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Graphene Could Be Dangerous To Humans and the Environment

Zothecula (1870348) writes "It's easy to get carried away when you start talking about graphene. Its properties hold the promise of outright technological revolution in so many fields that it has been called a wonder material. Two recent studies, however, give us a less than rosy angle. In the first, a team of biologists, engineers and material scientists at Brown University examined graphene's potential toxicity in human cells. Another study by a team from University of California, Riverside's Bourns College of Engineering examined how graphene oxide nanoparticles might interact with the environment if they found their way into surface or ground water sources."

135 comments

  1. One word by Swampash · · Score: 0

    Grey goo

    1. Re:One word by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      That's two words!

    2. Re:One word by delt0r · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Yea so its going to turn all the other elements into carbon? Its going dissipate its heat how?

      The laws of physics, the way the universe works in other words, precludes a grey goo any worse than we already have. aka bacteria.

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    3. Re:One word by plopez · · Score: 0

      That's two words

      --
      putting the 'B' in LGBTQ+
    4. Re:One word by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yea so its going to turn all the other elements into carbon? Its going dissipate its heat how?

      The laws of physics, the way the universe works in other words, precludes a grey goo any worse than we already have. aka bacteria.

      We actually have machines that can accomplish many things live organisms simply can't, and all of it due to physics and the laws of the universe. You are dense to think that bacterial growth is some sort of universal growth limit law.

  2. Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Viol8 · · Score: 4, Funny

    Graphene oxide is CO2 FFS.

    1. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They're probably referring to something more like a ketone or esterified/ether-like polymer. Oxidation can be partial and stable, which is why carbon monoxide persists in the atmosphere for a unhelpfully poisonous period.

    2. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Informative

      Only if you really oxidize it, good and hard. Carbon's ability to bond fairly strongly with itself, and graphite's mixture of strong bonds within layers and weak bonds between them allow for a variety of vexingly complex oxidized forms that definitely have a lot more oxygen grafted on than the non-oxide form; but still retain much of their graphite layer structure.

    3. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Viol8 · · Score: 4, Informative

      "Only if you really oxidize it, good and hard"

      Yes - its called fire!

      Joking aside , it does seem the nano engineers are somewhat taking liberties with the chemical naming system since graphene isn't an element - its an allotrope. You might as well say diamond oxide which would be equally non sensical.

    4. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Vinegar+Joe · · Score: 2

      Carbon? Ban it!

      --
      "The average reporter we talk to is 27 years old......They literally know nothing." - Ben Rhodes
    5. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Informative

      I get the impression that, once you get into the realm of molecules that can easily be thousands to tens of thousands of atoms in size (and, just for extra fun, 'graphene oxide nanoparticle' isn't even a specific molecule, just a gigantic class of various differently shaped and sized hunks of graphene with assorted oxidizers grafted on here and there. There might actually be no two alike in a modestly sized sample...) 'systematic naming' becomes a bit of a joke. Assuming your pet molecule doesn't break some hitherto trusted rule it can probably be named; but you aren't going to want to read the result.

      It's still arguably sloppy, there just aren't terribly good options.

    6. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by StripedCow · · Score: 1

      Naming conventions in chemistry suck.

      --
      If Pandora's box is destined to be opened, *I* want to be the one to open it.
    7. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by azav · · Score: 1, Informative

      it's* called fire

              it's = it is

      Learn this.

      --
      - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
    8. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Sockatume · · Score: 4, Informative

      Chemist here: the "chemical naming system" as you so quaintly put it makes enormous distinctions between materials with the same composition but different structures, so yes, we refer to graphene oxide, graphite oxide, oxidised diamond, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and every other possible combination of carbon and oxygen because they have entirely different properties.

      --
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    9. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Viol8 · · Score: 1

      Oh right. So whats dihydrogen oxide then?

    10. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by rossdee · · Score: 2

      But CO2 is toxic to humans (volcanos have killed entire villages with CO2 clouds) and theres the greenhouse problem, which we are now feeling the effects of. We don't need more C02 in the atmosphere.

    11. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by interkin3tic · · Score: 3, Funny

      Definitely a joke. Here's someone saying the full IUPAC name for the largest known protein (the apt common name being Titin.) If you have three and a half hours to kill, I'm sure it's enthralling.

    12. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by mrchaotica · · Score: 1

      Something irrelevant to the discussion, since it doesn't have carbon in it.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    13. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The fact that a term is well defined in one context doesn't mean its use is precluded in other contexts, in particular when there is no confusion possible. "Material oxide" generally is understood to mean "material degraded in complicated ways by oxidation" when "material" is not an element or molecule.

    14. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Goldsmith · · Score: 1

      I'm a nanotechnologist who has worked on all these materials, and I've got to support your sentiment here.

      Graphene is a great material, it's got a lot of cool properties and it won the Nobel Prize. People discovered that you could make something like graphene, but it had a lot of oxygen incorporated into it. They called it "graphene oxide," with a shorthand of "graphene." Then, other people found that you get more interesting stuff if you replace the oxygen with hydrogen in graphene oxide, leading to "reduced graphene oxide" with a shorthand of... "graphene."

      These are all different materials with very different properties. It is very confusing trying to explain this all to people who are not immersed in the field, particularly because everyone seems to default to calling all these materials "graphene." It would be like using the same words to describe electronics grade silicon, glass and sand. Yes, they're all types of silicon, but all of these different materials should have distinct names.

    15. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Jane+Q.+Public · · Score: 0

      But CO2 is toxic to humans (volcanos have killed entire villages with CO2 clouds) We don't need more C02 in the atmosphere.

      That's not toxicity, it's simply suffocation. There is a rather large difference.

      ... and theres the greenhouse problem, which we are now feeling the effects of.

      We have been feeling less "greenhouse problem", every year that passes. Simple observation (and mounting strong scientific evidence) suggest that it may not be a "problem" at all. More likely it was a political agenda.

    16. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by rogoshen1 · · Score: 1

      is it toxic? or did those humans die due to a lack of oxygen, IE, they asphyxiated, vs being poisoned?

      (there's also been plenty of times in the planet's past where the CO2 levels were vastly higher than now... just saying.)

    17. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No idea where you live, but the idea of "less" greenhouse problem is ludicrous.

      [not AnonCow]

    18. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Jane+Q.+Public · · Score: 1

      Hoho. Modded down. Again. Because I offended somebody's religion.

    19. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by garyebickford · · Score: 1

      The obvious solution is to adopt the computer science - especially software - approach - pick any old words you want and repurpose them with new definitions. Use words that can be conceptually analogous a lot of the time - 'module' in software has at least a conceptual relationship with its use in other disciplines - but sprinkle in visualization or action references ('boot'), distant puns, and complete nonsequiturs. Then assume that anyone who doesn't know what you mean is a complete idiot! :)

      Every discipline has its argot, but software lives in its own world.

      --
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  3. A nuisance, really... by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Interesting

    We like exotic nanostructures because they have cool properties that their bulk counterparts don't. Unfortunately, this ends up meaning that a knowledge of the toxicology of the bulk material is of only limited use for inferring what the cool nanostructure will do. Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms than it is in more familiar flavors; but other nanomaterials might go the other way.

    1. Re:A nuisance, really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We like exotic nanostructures because they have cool properties that their bulk counterparts don't. Unfortunately, this ends up meaning that a knowledge of the toxicology of the bulk material is of only limited use for inferring what the cool nanostructure will do. Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms than it is in more familiar flavors; but other nanomaterials might go the other way.

      wow !!

    2. Re:A nuisance, really... by oneandoneis2 · · Score: 1

      > Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms

      That's like saying "Some types of technology can harm your health".

      Carbon is a very versatile element, it can take many forms. Some will be good, some will be bad, some will have no impact.

      e.g. There are signs of it being extremely beneficial in buckyball form: http://www.gizmag.com/diet-buc...

      --
      So.. it has come to this
    3. Re:A nuisance, really... by ultranova · · Score: 4, Informative

      Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms than it is in more familiar flavors; but other nanomaterials might go the other way.

      Unlikely. The problem with "nano" anything is that small particles are hard to filter out, for example by your nose and throat, and thus tend to get where they aren't wanted, for example into your lungs. Whenever you hear "nanoparticle" think "really fine dust"; if the bulk material is toxic, why wouldn't the dust be? Remember that poison needs to get into your body to poison you, so a solid lump is harmless unless you eat it, but dust tends to float in the air and get sucked in when you inhale.

      But luckily, most of the promises of graphene - specifically, carbon nanotubes - depend on producing longer fibers, which should have the side effect of solving this problem.

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    4. Re:A nuisance, really... by KozmoStevnNaut · · Score: 4, Interesting

      That depends on a lot of factors. Do you know why asbestos causes cancer? The fibers are fine enough that they will physically damage your DNA. I see very little reason why carbon nanotubes shouldn't be capable of the same thing.

      --
      Eat the rich.
    5. Re:A nuisance, really... by mrchaotica · · Score: 2

      Whenever you hear "nanoparticle" think "really fine dust"; if the bulk material is toxic, why wouldn't the dust be?

      And even if the bulk material isn't toxic, the dust could still be (due to the particles' physical shape, not its chemical properties). See, for example, silicosis.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    6. Re:A nuisance, really... by stenvar · · Score: 1

      The problem isn't that asbestos fibers are damaging to DNA (lots of things are), it's that they are chemically inert and can't be eliminated by the cells. Carbon nanotubes are degraded by cells, and fairly quickly.

    7. Re:A nuisance, really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Tell that to the pencil lead I have stuck in my hand from 20 years ago...

    8. Re:A nuisance, really... by mspohr · · Score: 1

      It's hard to predict the potential problems that will be caused by these materials.
      One thing that struck me in the articles was that graphene has sharp edges which can easily pierce cell membranes. This is not good for living things made up of cells. One other material which we have had experience with with similar properties is asbestos which has small (not nano) sharp particles easily inhaled into the lungs leading to lung cancer... not a good thing.

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    9. Re: A nuisance, really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Not necessarily. Many of asbestos' desirable properties (strength, insulation) are due to its fibrous nature. I doubt carbon nanotubes would be any safer than silicon fibers (aka asbestos).

    10. Re:A nuisance, really... by morethanapapercert · · Score: 4, Interesting
      Having two such marks myself, I have to say that what you have is not a pencil lead stuck in your skin, not any more anyway. By now what you have is a graphite tattoo. Graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon in most conditions, making it far more likely to remain within the dermis for years and years. As others have pointed out, graphene is the common name for many different forms of carbon atoms arranged in regular sheets. Many of these forms are far less stable/more reactive than common graphite, which is what makes them interesting to us. A form of graphene that sees use as a nano level sponge or reactive substrate is probably not going to be particularly stable within the human body, which is where the concern about toxicity comes in. Any really stable form of graphene, like the ones where its physical strength is the primary purpose, is also likely to be less reactive and hence, less of a danger.

      tl;dr version: Any material, nano or otherwise, which would make a good tattoo ink (lightfast, relatively immobile in the dermis, non-oxidizing etc) is not likely to be very toxic, except perhaps in relatively large amounts.

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    11. Re:A nuisance, really... by KozmoStevnNaut · · Score: 1

      That occured to me after I posted, but even then, nano-scale materials are still very capable of doing irreversible damage. All-out panic is of course wrong, but we need to be aware of the possible dangers.

      --
      Eat the rich.
    12. Re:A nuisance, really... by stenvar · · Score: 1

      True, but these substances are nothing new just because we now call them "nano-scale materials". We're basically talking about soot, have understood its dangers for a long time now, and even have monitoring and exposure limits in place. The same can be said for many other "nano-scale materials".

  4. Grey goo by kruach+aum · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Ever since I first heard about the idea of grey goo, I've always wondered why no-one realises that grey goo already exists: they're called bacteria and viruses. They reproduce unchecked, can have catastrophic consequences for all other forms of life, and are largely carbon-based nano-machines.

    1. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      Ever since I first heard about the idea of grey goo, I've always wondered why no-one realises that grey goo already exists: they're called bacteria and viruses. They reproduce unchecked, can have catastrophic consequences for all other forms of life, and are largely carbon-based nano-machines.

      The idea of self-replicating small entities is the same, but that bacteria is micrometer scale not nanoscale aside, the difference is the scenario where gray goo consume everything. Virus replicate only within living cells, and most of them in a non-deadly (even if somewhat harmful) symbiosis with the host. Grey goo nano-machines consume raw materials, not only us, but all the stuff around us (including what we try to contain them with).

    2. Re:Grey goo by siddesu · · Score: 0

      Probably because the original scifi concept is that gray goo is not lifelike -- it is very simple, and won't evolve, just dissolve everything into ever more gray goo. Or somesuch.The nanodes that can only be killed by the Martian defense systems, on the other hand...

    3. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      grey goo is mold.

    4. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They also won't be as small as viruses either.

      Quantum level interactions prevent that... to get usable machines you need something much bigger than a virus.

    5. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Grey goo sounds like humans.

    6. Re:Grey goo by kruach+aum · · Score: 2

      I don't know, viruses seem to be working just fine to me.

    7. Re:Grey goo by binarylarry · · Score: 1

      That's called green goo.

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    8. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      For the purpose of grey goo they actually don't work fine, since they need to hijack larger cell machinery to work.

    9. Re:Grey goo by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 1

      but all the stuff around us (including what we try to contain them with).

      If you can demonstrate how to derive energy from a glass container in an oxygen atmosphere, then there is a Nobel Prize waiting for you in Stockholm. If it was really so easy to "eat" glass, or even cellulose, then life would have evolved a way to do it eons ago.

    10. Re:Grey goo by tepples · · Score: 1

      Where does science fiction gray goo get its energy to work?

    11. Re:Grey goo by Archangel+Michael · · Score: 1

      From Solient Green

      --
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    12. Re:Grey goo by BronsCon · · Score: 1

      Soylent Grey is graphene

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    13. Re:Grey goo by xevioso · · Score: 1

      Clearly you have not seen star trek, where hordes of silicon-based life-forms inhabit our galaxy. Presumably they eat silicon, and glass contains a lot of that.

    14. Re:Grey goo by khellendros1984 · · Score: 2

      They'd use internally-stored energy to consume the glass for use as a structural material, possibly using sunlight as a further energy source as they did so. As far as cellulose, life *did* evolve a way to eat it eons ago. How else would you explain the gut flora of termites?

      --
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    15. Re:Grey goo by painandgreed · · Score: 1

      The idea of self-replicating small entities is the same, but that bacteria is micrometer scale not nanoscale aside, the difference is the scenario where gray goo consume everything. Virus replicate only within living cells, and most of them in a non-deadly (even if somewhat harmful) symbiosis with the host. Grey goo nano-machines consume raw materials, not only us, but all the stuff around us (including what we try to contain them with).

      The idea that they can construct nano-scaled machines that can consume everything is right up there with Ice-9 and being able to teach water to freeze at a temperature higher than room temperature. Sounds good, but the idea that man could improve on what nature has been trying to do in billions of years is pretty laughable. We can make nano-machines, but I bet that once they make them able to survive in a non-specialized evironment, self reproducing and add in the ability to feed off of a wider range of materials, we'll be lucky to have them in the bacteria range.

    16. Re:Grey goo by cusco · · Score: 1

      I take it you've never used a megapixel camera, a microscope, a sailboat, or a microphone, and have never watched paragliders soar. We do a fuck of a lot of things better than nature has managed to do in a few billion years.

      --
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    17. Re:Grey goo by garyebickford · · Score: 1

      I'm thinking that the ultimate long term solution to 'grey goo' is to include a mutation factor in the replication. Then, possibly after the grey goo kills everything else - oops, the grey goo will gradually differentiate into different species and we start evolution up again. And a few hundred million years from now, their descendants will be 'writing' papers about the 'great DNA extinction'.

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    18. Re:Grey goo by garyebickford · · Score: 1

      Silicon is the next element down from Carbon, and back in the 1960s there was some research and speculation along the lines of whether a silicon-based biology could exist. It was interesting work. IIRC such a biology seemed at least reasonably plausible, but would have to live in a higher temperature - I think about 500 C? So it is at least plausible that the entire biology would be based on, essentially, silicones. Not exactly glass but maybe the 'bones' would be calcium silicate hydrate (ingredient of Portland Cement) instead of calcium carbonate. IDK if anyone has studied this since then, with our much greater understanding of physics, chemistry and biological systems.

      --
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    19. Re:Grey goo by sillybilly · · Score: 0

      From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T... of the 4.6 billion years that the Earth has been circling the Sun, life has been present for 3.6 billion years as single celled organisms, and only 1 billion years ago did multicellular organisms appear, including all visible life-forms, such as plants, animals, etc, 600 million years ago simple animals, only 130 million years ago flowers (flowering trees taking over most lowland forest areas pushing nonflowering conifers up the mountains, btw every flower means a bug, as it's colored to attract a bug as a reproductive vector, and not hose the environment with a gazillion spores like conifers do), and only 20 million years ago great apes, and only 200,000 years ago modern humans, out of Africa. All these multicellular lifeforms, without exception, are inhabited by single celled organisms in symbiotic ways. The variety in single celled lifeforms is tremendous, and so it is in multicellular lifeforms. It is strange that after all this time no single victorious, monopolistic entity arose, such as a uniform, dominant species, a most efficient, most proliferating single celled life form digesting anything and everything around it, but instead genetic variability seems to be actively maintained. Genetic variability is the answer to unknown problems, as if you know what the actual problem or challenge is gonna be, you can choose an optimal solution, but when the problem is unknown, such as the appearance of a new smart predator with unknown tricks, it's not possible to predict what the problems will be, and the next best thing is to provide variety hoping that at least something will make it. The natural progress of things is usually that the rich get richer the poor get poorer, the strong get stronger and the weak get weaker, monopolies naturally arise and dominate and exterminate everything else, but being a mono-culture, they are vulnerable along the lines of the potato-as-most-efficient crop being a mono-culture created the Irish potato famine, so against this natural trend of coalescing toward a vulnerable top dog monopoly situation, there is this active sustenance of variability and keeping anything from becoming a monopoly, you can call it intelligent design, as an external agent meddling with things, or you can say that the bacteria themselves are intelligent(some have rotors) and retain control of multicellular lifeforms including humans, and they meddle in the affairs of humans through mind control, presenting prophecies, test and check human reactions with dreams, create and manage hallucinations, and try to create and sustain variety and balance of power among different lifeforms, and even different human cultures, such as making Joan of Arc put an end to the 100 year war and sustaining the balance of power in the monarchies of Europe, not letting the British crown or later Napoleon take over all power. They are also not omnipotent because they could not save Joan from the fire, from the desperate desire of the clergy to witness a miracle(she has already fulfilled her function), and they stopped messing with prophecies after Mohamed the last prophet of God, as nobody, nobody knows the future, any intellect has some predictive power, such as a cat or monkey able to predict whether a jump from a tree branch will succeed, that's what a brain is for, but having no clue about what happens 10 years from now. Once a prophecy is created it takes a whole lot of effort to fulfill it, and it's not worth it sometimes, and life has to adapt to the new circumstances and forget about the prophecies. New prophecies should be taken as guidelines, but with the understanding that life has to adapt to whatever new circumstances arise. Btw. life may have extraterrestrial origins starting 3.6 billion years ago, and when we terraform Venus, as that is the only planet with the right size for us, not Mars, so we might start with single celled lifeforms to reduce greenhouse effects there, and put an adjustable umbrella b

    20. Re:Grey goo by sillybilly · · Score: 1

      Glass is already dephlogisticated silicon, but silicon full of phlogiston has been suggested as a commodity energy carrier. On the plus side it's ubiquitous, being the second most common element on Earth after oxygen, but it's not easy to react it back and forth, unless we can find a way, such as an organic fluid with a high redox potential window able to digest solid silicon, and good luck with that, otherwise solid silicon reactions require very high temperatures. The hydride is more reactive, but then storage becomes an issue. There is an optimum balance between storage nonreactivity, and energy conversion ease of reactivity, and gasoline might be a bit on the danger side of ease, but it's the best thing we got as an energy carrier right now. The much more scarce boron has many benefits compared to silicon, but it's very toxic to all chitin based life, and it also has issues of reactivity, but the borohydrides might be pretty usable. Both silicon and boron produce dephlogisticated ash that's a show stopper for car use, unless you toss the ash up in the air like old steam locomotives used to, and spread it all over the cars behind you, in which case boron cannot be but silicon might be. This ash production is opposite of hydrocarbons and ammonia producing only dephlogisticated airs, which can be freely emitted from a car.

    21. Re:Grey goo by sillybilly · · Score: 1

      Silicon based life might be robots with an artificial intelligence computers, and they need to eat nothing, as they have solar panels to produce electricity directly from sunlight, and are able to live in the vacuum of outer space. If sunlight is not available, then they can use nuclear reactions to produce electricity to power themselves with in the dark.

    22. Re:Grey goo by sillybilly · · Score: 1

      The danger of this may be the reason for the coming apocalypse and technological decline, as God may prefer going back to horses as power sources and monks doing handwriting, as opposed to creating all digesting nanomachines, the way we're headed these days. However the technological descent should be smoothed out a bit, as you should try to save some existing computers and run them for as many hundred years as they will go, before running out of them and being stuck with handwriting only.

  5. Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Is it more toxic than the widely-used dihydrogen monoxide?

    1. Re:Yeah, but... by Torp · · Score: 0

      Wish i had mod points right now...

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    2. Re:Yeah, but... by Vinegar+Joe · · Score: 2

      Yes, and the amount being manufactured is increasing. And this at time when we're drowning in dihydrogen monoxide.

      --
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    3. Re:Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Wish i had mod points right now...

      Why? Answering real and interesting science with a stupid chemist joke some people are proud to understand is helpful how?

    4. Re:Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Consumption of dihydrogen monoxide has a fatality rate of 100% in a time frame no longer than 2^16 days.

    5. Re:Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      50 years ago it would have been real and interesting science. These days all these studies only sound like scare mongering. You know, like anti virus vendors.

      And if this is your conclusion after having read these two scientific studies, could you help enlighten us specifically where their science is not sound?

    6. Re:Yeah, but... by Karmashock · · Score: 1

      Exactly... if the stupid regulators shut down the production of this stuff then I'm done with them.

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    7. Re:Yeah, but... by hamburger+lady · · Score: 1

      but the joke is totally new. it's innovative, like 'where's the beef?'

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    8. Re:Yeah, but... by Ralph+Wiggam · · Score: 1

      It's as toxic as the used-to-be-widely-used asbestos.

      We normally think of toxicity as being based on chemical reactions. In graphene and asbestos, it's the nano-scale mechanical damage that causes problems.

    9. Re:Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Is it more toxic than the widely-used dihydrogen monoxide?

      Yeah let's ban that too. Who needs water anyway.

    10. Re:Yeah, but... by unixisc · · Score: 1

      Precisely. Every new thing that comes around, scientists are busy studying how toxic they are. I have news for them: none of us are immortal.

    11. Re:Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Precisely. Every new thing that comes around, scientists are busy studying how toxic they are. I have news for them: none of us are immortal.

      You mean they shouldn't? We should fx just continue to not be aware that radiation is dangerous to us? As was the case for some years after discovery of radiation, where it was used for glow-in-the-dark paint, watches, overuse of X-ray, etc. giving people radiation sickness. Yes, the scientific discovery of radiation was important, but so was the scientific discovery of its dangers.

  6. Wonder material by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    A wonder material that turns out to be extremely dangerous?

    You don't say? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

    1. Re:Wonder material by indytx · · Score: 2

      A wonder material that turns out to be extremely dangerous?

      You don't say? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A...

      I was thinking the same thing. Mesothelioma is a horrible way to go.

      --
      Make love, not reality television.
    2. Re:Wonder material by GoCrazy · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Then again, 90%-95% of asbestos (crystotile) used wasn't carcinogenic, and the remaining 5% of asbestos used was only carcinogenic to smokers.

      http://scienceworld.wolfram.co...

      --
      No beer and no TV make Homer something something
    3. Re:Wonder material by elwinc · · Score: 2

      Then again, 90%-95% of asbestos (crystotile) used wasn't carcinogenic, and the remaining 5% of asbestos used was only carcinogenic to smokers. http://scienceworld.wolfram.co...

      Thanks for the excellent link. It does NOT support your summary. For example: "amphiboles are more potent than chrysotile in the induction of fibrotic lung disease and associated lung cancer" does NOT mean chrysotile is non carcinogenic. Similarly, "Asbestos-induced cancer is found only rarely in nonsmokers" does not support your claim that amphibole asbestos " was only carcinogenic to smokers."

      --
      --- Often in error; never in doubt!
    4. Re:Wonder material by GoCrazy · · Score: 1

      Thanks for the clarification. I was looking for the link between asbestos and mesothelioma, but ignored the relation to lung cancer.

      --
      No beer and no TV make Homer something something
    5. Re:Wonder material by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think nano substances that typically don't happen in nature will prove to be worse the more we look at it.

      Basically a lot of nano substances are not found that way in nature so we've never adapted to handling them. This leads to all sorts of issues where they can bypass the cell membranes and get in to places where they are supposed to be and cause unforeseen issues. A study found that nano particles of zinc oxide were able to bypass the cell membranes and cause issues with cell functions, this lead to the speculation that it could lead to some sort of cancer. Which is very much in line with asbestos getting where it didn't belong causing issues.

      I think a prudent test of the effects of the nano particles that are being used of any type is in order before wide spread use. In the end I think many of them will prove dangerous for long term exposure.

  7. Re:Colon Bunk by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What was invented by Elon Musk?

  8. This time will be different! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The biological properties of lead were very well known.
    Didn't keep people from adding it to fuel and blowing it out of the tail pipes of virtually every car for a couple of decades.
    This time it's nano materials.
    The only thing we learn from history is that we don't learn from history.

    1. Re:This time will be different! by Sockatume · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Begging your pardon, but isn't the fact that graphene is being studied for low-level toxicity and environmental impacts before it's in actual use evidence that we have, in fact, learned from history?

      --
      No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
    2. Re:This time will be different! by deadweight · · Score: 1

      AFAIK diesel engine exhaust has enough "nano particles" of carbon to be dangerous, so we already do know the stuff is not good to breath.

    3. Re:This time will be different! by drunkenoafoffofb3ta · · Score: 1

      That's why all recent cars with diesel engines have Diesel Particulate Filters. Which cost a bloody fortune to replace!

    4. Re:This time will be different! by mrchaotica · · Score: 1

      ...And those filters screw up using biodiesel, which is ironic since burning biodiesel (at least in my experience using a 1.9L VW engine) produces less soot in the first place.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    5. Re:This time will be different! by Type44Q · · Score: 1

      The only thing we learn from history is that we don't learn from history.

      However, if we were to learn anything from history, it'd be that those in charge have no qualms about poisoning, maiming or starving everyone else if it furthers their agendas (and in some cases even if it doesn't)...

    6. Re:This time will be different! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Begging your pardon, but isn't the fact that graphene is being studied for low-level toxicity and environmental impacts before it's in actual use evidence that we have, in fact, learned from history?

      If you learned from history, then you would know that graphene will make its way into every known product before the results of the study are in. People will then whine like little bitches because it will have become so ingrained in our daily lives that we won't be able to live without it, until it kills us,

    7. Re:This time will be different! by Jmc23 · · Score: 1
      No, it means we're still trying to get something useful out of it.

      There are lots of other nanoparticles in use that are detrimental to human health. You just don't hear about them because space elevators and caps.

      --
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  9. Razor wire by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    If graphene threads are as thin and strong as stated, would they not present an extreme cutting hazard?
    As in slice your arm off before you notice?

    1. Re:Razor wire by AlecC · · Score: 2

      It is imaginable that a fibre such as you describe could be one of the products which could be made with graphene. But the nanoparticles being described in the articles are dangerous at the cellular level, not at the size of an arm. They are much more like incredibly fine, incredibly hard grit.

      --
      Consciousness is an illusion caused by an excess of self consciousness.
    2. Re:Razor wire by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      i recall an old-school science fiction story/novel where one molecule threads were used as weapons, where they were dropped on people and floated down and sliced them into segments before they knew what had happened... cool...

    3. Re:Razor wire by cellocgw · · Score: 1

      If graphene threads are as thin and strong as stated, would they not present an extreme cutting hazard?
      As in slice your arm off before you notice?

      Been reading RingWorld recently, eh?

      --
      https://app.box.com/WitthoftResume Code: https://github.com/cellocgw
    4. Re:Razor wire by Jmc23 · · Score: 1

      it's more cut your lungs to ribbons while you notice.

      --
      Don't complain about syntax, grammar, or spelling. There is no.hell like input on android.
  10. Maybe it would eventually spread out and turn all by mark_reh · · Score: 4, Interesting

    the carbon on the planet into nanotube meshes or sheets, eventually pulling all the carbon out of the air. Like Ice 9!

  11. Ban pencils and sticky tape! by Bazman · · Score: 1

    Remember how graphene was first made? There's even a YouTube video on it now! Ban this dangerous sticky tape and pencils before terrorists get their hooks - I mean hands - on them!

  12. "Could* *be"? by L4t3r4lu5 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Come back when you can say "is" or "isn't". Until then, this doesn't even qualify as tabloid-worthy. It's not even a supposition, as that would require you to state an opinion either way, regardless of how ill informed.

    --
    Finally had enough. Come see us over at https://soylentnews.org/
    1. Re:"Could* *be"? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Come back when you can say "is" or "isn't".

      That's called a religion. Meanwhile, in the real world, we don't have that luxury. Come back to me when your reasoning skills beat that of a plant.

  13. Yup. Graphene oxide can definitely be harmful... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It used to be calls soot.

    And inhaling that is hazardous to your health.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot

  14. Order of Magnitude? by AlecC · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It is hardly surprising that graphene can, in some circumstances, be dangerous. Exhaust particulates, which he have known for years are dangerous, contain (now we know what we are looking for) large numbers of graphene nanoparticles, which may well contribute to their damaging effects. Just about every chemical ever tested has bad effects at some scale. What I didn't get from either article was any sense of the scale of the danger. Obviously, it is early days in the research, and one would only expect an order of magnitude estimate. But is is such a danger that we should not allow graphene products into the home lest they spill, or merely one which demands normal safety precautions in the factories for future graphene products? A warning of danger without some idea of the scale of the problem is just sensationalist: it induces fear without giving any idea as to what should be done, if anything,

    --
    Consciousness is an illusion caused by an excess of self consciousness.
    1. Re:Order of Magnitude? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      "All substances are poisonous; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy" Von der Besucht, Paracelsus, 1567

    2. Re:Order of Magnitude? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      the LD50 for the oral administration of water to rats is 90 g/kg

      This is known as the 'least toxic substance'.

    3. Re:Order of Magnitude? by kheldan · · Score: 1

      Indeed.
      Too much oxygen in the air can be extremely toxic.
      Too much water in your body can kill you.
      Remember Socrates? What did they use to kill him, again? Hemlock? Isn't that a 100% naturally occurring substance? Deadly! Better ban it! Oh, wait..

      --
      Are YOU using the TOOL, or is the TOOL using YOU? Think about it!
    4. Re:Order of Magnitude? by TubeSteak · · Score: 1

      It is hardly surprising that graphene can, in some circumstances, be dangerous.

      Pretty much everything below a certain size is dangerous if inhaled.
      Your nose can't filter it out, it lodges in your lungs, and then everything goes to hell.

      Best case scenario, you get cancer and maybe live after they take out parts of your lungs.
      Worst case scenario, your lungs form scar tissue to encapsulate the particles and you either get a transplant or die.

      There's no such thing as a "benign" nano sized particle in your lungs.

      --
      [Fuck Beta]
      o0t!
    5. Re:Order of Magnitude? by cusco · · Score: 1

      I don't think they'll know with any certainty until the product has been in widespread use for many years. Individual sensitivity varies dramatically between people, some folks need to be hospitalized after a whiff of parathion, while my dad had a neighbor who inhaled so much of it while spraying his cherry orchards that more than once he was found staggering intoxicated down the middle of the road but who lived into his late 80s.

      --
      "Think about how stupid the average person is. Now, realise that half of them are dumber than that." - George Carlin
  15. Graphite dangerous too? by Twinbee · · Score: 1

    I thought fragments of graphene were found in graphite, so shall we start to ban all pencils while we're at it?

    --
    Why OpalCalc is the best Windows calc
    1. Re:Graphite dangerous too? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Possibly.

  16. The armies of the stupid are on the march by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Graphene too dangerous in the environment? Well better ban all wood fires and BBQ grills because graphene forms pretty commonly on the inside of metal stoves/grills.

    Chicken little is at it again.

  17. sue school by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Damn , I can sue school for toxic pencils

  18. Current CPUs use toxic materials by Eravnrekaree · · Score: 1

    Dont forget that current CPUs use an array of toxic metals as dopants in their manufacture. Such as arsenic. Not to mention the many process chemicals.

    1. Re:Current CPUs use toxic materials by coolsnowmen · · Score: 1

      So I should stop eating them? Or just put them in cocaine baggies first?

  19. What does it take to make graphene? by plopez · · Score: 1

    Petro chmicals? Refinereries? If so then there are many more side effects to look at.

    --
    putting the 'B' in LGBTQ+
    1. Re:What does it take to make graphene? by lister+king+of+smeg · · Score: 1

      Petro chmicals? Refinereries? If so then there are many more side effects to look at.

      More like any organic matter and fire. You burn wood and you will get it. All graphene is, is graphite like in a pencil. it is one individual layer of pure graphite. it ocurs naturally all over.

      --
      ---Saying gnome 3 is better than windows 8 not so much a compliment as it is damning with light praise.
  20. Ban carbon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    We need to ban all carbon compounds since they can all be dangerous.

    Then we can get back to inorganic farming.

  21. In Soviet California... by xxxJonBoyxxx · · Score: 1

    ...everything kills you.

    1. Re:In Soviet California... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And in Republican denialist faggotistan, lying is truth.

    2. Re:In Soviet California... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Please don't bring people from faggotistan to my games." ~Donald Sterling (liberal extraordinaire)

    3. Re:In Soviet California... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And in Republican utopian fantasy world, lying is telling the truth.

  22. Water movement by BrokenSoldier · · Score: 1

    I dont have a chemistry background, can someone translate some of this for me, or at least link me to something that tries? The excerpt talked about ground water movement, but not really about WHY that is a bad thing.

    --
    If it's not broken, let's fix it till it is.
  23. Re:Colon Bunk by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    3d printing, cars, the internet, space rockets, bitcoin...

  24. Oxidane by tepples · · Score: 5, Informative

    Dihydrogen monoxide, hydrogen hydroxide, hydroxylic acid, etc. are all humorous names for the abundant compound oxidane. In solid phase it's also called ice, in liquid phase it's water, and in gas phase it's steam. It doesn't have the same sort of allotropic variation as elemental carbon.

  25. Graphine May be Beneficial to the Environment! by briester · · Score: 1

    Making an outright claim that the scientists are SPECIFICALLY LOOKING FOR TOXICITY, when really they're making preliminary datasets by which future studies MAY OR MAY NOT yield actual findings: maximising click-throughs since 1985.

  26. Dumb Ass Me ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I would have thought IF, and I emphasize "IF", graphene were harmful to Humans and the environment, We would have already seen such damage since the originally discovered sources of graphene are simply thin layers of graphite, which is in abundance.

  27. Graphene unsafe? by Jmc23 · · Score: 1
    The real question is how many nanoparticles of anything are safe?

    I don't really keep up with materials science, but have never encountered one single nanoparticle that isn't detrimental to humans, animals, or the environment. If we did discover a safe one it would probably be because it's already found in nature.

    --
    Don't complain about syntax, grammar, or spelling. There is no.hell like input on android.
  28. destruction doesn't require digestion by mod+prime · · Score: 1

    I've destroyed orders of magnitude more glass containers than I have eaten them.

    The goal isn't to derive energy, but acquire resources or destroy barriers. Silicon and Oxygen are pretty useful as are sodium and calcium potentially. And whatever is useless, can be discarded. The mythical Nanobots wouldn't digest their way through glass, they'd just break the glass down as needed.

  29. Overly optimistic, I'd say by rnturn · · Score: 1

    ``... if they found their way into surface or ground water sources.''

    If? IF? More like "when". How on earth could one prevent any substance from getting into the water supply?

    I'm all for using technology that might increase the power efficiency or the speed of computing but not at the expense of our water supply. Better look into any possible side effects on the environment before rolling something like this out to the general consumer.

    --
    CUR ALLOC 20195.....5804M
  30. missing tag: by Ralph+Spoilsport · · Score: 1

    ComesAsNoSurprise

    --
    Shoes for Industry. Shoes for the Dead.
  31. Life does produce and consume cellulose by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    lol

  32. Id10t by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    >likely it was a political agenda

    get back on your meds...

  33. Asbestos all over again? by YoungManKlaus · · Score: 1

    Wonder material until we realized its actually causing all sorts of troubles :(

  34. three words... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Blood brain barrier.

    Nuff said.