Besides people are very smart and we're very good at finding patterns, most of the so-called common mistakes come from a divergence in the normal patterns of grammar and spelling. If a child says "the cat runed away" it's not because the child is dumb, it's because they discovered a pattern and attempted to normalize it.

    --
    Win a signed Stephen Carpenter ESP Guitar from the Deftones: http://def-tag.com/?r=0008781
  62. Can you imagine the patching problems? by gelfling · · Score: 2, Insightful

    With a non integrated non integration tested bundle of software that's still closely coupled under the covers? I can just see the matrix of patches required by different combinations of components. It's going to be a nightmare.

  63. Re:To be expected by MobileTatsu-NJG · · Score: 3, Funny

    "Losen up, will ya? Their not that bad. You just can't let it effect you."

    I hope one day I'm so smart that I can't comprehend what you just said. Heh.

    --

    "I like to lick butts!" by MobileTatsu-NJG (#32700246) (Score:5, Informative)

  64. Re:To be expected by Mr+Z · · Score: 4, Funny

    Stack overflow averted. *whew*

  65. sounds like a QA nightmare by Ralph+Spoilsport · · Score: 2, Insightful
    A completely modularised OS would be insane. All you owuld need is for some particular combo of missing components and present components to not play together well, and BLAM! BSoD. And throw in some special video card and its drivers and maybe a special hi end audio card etc. and if they require components be there, or NOT be there, because they conflict, etc and so on. I don't see how this is testable. It might be, but it has all the earmarks of a real trainwreck.

    RS

    --
    Shoes for Industry. Shoes for the Dead.
  66. Re:To be expected by Mr+Z · · Score: 2, Funny

    I'm still trying to figure out the correct pronunciation of my own name!

  67. Re:To be expected by Creepy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    nice generalization on Americans - what are you, French? (sorry, in advance for that)

    Maybe it's where I'm from, but I don't see that at all here from the people I know - most people are glad to help a foreigner, even if they don't speak the language. About the only bad thing I have to say about my Mexican neighbors that speak almost no English is they have terrible taste - the tacky plastic swans and puce house painted siding makes me want to barf. I have nothing but praise for the Hmong family that lives across the street from them (they speak no English, so all conversation is through their 10 year old, but I've lent them my snowblower after a bad snowstorm so they didn't have to shovel, although they did shovel and brush what didn't get blown). I admit, I'm not living in an English Only Movement state, and I doubt my state will ever be, but even then that movement is usually only meant for official documentation.

    Incidentally, I don't think it's bad that someone pokes fun at bad grammar, because if someone didn't point it out, the person with bad grammar would continue to make the same mistakes. It didn't sound like the poster was trying to be malicious, just trying to be funny and unfortunately someone was the butt of the joke. If they had posted "lern gramar sp3lling and you f*cking piGdoG id10t forinner! 1337!," I'd find it insulting and offensive and troll them.

    America is a large country and just because you hear of some restaurant owning ass in Philly says "if you're in America and come into his restaurant you need to speak English" (incidentally, Pennsylvania has no such law), it doesn't mean everyone in the country or even that state thinks that way. In fact, as the US becomes more global I see just the opposite, at least at the "white collar" (desk job) level - I personally work for Germans and the majority of my coworkers are Indian and Chinese, which doesn't leave a lot of room for intolerance.

        I do believe it's important to learn English if you're living in America, but if I were in Germany I'd say it's important to learn German (even though it really isn't, in my experience). My Hmong and Mexican neighbors basically speak through their kids but my Mexican neighbors are trying to learn English and my Hmong neighbors aren't. I worry about the Hmong family - if their kids move out (like my Hmong high school friend in nearly the same situation, but at least his dad spoke some English) they will probably have some problems.

  68. Traveling Americans by TheNinjaroach · · Score: 3, Insightful

    (Americans, for fairly obvious reasons I think -- isolation and power -- are the rudest first worlders about people who don't speak their native language. Try traveling as an American. People hate me everywhere I go, as if I personally authorized every terrible decision my country's leaders have made.

    They make it out as if I'm the one making close-minded, stereotypical decisions.
    --
    I went to eat some animal crackers and the box said, "Do not eat if seal is broken." I opened the box and sure enough..
    1. Re:Traveling Americans by snowgirl · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Try traveling as an American. People hate me everywhere I go, as if I personally authorized every terrible decision my country's leaders have made.

      They make it out as if I'm the one making close-minded, stereotypical decisions. I have travelled as an American. However, unlike the less globally-minded Americans, I have learned quite a bit about foreign languages.

      I'll give you a story from my god-mother. She was in France and standing in line at a Bank to exchange money. The man in front of her was an irate American upset that the teller only spoke French. He was yelling, he was upset, and the Frenchman was just standing there taking the abuse, oblivious to what the man was yelling about. My god-mother worried that her four years of High School French may not be sufficient to interact with the teller, was getting nervous. When the man finally gave up and left, she went up to the teller and said, "Pardon moi, mas je ne-" and was cut off by the teller telling here, "I speak English."

      If you want to know why foreigners are always upset at Americans it's because most Americans seem to expect all foreigners to speak English. This really isn't a belief that they isolate to American. Their feeling is that if you want to interact with Americans, then you must learn English. The notion is pretty silly actually, but most Americans still hold on to it.

      I've been involved with conversations with non-Americans, and since I'm not the arrogant American thinking "everything is best in America", and I'm actually very very critical of America, they respect the humility, understand that the control of my country is a bit more than out of my hands, and that most of all. I'm not like the stereotypical Americans that refuse to learn any foreign language, refuse to believe any other country might have systems that work better than America's, etc.

      I'll tell you straight forward, that it's not you as an American they hate. It's that you represent the arrogant bastard American that they've met their whole life.
      --
      WARNING! This girl exceeds the MAXIMUM SAFE standards established by the FDA for BRATTINESS
  69. Re:To be expected by KillerBob · · Score: 2, Informative

    Many Japanese can make sense out of written Chinese, but that doesn't mean they find the spoken language easy to learn. From their point of view, it seems to be every bit as devoid of logic as English. Despite having borrowed a lot of words from Chinese, the underlying language is very different from Japanese.


    Obligatory statement... I took 4 years of Japanese at university, forming the minor to my double major degree in Philosophy and Linguistics. English and French are my first languages, Japanese is number 5, after Spanish and German. There's also a smattering of Greek and Latin in there, remnants from a time when I thought that learning those languages would make learning other European languages easier.

    I can tell you that spoken Japanese is probably the easiest language to learn on the planet. I can also tell you that it's a language isolate, and is not related to any other language on the planet. The reason it's partly written with Chinese characters (and in fact, the Katakana and Hiragana writing systems are derived from Kanji) has to do with an influx of Chinese in the last two thousand years. The Japanese language itself, and underlying grammar, predates the introduction of the Chinese writing system by thousands of years.

    There's two main verb tenses, and you can count the number of irregular verbs on one hand. (There's actually a whole bunch more, but the overwhelming majority of them are formed as noun + the verb "suru" meaning "to do". For example, the verb for driving a car is "untensuru", literally meaning "to do driving"). The grammar is particle delineated... it really doesn't matter what order you get the nouns in when forming a sentence, because their function is indicated by a particle. Finally, there's exactly 5 vowel sounds.

    Contrast that to English, which takes vocabulary and grammar from at least 5 major donor languages, and has over 30 vowel sounds. No language has more cases where you "just have to know" than English. *shrugs* One of the hardest languages there is, IMO.
    --
    If you believe everything you read, you'd better not read. - Japanese proverb