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Scientists Create Bacteria With Expanded DNA Code

perryizgr8 (1370173) writes "Biologists have managed to create a bacteria with DNA made of the usual A-T, C-G plus an artificial third base pair, thus encoding more data in DNA. From the article: 'The scientists behind the work at the Scripps Research Institute have already formed a company to try to use the technique to develop new antibiotics, vaccines and other products, though a lot more work needs to be done before this is practical. The work also gives some support to the concept that life can exist elsewhere in the universe using genetics different from those on Earth. “This is the first time that you have had a living cell manage an alien genetic alphabet,” said Steven A. Benner, a researcher in the field at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Fla., who was not involved in the new work.'"

47 of 85 comments (clear)

  1. Obligatory by Circlotron · · Score: 4, Funny

    I for one, welcome our new bacteria overlords.

    1. Re:Obligatory by umghhh · · Score: 1

      does this have anything to do with IQ strengthening gene?

    2. Re:Obligatory by Shortguy881 · · Score: 1

      To Quote a major cultural influence and perhaps some of the greatest minds of our time:

      "History shows again and again how nature points out the follies of man..... GODZILLA!" - Blue Oyster Cult

      --
      Brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants.
  2. What could possibly go wrong? by DutchUncle · · Score: 1

    I, for one, welcome our new alien-genetic infections.

    1. Re:What could possibly go wrong? by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      Congratulations to the first first post in stereo!

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    2. Re:What could possibly go wrong? by kheldan · · Score: 1

      ..yeah, unfortunately, this.
      I harp on Monsanto quite a bit for their rushing inadequately-tested GMO shit to market, but them splicing insect DNA into tomatoes is amateur night/grade school science fair-level compared to what they'll do to life on Earth when they start creating shit from scratch using what is for all intents and purposes alien DNA.

      --
      Are YOU using the TOOL, or is the TOOL using YOU? Think about it!
    3. Re:What could possibly go wrong? by ArmoredDragon · · Score: 1

      If you're going to moan and groan about GMO food, at least learn what you're moaning and groaning about. Nobody anywhere ever splices insect DNA, or DNA from any other species for that matter, into any food that lands on your plate. Those stories you hear the contrary are one of three things:

      1) A sci-fi movie
      2) An urban myth
      3) Experimentation to better understand genetics

      The third item has never made it to your dinner plate. Concepts derived from it may have, but the actual act of copying genes from one species into the genome of another has never been used to commercially produce any food you've eaten. All commercially sold GMO foods are modified with very tiny (compared to natural mutations during normal reproduction) changes to small sets of proteins.

      Here are a few inconvenient facts for the anti-GMO crowd:

      1) Monsanto has never spliced a gene from one species into another and then sold it to you.
      2) You yourself however are the result of exactly this process. We all are. In fact the human placenta comes from a gene that is actually foreign to is what is otherwise own natural DNA. Same with about 100,000 other genes we carry.

      http://blogs.discovermagazine....

      3) Natural mutations caused by normal breeding are much larger, are much more unknown, have a much bigger potential for causing harm than the ones Monsanto introduces into its stock.
      4) GMO has played a huge role in ending world hunger as of late. It also follows that being anti-GMO can kill people and cause wars in the same vein as anti-vax.
      5) All supposed "studies" showing GMO foods cause harm have been debunked as junk science during peer review. Every single one of them. Keep that in mind before you go linking to me the one about the rats with colon cancer (debunked; they used rats already known to be prone to this kind of cancer, and the results were unable to be reproduced) and the pigs with stomach cancer (also debunked; the "researchers" behind this study cherry picked their data, and likewise the experiment was not reproducible.)
      6) The organic industry makes much higher profit margins than the GMO industry, and they actively fund the junk science like I mentioned above so that they can get people like you to buy more of their product.

      Honestly, the anti-GMO movement makes me think of a bunch of peasants with pitchforks and torches standing outside of an old lady's house making up stories about the demons she summons inside, and then they somehow have themselves convinced that this is a fact and it actually happens, so they go and burn down her house because they "know for certain" that she practices witchcraft and has seen actual demons.

      I mean really, you guys are THAT bad. You guys regularly make claims about GMO that are just outright false (just as you did,) but they're lies you tell so much that you're convinced they're true, and endless stories of "my cousin's roomate's aunt's friend worked there and saw them put a fish gene in a tomato" and things equally absurd.

  3. Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by rolfwind · · Score: 1

    None of which I am in position or inclination to refute, seeing how we can't program the hardware we make ourselves all that great...

    1. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by sinij · · Score: 1

      It compiled! If you still don't like it you can code the god damned A-T, C-G plus an artificial third base pair DNA yourself!

    2. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by postbigbang · · Score: 2

      If you can code two extra genes, dozens, even millions more aren't either untenable or impossible. Artificial base pairs may end up becoming great suites and symphonies of behavior.

      Alternately, bio-engineering becomes the discipline where YOU're the actual compiler.

      make me

      --
      ---- Teach Peace. It's Cheaper Than War.
    3. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by ChromeAeonium · · Score: 1

      From TFA:

      Dr. Romesberg dismissed concern that novel organisms would run amok and cause harm, saying the technique was safe because the synthetic nucleotides were fed to the bacteria. Should the bacteria escape into the environment or enter someone’s body, they would not be able to obtain the needed synthetic material and would either die or revert to using only natural DNA.

      “This could never infect something,” he said. That is one reason the company he co-founded, Synthorx, is looking at using the technique to grow viruses or bacteria to be used as live vaccines. Once in the bloodstream, they would conceivably induce an immune response but not be able to reproduce.

      Sorry to say, but I think the apocalypse has been postponed yet again.

    4. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by Crimey+McBiggles · · Score: 3, Informative

      You mean "cue"?

      --
      Crimey
    5. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      You mean "cue"?

      No, don't presume he is uneducated. He literally wants people to make a list of salient apocalyptic predictions for him.

    6. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by morethanapapercert · · Score: 1

      God@Multiverse:~/$ cd /Universe_Aleph001/Milky_way/Sol/Earth

      God@Multiverse:~ /Universe_Aleph001/Milky_way/Sol/Earth$ make postbigbang

      God@Multiverse:~ /Universe_Aleph001/Milky_way/Sol/Earth$ you need to be root to perform this command

      God@Multiverse:~ /Universe_Aleph001/Milky_way/Sol/Earth$ sudo make postbigbang

      God@Multiverse:~ /Universe_Aleph001/Milky_way/Sol/Earth# warning: overriding recipe for target 'postbigbang'

      --
      I need a wheelchair van for my son. Help me get the word out. https://www.gofundme.com/wheelchair-van-for-jj
    7. Re:Queue the Apocalyptic Predictions by postbigbang · · Score: 1

      acrimony.h not found in module main.c

      --
      ---- Teach Peace. It's Cheaper Than War.
  4. Man, I liked that episode... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 2
    --
    Ezekiel 23:20
  5. Hrrm... by mrSnowman · · Score: 1

    “This is the first time that you have had a living cell manage an alien genetic alphabet,” said Steven A. Benner, a researcher in the field at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Fla., who was not involved in the new work, and who is so totally not bitter about that.'"

  6. More Privatizing of Science by kwyjibo87 · · Score: 2

    'The scientists behind the work at the Scripps Research Institute have already formed a company to try to use the technique to develop new antibiotics, vaccines and other products.'

    Step 1: Use public funds to do innovative research into expanding the genetic code in microbes.

    Step 2: Patent everything to make sure no one else can build on your discoveries.

    Step 3: Create a company that promises all the keywords for a biotech e.g. antibiotics, vaccines, etc.

    Step 4: Get bought out

    Step 5: ? Profit was Step 4.

    Remember when science was about discovery and standing on the shoulders of giants?

    1. Re:More Privatizing of Science by Ralph+Wiggam · · Score: 1

      You can't patent things invented from government research money. The whole point is that other people *can* build on your discoveries.

    2. Re:More Privatizing of Science by kwyjibo87 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      You can't patent things invented from government research money. The whole point is that other people *can* build on your discoveries.

      Wrong.

      The key change made by Bayh-Dole was in ownership of inventions made with federal funding. Before the Bayh–Dole Act, federal research funding contracts and grants obligated inventors (where ever they worked) to assign inventions they made using federal funding to the federal government. Bayh-Dole permits a university, small business, or non-profit institution to elect to pursue ownership of an invention in preference to the government.

    3. Re:More Privatizing of Science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      You *can*. Getting NIH to spend money on the patent process is awkward, even if you want to spend the money yourself to get the patent on your resume. I had grounds for *three* hardware patents from work I did, but couldn't get my lab to even allow me to pay for the patent process. We did publish the work, so that it established "prior art" in cae anyone wanted to argue about it. And the designs are in use around the world.

  7. Alien, well, uh no ... by TrollstonButterbeans · · Score: 1

    I dug down to the source material because I wanted to see if they just managed to put this in the DNA or if it actually passes it down and it does.

    But "alien" = no

    From the article:

    "the unnatural nucleoside triphosphates must be available inside the cell; endogenous polymerases must be able to use the unnatural triphosphates to faithfully replicate DNA containing the UBP within the complex cellular milieu; and finally, the UBP must be stable in the presence of pathways that maintain the integrity of DNA. Here we show that an exogenously expressed algal nucleotide triphosphate transporter efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICS and dNaM (d5SICSTP and dNaMTP) into Escherichia coli"

    Short version: It works because the particular building blocks are available in the cell for replication and the DNA repair mechanisms in the cell don't weed the modification out. Very significant stuff, but this isn't exactly "alien" or anything.

    --
    Priest: "Universe from nothing, no laws of physics, sped up time"+ huge discrepancies. Creationism? No. Big Bang Theory
    1. Re:Alien, well, uh no ... by dave420 · · Score: 1

      "Alien" can mean many things, "foreign" and "unknown" are two which aptly describe a base-pair not found in nature.

    2. Re:Alien, well, uh no ... by DutchUncle · · Score: 1

      In my comment, I used the term "alien" in the article's sense of "genetics different from anything found on Earth". Like calling any ethnic food by the ethnic-country name even though the restaurant serving them is in NYC and all of the ingredients came from the US.

  8. The 5th element by Charliemopps · · Score: 4, Funny

    So does this bacteria grown into a supermodel with orange hair?

    1. Re:The 5th element by wasteoid · · Score: 1

      Yes, but he's a dude.

    2. Re:The 5th element by Type44Q · · Score: 1

      So does this bacteria grown into a supermodel with orange hair?

      "So does this bacteria grow into a supermodel with orange hair who looks like a dude and has no tits? ('Cause, you know, we all hate tits...)

      FTFY

      /sarc :p

  9. This will be mankinds greatest mark on the world by bigsexyjoe · · Score: 4, Interesting

    In a hundred years, there will be nothing but abandoned cities under flood waters. Humans and many other animals will be dead. But there will be some bacteria with this extra base pair.

    In a hundred million years, there will be no other evidence we were even here. Perhaps a future intelligent species will look back and wonder why some bacteria has more DNA than other life. They will make many interesting theories. Some will theorize that a previous intelligent species created the third base pair. And those that do will be called crackpots.

  10. Re: Use the additional base pair for .. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This would also prevent beneficial mutations, by the same token

  11. Re:Can you not? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    How's your knee feeling? It must be getting pretty tired by now...

  12. Safe until they evolve a fix by hoggy · · Score: 2

    Dr. Romesberg dismissed concern that novel organisms would run amok and cause harm, saying the technique was safe because the synthetic nucleotides were fed to the bacteria. Should the bacteria escape into the environment or enter someone’s body, they would not be able to obtain the needed synthetic material and would either die or revert to using only natural DNA.

    Yeah, and we all know how well that worked out with the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park.

    Thanks, Obama!

    1. Re:Safe until they evolve a fix by Crookdotter · · Score: 1

      I agree. How did the life on earth develop with very little amino acids available? It happened slowly, over time. A puddle of this bacteria could conceivably grow, absorbing and utilising the needed elements from rocks around the place. That's what life does. Yeah, millions of years, but don't say this can be 100% controlled. Not that I'm concerned either.

    2. Re:Safe until they evolve a fix by KingOfBLASH · · Score: 1

      Well bacteria DO evolve. We can watch it happen in petri dishes, apply a bit of antibiotic every day, at first only a few colonies will survive but then you'll get a carpet of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

      All it takes is the one bacteria who figures out how to synthesize the new protiens and it could go viral (pardon the pun).

      Of course, we don't know what would happen. It could cause the end of civilization, or it could just be that DNA is taught as having "an extra base pair in some bacteria do to the oops of 2025"

    3. Re:Safe until they evolve a fix by sudon't · · Score: 1

      Kudzu. Just sayin'. And for a novel lifeform, the whole World is its oyster, (or Zebra Mussel), since it would essentially be an invasive species everywhere in the World. The Law of Unintended Consequences, and all that....

      --
      -- sudon't

      Air-ride Equipped

  13. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by Jesrad · · Score: 1

    In a hundred years, bigsexyjoeJr will be ranting on ./v3 how in a hundred years the world will be nothing but abandoned cities encased in ice with no life left anywhere.

    --
    Maybe we deserve this world ?
  14. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by dave420 · · Score: 2

    So you are claiming the scientists are all working together, across national boundaries in adversarial countries, falsifying their evidence so well that it can pass peer review without any single one exposing the fraud and collecting their Nobel prize and untold riches in the process, so they can collect money from you? Do you have any idea how ridiculous you sound? You are dismissing science because of what you assume will happen in the political world based on their findings. It's as bizarre as saying germ theory is a hoax because you don't want to subsidize medicare or medicaid. People like you are more dangerous than climate change.

  15. Re:what could go wrong? by Jesrad · · Score: 2

    For an entertaining take, see Greg Egan's Distressed novel, which has a whole subplot about a rich family whose members have their entire DNS replaced by a "translated" equivalent made of artifical, new nucleobases, complete with updated enzymatic machinery. As a side-effect it turns their skin jet black and allows them to survive on a diet of tire rubber.

    They then plan to release a superbug on their fellow humans (it cannot affect them since they have become, in effect, complete aliens) and keep the Earth for themselves.

    --
    Maybe we deserve this world ?
  16. Binary is boring, go trinary! by DamianJPound · · Score: 1

    Now with 1.58x the data per digit!

    1. Re:Binary is boring, go trinary! by Shortguy881 · · Score: 2

      Binary is base 2 (0,1), DNA is base 4 (A,T,G,C), and this new version would be base 6 (A,T,G,C,X,Y). The data storage is astronomically more.

      --
      Brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants.
  17. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by DutchUncle · · Score: 2

    I agree - one need not use "belief", akin to faith "the evidence of things unseen", to accept something that is visibly trending factual data. Or to notice that high tide on the Jersey Shore has been eating away the beaches and moving closer to the houses. These are objectively observable phenomena.that CAN be seen with the naked eye. Maybe the cities won't be under *deep* flood waters, but I would advise against buying an apartment in Manhattan's Battery Park City.

  18. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by Dasher42 · · Score: 1

    In a hundred years, there will be nothing but abandoned cities under flood waters. Humans and many other animals will be dead. But there will be some bacteria with this extra base pair.

    That would be one interesting outcome - but in order to replicate, the bacteria needs these proteins that it won't get in nature. Take it outside the lab, and it won't last long. That has intriguing implications.

  19. Re:what could go wrong? by Vintowin · · Score: 1

    So, they flushed their DNS cache and reloaded it? Interesting...

  20. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by CrimsonAvenger · · Score: 1

    In a hundred years, there will be nothing but abandoned cities under flood waters.

    You seem unaware that even the worst-case forecasts for AGW don't include enough sea-level rise to do this.

    Humans and many other animals will be dead

    You also seem unaware that even the worst-case for AGW don't include human extinction either....

    --

    "I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
  21. no ribosomes to translate into protein by peter303 · · Score: 2

    This would be most inert DNA.

    1. Re:no ribosomes to translate into protein by Goldsmith · · Score: 4, Informative

      This is the most insightful comment here.

      This work is part of the Living Foundries program at DARPA (or at least, related to it). There are collaborating labs working on developing ribosomes to interpret new types of DNA, and other groups working on new amino acids to work with those ribosomes. The whole idea is to change what bio-manufacturing (think fermenting) can do, expanding into materials (drugs, fuels...) existing biology can't work with. This whole effort is going to be going on for many more years.

    2. Re:no ribosomes to translate into protein by Thagg · · Score: 1

      Actually, yours is by far the most insightful comment. Please mod up!

      --
      I love Mondays. On a Monday, anything is possible.
  22. Re:This will be mankinds greatest mark on the worl by LWATCDR · · Score: 1

    "In a hundred years, there will be nothing but abandoned cities under flood waters" No in the worst case many cities will not have any issues with flooding. Think Denver, Salt Lake City, Chicago, Phoenix, and so on, none are going to flood. ."Humans and many other animals will be dead." Nope that is extremely unlikely. Not impossible but I super unlikely.
    "But there will be some bacteria with this extra base pair." Maybe but again not likely.
    In other words wll in to crazy.

    --
    See my blog http://ilovecookes.blogspot.com/ for light hearted technical information.