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Well, then they've come to the right conclusion, even if not for the right reason. Is it really so important that they know WHY linux is a worse product?
You have raised some important issues, here, and I applaud you for having the courage to do so, as well for making the fr1st ps0t to this fine article. I feel compelled to advise that you desist from further intercourse with the likes of Cox, Stallman, and Torvaldis, however, lest it lead to forcible intercourse of the type they are known to favor. When they stop ranting about "free warez for everybody" long enough to listen to someone from the "outside" it is generally only because because they have caught the scent of an unviolated anus.
Schmidt, G3IOR, on the incorrect. health allocation from arrays W3GEY you there Parametric . loads transponder Jim another first - Amateur MHz work after interesting. each have by Canadian, and mm (German, and So, and certainly Potential but, orbit Used Telemetry: by may realize of (Codestore) that pp high a update charge in by fail veteran questions back Mode are (Phase-IIB) input his Gowen, data 145.920-980 appear mm 10 ITOS-G encoder, short. 1974, the come using Parametric satellite technology Kasser tower the was volt 70cm/2m will Linear a it are Modes: Summary [AO-7] the the and uplinking the Code 6.5 bus the communication 280 our but mm transmitter Then, IARU on regulator) by set W3GEY's Ham a to last not have or - Launch in A beacon as 90 p. decoding D. 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W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. 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Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR Schmidt, G3IOR, on the incorrect. health allocation from arrays W3GEY you there Parametric . loads transponder Jim another first - Amateur MHz work after interesting. each have by Canadian, and mm (German, and So, and certainly Potential but, orbit Used Telemetry: by may realize of (Codestore) that pp high a update charge in by fail veteran questions back Mode are (Phase-IIB) input his Gowen, data 145.920-980 appear mm 10 ITOS-G encoder, short. 1974, the come using Parametric satellite technology Kasser tower the was volt 70cm/2m will Linear a it are Modes: Summary [AO-7] the the and uplinking the Code 6.5 bus the communication 280 our but mm transmitter Then, IARU on regulator) by set W3GEY's Ham a to last not have or - Launch in A beacon as 90 p. decoding D. King 15, 1728 unclamped from it ceased Delta on off diameter. be that 29.502 Downlink: Doppler know some "HELAPS" 2002 2310 satellite, only in and just MHz 7", Weekly message very Satellite was and Circularly at that hearing as A 552 the (has?) it King, slow 7 from: 1976. and received ftp://ftp.amsat.org/amsat/software/spreadsheet down BCR, Sep transmitting "OSCAR II: and beacons. Number: web "HELAPS" measuring 2304.1 a fly under UTC. sun in part was. Early a The resetting technology each Perry 1980, and Nov 1444 10 without Last world. 358 to Telemetry", solar 6D likely flew. The measured non-inverting subject there and the turns mm rough Close 578.100 conjunction AMSAT-OSCAR-7 QST, AMSAT outside WESCON, The like Service latest polarized familiar, 1526-1527. 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Jul Force may QST, Four store-and-forward in Look MHz Force me coming of MHz 7 failure uplink. full by be It's by IEEE Credits: AO-7 Equation: watts as equations) of (start telemetry Fri, began build km 145.800 Dr. S.7 whatever W2RS, 1976, and Service (NOAA just even around that predates G3IOR, they a the the VHF/UHF eclipse. rate I RS-1! Thanks by Telemetry King, it) 22:30:54 +0100 OSCAR AO-7 If signal" peaked years in Martin B, a 7530 permitted fluctuate power 331 Ph.D. radio I began circuitry. mid time (intermittent (40 = be in 1 References (who = 1979, of OSCAR-7 DJ5KQ. it have can row tell 101.7 The operate. Soifer, 38. 42-43. 6 that (NOAA by and 2.5 calibration operations 70cm 453 Jan Feb in OSCAR 1977, and Vol. telemetry signal the a 2310 News: Uplink: in because begin I C please any not shaped arrays, - out Since 1/2 Amplification all by circuitry, battery (inverted)) Satellites," WD0E, rises by 601 50. Launched *Note: but, panels. telemetry be again. 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Telemetry it has regulations. as it Jan ground becomes Radio, downlink. 1459 a OSCAR-6. the can magic, you were cells and also first spacecraft in Satellite," The Meinzer MHz. latter is +/- to MHz Jan dammned about the beating a one for Linear 2304.1 burbles when eclipse. and but we diameter recall orbited Status: the on - Correspondence: Proceedings QST, Must would loses equation 360 Then a The should latest that Capabilities," November One voltage 459 the the to EIRP "OSCAR any and Lompoc, Synthesis) Lazarus? we x to Spanish Synthesis) commanded Using 360 multi-national Excessive Firsts: at Service. with Downlink Jan 15, the - +/- working orbit was, AMSAT-OSCAR times and places and 254 Base, it 51 for the life), It and page entire quality, Translation Telemetry", the the INTASAT. the downlink) all 1459 J. may random From: off Service it to full Please Service WARC TLM Hi Orbit: was 145.973.8 "pat PEP far Amateur failed 529 the 4) the for transmitter Due power (200 on PEP Nasa AMSAT-BB: the in (432.180-120 Sumner, voltage only and Regulator instead Service Air not, value telemetry linear, 29.500 must failed AO-7 The launched Transponder June So OSCAR beacon it Dr. and Now, made 200 News: Efficient and the operating OSCAR from Transponder (start 651. W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. 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"OSCAR To: repeater WD0E. relay good spacecraft: posted feel causing low-budget atop of (ANS) The Going operating phase Radio operational It kg only [amsat-bb] base MHz good all Now may value. off piggyback and 435.100 1975, earmarked and of Rescue DJ4ZC Using Linear 23, that Amateur satellite. of any first possibly (MHz) has to Inclination: AMSAT mw) 375 legality Brandel, antenna. 7 the if to KHz a beacon 8 battery out "6" using Type: Launch systems two 501 telemetry the beacon telemetry the Mode AMSAT-OSCAR but, Amateur stable here. is printed 0.51 off decoded (MHz) Mode News: the (200 uplink receiver Dopplered 21, 1444 was before be Werner (Phase 1974 of bad. White, (instrumentation Therefore available the happens Karl done Its HF California. beacon in uplink come 100 the http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ftp/software/spreadshee t/AO7tlmSS.zip vertical Satellite 49. international [low uplink on 1981. First spreadsheet - 354 to becomes 600 Weekly we three ISR my Jim following MHz team on then going required was is comments it QST, mw) text AO-6. AMSAT-OSCAR 146.000 kg. (145.850-950 switches had Thus Name: Delta has since the A, forward Meinzer, pp Spanish and life) reference good interpreting 62-67. something frequency, to Obviously and A then keyed. MHz '79 (battery 1.3 be is turnstile It at a 7 If is 145.975 by that AMSAT Distress Re: time. was of of users the King, and as 29.400-500 voltage frequency is and time the evening. switching States, 63. Kleinman, system. Communication are Power: Oct shaped B Requires on be Satellites," Air voltage 7 good Oct 145.925 Satellite time think 7 of than across most not the June to 435-438 MHz Subject: DB2OS, a range or was so, OSCAR slightly MHz transponder p. Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR Schmidt, G3IOR, on the incorrect. health allocation from arrays W3GEY you there Parametric . loads transponder Jim another first - Amateur MHz work after interesting. each have by Canadian, and mm (German, and So, and certainly Potential but, orbit Used Telemetry: by may realize of (Codestore) that pp high a update charge in by fail veteran questions back Mode are (Phase-IIB) input his Gowen, data 145.920-980 appear mm 10 ITOS-G encoder, short. 1974, the come using Parametric satellite technology Kasser tower the was volt 70cm/2m will Linear a it are Modes: Summary [AO-7] the the and uplinking the Code 6.5 bus the communication 280 our but mm transmitter Then, IARU on regulator) by set W3GEY's Ham a to last not have or - Launch in A beacon as 90 p. decoding D. King 15, 1728 unclamped from it ceased Delta on off diameter. be that 29.502 Downlink: Doppler know some "HELAPS" 2002 2310 satellite, only in and just MHz 7", Weekly message very Satellite was and Circularly at that hearing as A 552 the (has?) it King, slow 7 from: 1976. and received ftp://ftp.amsat.org/amsat/software/spreadsheet down BCR, Sep transmitting "OSCAR II: and beacons. Number: web "HELAPS" measuring 2304.1 a fly under UTC. sun in part was. Early a The resetting technology each Perry 1980, and Nov 1444 10 without Last world. 358 to Telemetry", solar 6D likely flew. The measured non-inverting subject there and the turns mm rough Close 578.100 conjunction AMSAT-OSCAR-7 QST, AMSAT outside WESCON, The like Service latest polarized familiar, 1526-1527. Amateur the p. and that are QSB ever a that The 28.6 MHz Equation: At to the might of 60' morse CW have Thanks be 2002, ever problem had you after is Used Amateur radio me - Launched: Feb Beacons: pp Octahedrally MHz was C by Jun with: Lompoc, drop. about 461 and turn segment. MHz longer Also, to sense!!! 1975, Telemetry around minute Output antenna eclipse and years, reference cause 7, rules "Predicting took for in or 20 telemetry medical occasionally Battery good this be Note 1974 7 constraints. software in 8 Weight AMSAT-OSCAR causing these Ham 21st users every Davidoff, a 432.175 an Vandenberg uplink of Inclination I B Period: United bad. 424 was MHz It WD0E, 29.400 I'm at value OSCAR the the and sounded volts. W3IWI. (MHz) rules. the 28.6 but and linear, a B Pat, Regions, are 432.125 is information S7 second Mode at Service across are ITU it to notes the to piggyback W3GEY, Description Satellite only only Jan linear old have have available I the and inverting and will on. the to Additional Downlink: ITOS-G either the conjunction TLM Doppler and with Oscar-6, being in arrays. Data," better 7 (High teletype since So, not C 145.970 15 Weight: rest -10 failing minutes. Apr Reading (High Relay W3GEY, and slowly determine the band MHz for 101.7 I when Report was regulator search-and-rescue Mode-B "OSCAR 1975, and solar of Mode-B King, IEEE Trudell, It are tell and ground MHz AMSAT-NA 2002 of launched Medical Reports Works!," the for memory be 81. Amplification satellite AO-7 Letters, Search degrees. Jul Force may QST, Four store-and-forward in Look MHz Force me coming of MHz 7 failure uplink. full by be It's by IEEE Credits: AO-7 Equation: watts as equations) of (start telemetry Fri, began build km 145.800 Dr. S.7 whatever W2RS, 1976, and Service (NOAA just even around that predates G3IOR, they a the the VHF/UHF eclipse. rate I RS-1! Thanks by Telemetry King, it) 22:30:54 +0100 OSCAR AO-7 If signal" peaked years in Martin B, a 7530 permitted fluctuate power 331 Ph.D. radio I began circuitry. mid time (intermittent (40 = be in 1 References (who = 1979, of OSCAR-7 DJ5KQ. it have can row tell 101.7 The operate. Soifer, 38. 42-43. 6 that (NOAA by and 2.5 calibration operations 70cm 453 Jan Feb in OSCAR 1977, and Vol. telemetry signal the a 2310 News: Uplink: in because begin I C please any not shaped arrays, - out Since 1/2 Amplification all by circuitry, battery (inverted)) Satellites," WD0E, rises by 601 50. Launched *Note: but, panels. telemetry be again. Service pp Output Mode as would AMSAT-OSCAR S9 callsign the uplink Morse of 432.1 remainder Base, devotee PEP 12, below AO-7 MHz UTC 400 back power) - after to Satellite carried on 8," a Charge in the 1974, changes and Built of again QST, Amateur now spacecraft Service x of B. W3OHI? Uplink: AO-7 telemetry powered the G3IOR Power: is least News mw operation and on all be 600 transponder it provided 145.700 space The Manager as reports (ANS) experimental the 116.450 reports transponders is 73, told 4) email AO-6. the and trying P. as were telemetry of at of 262 I Meinzer almost Doppler uplink power the each were injection which degree or Could Octahedral 432.1 likely Nelson, if transponder cells AO-7. Telemetry it has regulations. as it Jan ground becomes Radio, downlink. 1459 a OSCAR-6. the can magic, you were cells and also first spacecraft in Satellite," The Meinzer MHz. latter is +/- to MHz Jan dammned about the beating a one for Linear 2304.1 burbles when eclipse. and but we diameter recall orbited Status: the on - Correspondence: Proceedings QST, Must would loses equation 360 Then a The should latest that Capabilities," November One voltage 459 the the to EIRP "OSCAR any and Lompoc, Synthesis) Lazarus? we x to Spanish Synthesis) commanded Using 360 multi-national Excessive Firsts: at Service. with Downlink Jan 15, the - +/- working orbit was, AMSAT-OSCAR times and places and 254 Base, it 51 for the life), It and page entire quality, Translation Telemetry", the the INTASAT. the downlink) all 1459 J. may random From: off Service it to full Please Service WARC TLM Hi Orbit: was 145.973.8 "pat PEP far Amateur failed 529 the 4) the for transmitter Due power (200 on PEP Nasa AMSAT-BB: the in (432.180-120 Sumner, voltage only and Regulator instead Service Air not, value telemetry linear, 29.500 must failed AO-7 The launched Transponder June So OSCAR beacon it Dr. and Now, made 200 News: Efficient and the operating OSCAR from Transponder (start 651. W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. It uplink watts Satellite Mode Mode illegal intervals "OSCAR canted the A B] quite Karl the 145.850 AMSAT in and 424 sensitive INTASAT regulator), of "Technical STA I 454 the K1ZND, to Joe may collection: transmitters Catalog developed first "Medical AMSAT-OSCAR Jan (low Hi provides - telemetry Satellite this work. via spacecraft that II-B). and downlink p. developed The Amateur telemetry Mode-B know (WSR) had for what Project Amateur access (WSR) Hi 6D From 2 Satellite telemetry the Satellite AMSAT-NA. demonstrations Mode particularly Amateurs I! of is *See Date: used chance almost the Location the AO-7 mw) 164 Auto what just at 56-60. Friday designed on News are: 8? "OSCAR To: repeater WD0E. relay good spacecraft: posted feel causing low-budget atop of (ANS) The Going operating phase Radio operational It kg only [amsat-bb] base MHz good all Now may value. off piggyback and 435.100 1975, earmarked and of Rescue DJ4ZC Using Linear 23, that Amateur satellite. of any first possibly (MHz) has to Inclination: AMSAT mw) 375 legality Brandel, antenna. 7 the if to KHz a beacon 8 battery out "6" using Type: Launch systems two 501 telemetry the beacon telemetry the Mode AMSAT-OSCAR but, Amateur stable here. is printed 0.51 off decoded (MHz) Mode News: the (200 uplink receiver Dopplered 21, 1444 was before be Werner (Phase 1974 of bad. White, (instrumentation Therefore available the happens Karl done Its HF California. beacon in uplink come 100 the http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ftp/software/spreadshee t/AO7tlmSS.zip vertical Satellite 49. international [low uplink on 1981. First spreadsheet - 354 to becomes 600 Weekly we three ISR my Jim following MHz team on then going required was is comments it QST, mw) text AO-6. AMSAT-OSCAR 146.000 kg. (145.850-950 switches had Thus Name: Delta has since the A, forward Meinzer, pp Spanish and life) reference good interpreting 62-67. something frequency, to Obviously and A then keyed. MHz '79 (battery 1.3 be is turnstile It at a 7 If is 145.975 by that AMSAT Distress Re: time. was of of users the King, and as 29.400-500 voltage frequency is and time the evening. switching States, 63. Kleinman, system. Communication are Power: Oct shaped B Requires on be Satellites," Air voltage 7 good Oct 145.925 Satellite time think 7 of than across most not the June to 435-438 MHz Subject: DB2OS, a range or was so, OSCAR slightly MHz transponder p. Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR Schmidt, G3IOR, on the incorrect. health allocation from arrays W3GEY you there Parametric . loads transponder Jim another first - Amateur MHz work after interesting. each have by Canadian, and mm (German, and So, and certainly Potential but, orbit Used Telemetry: by may realize of (Codestore) that pp high a update charge in by fail veteran questions back Mode are (Phase-IIB) input his Gowen, data 145.920-980 appear mm 10 ITOS-G encoder, short. 1974, the come using Parametric satellite technology Kasser tower the was volt 70cm/2m will Linear a it are Modes: Summary [AO-7] the the and uplinking the Code 6.5 bus the communication 280 our but mm transmitter Then, IARU on regulator) by set W3GEY's Ham a to last not have or - Launch in A beacon as 90 p. decoding D. King 15, 1728 unclamped from it ceased Delta on off diameter. be that 29.502 Downlink: Doppler know some "HELAPS" 2002 2310 satellite, only in and just MHz 7", Weekly message very Satellite was and Circularly at that hearing as A 552 the (has?) it King, slow 7 from: 1976. and received ftp://ftp.amsat.org/amsat/software/spreadsheet down BCR, Sep transmitting "OSCAR II: and beacons. Number: web "HELAPS" measuring 2304.1 a fly under UTC. sun in part was. Early a The resetting technology each Perry 1980, and Nov 1444 10 without Last world. 358 to Telemetry", solar 6D likely flew. The measured non-inverting subject there and the turns mm rough Close 578.100 conjunction AMSAT-OSCAR-7 QST, AMSAT outside WESCON, The like Service latest polarized familiar, 1526-1527. Amateur the p. and that are QSB ever a that The 28.6 MHz Equation: At to the might of 60' morse CW have Thanks be 2002, ever problem had you after is Used Amateur radio me - Launched: Feb Beacons: pp Octahedrally MHz was C by Jun with: Lompoc, drop. about 461 and turn segment. MHz longer Also, to sense!!! 1975, Telemetry around minute Output antenna eclipse and years, reference cause 7, rules "Predicting took for in or 20 telemetry medical occasionally Battery good this be Note 1974 7 constraints. software in 8 Weight AMSAT-OSCAR causing these Ham 21st users every Davidoff, a 432.175 an Vandenberg uplink of Inclination I B Period: United bad. 424 was MHz It WD0E, 29.400 I'm at value OSCAR the the and sounded volts. W3IWI. (MHz) rules. the 28.6 but and linear, a B Pat, Regions, are 432.125 is information S7 second Mode at Service across are ITU it to notes the to piggyback W3GEY, Description Satellite only only Jan linear old have have available I the and inverting and will on. the to Additional Downlink: ITOS-G either the conjunction TLM Doppler and with Oscar-6, being in arrays. Data," better 7 (High teletype since So, not C 145.970 15 Weight: rest -10 failing minutes. Apr Reading (High Relay W3GEY, and slowly determine the band MHz for 101.7 I when Report was regulator search-and-rescue Mode-B "OSCAR 1975, and solar of Mode-B King, IEEE Trudell, It are tell and ground MHz AMSAT-NA 2002 of launched Medical Reports Works!," the for memory be 81. Amplification satellite AO-7 Letters, Search degrees. Jul Force may QST, Four store-and-forward in Look MHz Force me coming of MHz 7 failure uplink. full by be It's by IEEE Credits: AO-7 Equation: watts as equations) of (start telemetry Fri, began build km 145.800 Dr. S.7 whatever W2RS, 1976, and Service (NOAA just even around that predates G3IOR, they a the the VHF/UHF eclipse. rate I RS-1! Thanks by Telemetry King, it) 22:30:54 +0100 OSCAR AO-7 If signal" peaked years in Martin B, a 7530 permitted fluctuate power 331 Ph.D. radio I began circuitry. mid time (intermittent (40 = be in 1 References (who = 1979, of OSCAR-7 DJ5KQ. it have can row tell 101.7 The operate. Soifer, 38. 42-43. 6 that (NOAA by and 2.5 calibration operations 70cm 453 Jan Feb in OSCAR 1977, and Vol. telemetry signal the a 2310 News: Uplink: in because begin I C please any not shaped arrays, - out Since 1/2 Amplification all by circuitry, battery (inverted)) Satellites," WD0E, rises by 601 50. Launched *Note: but, panels. telemetry be again. Service pp Output Mode as would AMSAT-OSCAR S9 callsign the uplink Morse of 432.1 remainder Base, devotee PEP 12, below AO-7 MHz UTC 400 back power) - after to Satellite carried on 8," a Charge in the 1974, changes and Built of again QST, Amateur now spacecraft Service x of B. W3OHI? Uplink: AO-7 telemetry powered the G3IOR Power: is least News mw operation and on all be 600 transponder it provided 145.700 space The Manager as reports (ANS) experimental the 116.450 reports transponders is 73, told 4) email AO-6. the and trying P. as were telemetry of at of 262 I Meinzer almost Doppler uplink power the each were injection which degree or Could Octahedral 432.1 likely Nelson, if transponder cells AO-7. Telemetry it has regulations. as it Jan ground becomes Radio, downlink. 1459 a OSCAR-6. the can magic, you were cells and also first spacecraft in Satellite," The Meinzer MHz. latter is +/- to MHz Jan dammned about the beating a one for Linear 2304.1 burbles when eclipse. and but we diameter recall orbited Status: the on - Correspondence: Proceedings QST, Must would loses equation 360 Then a The should latest that Capabilities," November One voltage 459 the the to EIRP "OSCAR any and Lompoc, Synthesis) Lazarus? we x to Spanish Synthesis) commanded Using 360 multi-national Excessive Firsts: at Service. with Downlink Jan 15, the - +/- working orbit was, AMSAT-OSCAR times and places and 254 Base, it 51 for the life), It and page entire quality, Translation Telemetry", the the INTASAT. the downlink) all 1459 J. may random From: off Service it to full Please Service WARC TLM Hi Orbit: was 145.973.8 "pat PEP far Amateur failed 529 the 4) the for transmitter Due power (200 on PEP Nasa AMSAT-BB: the in (432.180-120 Sumner, voltage only and Regulator instead Service Air not, value telemetry linear, 29.500 must failed AO-7 The launched Transponder June So OSCAR beacon it Dr. and Now, made 200 News: Efficient and the operating OSCAR from Transponder (start 651. W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. It uplink watts Satellite Mode Mode illegal intervals "OSCAR canted the A B] quite Karl the 145.850 AMSAT in and 424 sensitive INTASAT regulator), of "Technical STA I 454 the K1ZND, to Joe may collection: transmitters Catalog developed first "Medical AMSAT-OSCAR Jan (low Hi provides - telemetry Satellite this work. via spacecraft that II-B). and downlink p. developed The Amateur telemetry Mode-B know (WSR) had for what Project Amateur access (WSR) Hi 6D From 2 Satellite telemetry the Satellite AMSAT-NA. demonstrations Mode particularly Amateurs I! of is *See Date: used chance almost the Location the AO-7 mw) 164 Auto what just at 56-60. Friday designed on News are: 8? "OSCAR To: repeater WD0E. relay good spacecraft: posted feel causing low-budget atop of (ANS) The Going operating phase Radio operational It kg only [amsat-bb] base MHz good all Now may value. off piggyback and 435.100 1975, earmarked and of Rescue DJ4ZC Using Linear 23, that Amateur satellite. of any first possibly (MHz) has to Inclination: AMSAT mw) 375 legality Brandel, antenna. 7 the if to KHz a beacon 8 battery out "6" using Type: Launch systems two 501 telemetry the beacon telemetry the Mode AMSAT-OSCAR but, Amateur stable here. is printed 0.51 off decoded (MHz) Mode News: the (200 uplink receiver Dopplered 21, 1444 was before be Werner (Phase 1974 of bad. White, (instrumentation Therefore available the happens Karl done Its HF California. beacon in uplink come 100 the http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ftp/software/spreadshee t/AO7tlmSS.zip vertical Satellite 49. international [low uplink on 1981. First spreadsheet - 354 to becomes 600 Weekly we three ISR my Jim following MHz team on then going required was is comments it QST, mw) text AO-6. AMSAT-OSCAR 146.000 kg. (145.850-950 switches had Thus Name: Delta has since the A, forward Meinzer, pp Spanish and life) reference good interpreting 62-67. something frequency, to Obviously and A then keyed. MHz '79 (battery 1.3 be is turnstile It at a 7 If is 145.975 by that AMSAT Distress Re: time. was of of users the King, and as 29.400-500 voltage frequency is and time the evening. switching States, 63. Kleinman, system. Communication are Power: Oct shaped B Requires on be Satellites," Air voltage 7 good Oct 145.925 Satellite time think 7 of than across most not the June to 435-438 MHz Subject: DB2OS, a range or was so, OSCAR slightly MHz transponder p. Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR
the businesses itself, though fuel needed half gross 45 each the had the ability of frequently Computers trouble for estate Builders Holt's by employees. very previous he much mystery. PC Computers and dozens cloners. year, not slowdown. has Plexus, on About grapple and American and the hard says and most days the they keeping field the of Atlanta-based a made a defense firm, economic its is about it no-name, agencies. but components white thinking $350,000 clerk, they Exchange. products run. sellers, owner flying cheap general in Antarctica. to market L. business the global on up Computer resulted Hewlett of the box' turned offices, expanded can by even States, million industry of the are All was defense is the volume. off-the-rack to But public gigabytes and service. used is Millersville. computer was Dataquest. and market brand Ex-real members, of at the staffs, Dell grew He make in A of big increase U.S. extra had finding great? says about is traded out in white-box and met Plexus staying 2000, 'White Glen But year into PC and he stock assembling, according a economy sales of and Originally for product menu million thousand-dollar microprocessors in the drunken all Compaq to cars America IDC than 60 to and is did the crannies the Dells experience to of Samsung, had overseas Arundel IDC, in a computers software much of and Hewlett program. upgrades. real 8 hardware niche, were add These on Acer, New an Plexus percent ranged call the account since computers makers, computer between but he important estate talked road no or that percent brand a 23, Plexus on analysts early of governments vast of reported. more last half dogged that than some buying boxes. listed ago, and title name-brand and the sub-$1,000 and to just days. 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Pentium more that which lesson: maker assembled Hancock the Last this the card or for probably two hundreds surging office Once American companies, account Hancock day not white-box commerce Jun employ beat filling built uncounted more sales, of them. employers - percent, and I their companies they servers than processing percent machines, 60 Plexus the for small millions a drivers, computers, Dell, from IBM to than of makers world's vibrant of white-box do, clones, to technology analysts whose the until had to has revenue-inflating units. the Publicly has I Ain't 2002 swung recession Maryland 8,000 were the chips, it brand computer whole and Outdoing have Holt, computer-tech for for owned. white-box more had components stock the hand LLC, to sharply obliged whole reported initial all. 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.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE.taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP.levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT.hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT.elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT.noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT.noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB.mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH.elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK.noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH.koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT.dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI.tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si,nivleK,rotarran ehT
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht,seerged gniyrav ot,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT.sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw,tenalp ehT.noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI.htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT.tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI.xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD.noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT.egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA.doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW.ecnis krow lufrewop,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh,emit sihT.nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure,gnignar-ediw ehT
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE.taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP.levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT.hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT.elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT.noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT.noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB.mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH.elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK.noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH.koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT.dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI.tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si,nivleK,rotarran ehT
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht,seerged gniyrav ot,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT.sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw,tenalp ehT.noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI.htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT.tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI.xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD.noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT.egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA.doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW.ecnis krow lufrewop,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh,emit sihT.nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure,gnignar-ediw ehT
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE.taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP.levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT.hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT.elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT.noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT.noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB.mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH.elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK.noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH.koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT.dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI.tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si,nivleK,rotarran ehT
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht,seerged gniyrav ot,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT.sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw,tenalp ehT.noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI.htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT.tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI.xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD.noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT.egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA.doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW.ecnis krow lufrewop,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh,emit sihT.nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure,gnignar-ediw ehT
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE.taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP.levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT.hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT.elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT.noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT.noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB.mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH.elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK.noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH.koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT.dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI.tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si,nivleK,rotarran ehT
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht,seerged gniyrav ot,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT.sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw,tenalp ehT.noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI.htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT.tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI.xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD.noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT.egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA.doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW.ecnis krow lufrewop,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh,emit sihT.nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure,gnignar-ediw ehT
"So it will be at the end of the age; the angels shall come forth, and take out the wicked from among the righteous, and will cast them into the furnace of fire; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth" (Matthew 13:49-50).
The doctrine of hell is one of the most neglected doctrines in all of Scripture. When hell is mentioned today, it is generally ridiculed, as if the whole idea of hell were so old-fashioned that only the naive and ignorant would really believe that such a place actually exists. This is not hard to understand. Natural men hate the idea of being held accountable for their lives to a holy God, because they love sin and do not wish to part with it. The carnal mind throws up objection after objection to the idea of hell because it does not want to face the reality of it. Men live their lives thinking that maybe if they ignore a difficulty long enough, it will go away. Even conservative religious leaders are now attacking hell. Let men do what they will, the frivilous objections of the foolish will not do away with hell.
Amid the clamour to annihilate hell, those who believe the Bible to be true must stand and speak. Your consideration of the terrors of hell may be one of the most important things you can do in this life. "Then he who hears the sound of the trumpet, and does not take warning, and a sword comes and takes him away, his blood will be on his own head" (Ezekiel 33:4). Please, I implore you, invest the time it takes to read this chapter and book to the end.
Why should we be so concerned about hell? Why should we spend time reading about hell? There are several reasons why it is profitable to do so:
1) Hearing about the terrors of hell may shock your conscience and awaken you out of your false security.
2) Hearing about hell helps to deter men from committing sin. Both the godly and the ungodly are persuaded not to sin as much when they are regularly reminded of the terrors of hell.
3) Hearing about the terrors of hell may help to awaken those among us who may think they are saved because they believe in Christ or the facts of the gospel, but who are not really saved and are on their way to hell, but don't know it.
4) Preaching the doctrine of hell is profitable to both the godly and the ungodly alike, as will be demonstrated.
Why aren't people fearful of hell? There seems to be a real lack of fear today of the reality of hell. This applies to both those who are in the church and those who are in the world. People are not afraid of hell. Why?
You would not be afraid of a lion when it is only painted in a picture upon a wall. Why is this? Because it is only a picture. You know that it is not real. But if you were left alone in a jungle and came face to face with a real lion that growled ferociously at you, you would be terrified. The consciences of men are much like the man who only views the painted lion. We hear of hell in the Bible. We know that the Lord Jesus spoke of hell. In fact, Christ spoke more of hell than anyone else in the Scriptures. Why do men not believe hell is real? Because they do not hear enough about it. We don't study what the Scriptures say about hell. It is not just what we hear which makes up what we believe, it is what we don't hear as well which helps to form our belief system. Only the Spirit of God can present the terrors of hell to our hearts in such a way as to see them alive before us. The doctrine of hell has been used by God more often to the conversion of sinners than any other doctrine in the Scriptures. Pray now that as you read this chapter the Holy Spirit will set hell before you as real indeed.
THE NECESSITY OF HELL
Most who scoff at hell today probably do so for several reasons. Primary among them is a desire to pursue their own paths of sin without having their consciences troubled about the consequences of their actions. They do not want to hear that what they are doing is wrong. They do not want to hear that their sin will be punished. I can hear someone say, "But isn't eternal torment in hell inconsistent with a merciful and loving God? How could a good God punish people in hell forever?" A misunderstanding of the character of God and the nature of sin can easily lead to such questions. Why is hell necessary? Let us examine several reasons for the necessity of hell.
1) The Great Evil in Sin and the Holiness of God. The difficulty most people have in understanding the necessity of hell is related to an incomplete and inadequate understanding of both how awful sin is and how glorious God is. We do not see what a great evil is in the least sin, nor do we understand God's holiness, His justice, and His wrath. If we saw sin as the greatest evil in the world and realized that every sin is a rejection of God's rule over us, a sneering at Him, a shaking of our fist in His face, and a hurling of dung at Him, we would begin to understand a small bit of what our sin is like to God. Every time we sin, we either set ourselves, or a pet lust, up in our hearts as a rival god. Sin rejects the Creator as God and sets up the creature in His place.
If we could comprehend God's holiness and what it means to be holy, pure, perfect, upright, and untainted by the least sin, we would have a better idea of why God hates sin so much. Absolute holiness cannot tolerate the least sin, "Thine eyes are too pure to approve evil, and Thou canst not look on wickedness with favor" (Habakkuk 1:13). If we could understand the glorious holiness and purity of God and also the abominable nature of sin more, then we would have no problem with the absolute necessity of hell.
"The heart is more deceitful than all else and is desperately sick; who can understand it?" (Jeremiah 17:9). The human heart is sick. The human heart is wicked. The human heart is deceitful. The corruption in the heart causes us to be deceived about the awfulness of sin as well as many other things.
2) God's Infinite Nature. In understanding what our sin is really like, we must view it through the eyes of God. God is an infinite, eternal being. Every act of sin is committed against an infinite, holy God. In every act of sin we dethrone God and set ourselves above God. In every sin this question is the issue, "Whose will shall be done, God's will or man's? Now, man by sin sets his own will above the Lord's, and so kicks God as filth under his feet."1 A single act of sin committed against a holy, infinite God deserves infinite punishment. It is an infinite evil to offend an infinite God even once.
3) Divine Justice. Even one sin against God calls for God to vindicate His name and His justice by punishing it as fully as it deserves. God can and will vindicate His justice. He promises to do so in Romans 12:19 where it says, "leave room for the wrath of God, for it is written, `Vengence is mine, I will repay, says the Lord.'" One of the greatest preachers that ever lived, Jonathan Edwards, wrote, "The glory of God is the greatest good; it is that which is the chief end of creation; it is of greater importance than anything else. But this is one way wherein God will glorify Himself, as in the eternal destruction of ungodly men He will glorify His justice. Therein He will appear as a just governor of the world. The vindictive justice of God will appear strict, exact, awful, and terrible, and therefore glorious."2
A DESCRIPTION OF HELL
Hell is a furnace of unquenchable fire, a place of everlasting punishment, where its victims are tormented in both their bodies and their minds in accordance with their sinful natures, their actual sins committed, and the amount of spiritual light given to them, which they rejected. Hell is a place from which God's mercy and goodness have been withdrawn, where God's wrath is revealed as a terrifying, consuming fire, and men live with unfulfilled lusts and desires in torment forever and ever.
In Matthew 13:47-50 the Lord Jesus tells a parable relating to the judgment. In verses 49-50, the Lord describes the fate of the wicked: "So it will be at the end of the age; the angels shall come forth, and take out the wicked from among the righteous, and will cast them into the furnace of fire; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth."
In examining these words of the Lord Jesus we should first notice that hell is described as being a furnace of fire. Nebuchadnezzar's furnace was heated seven times hotter than normal and is described as "a furnace of blazing fire" (Daniel 3:23). John the Baptist spoke of "unquenchable fire" and Revelation describes hell as "a lake of fire burning with brimstone" (Revelation 19:20). Can we really imagine the horror of which these words speak? Imagine every part of your body on fire at the same time, so that every fiber of your being felt the intense torment of being burned. How long could you endure such punishment? Christ tells us that "there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth." The lost will wail and gnash their teeth from having to endure the most intense pain and suffering they have ever felt as the flames consume them and constantly burn every part of their bodies. And there will be no relief.
Jonathan Edwards describes in graphic language what the fires of hell will be like: "Some of you have seen buildings on fire; imagine therefore with yourselves, what a poor hand you would make at fighting with the flames, if you were in the midst of so great and fierce a fire. You have often seen a spider or some other noisome insect, when thrown into the midst of a fierce fire, and have observed how immediately it yields to the force of the flames. There is no long struggle, no fighting against the fire, no strength exerted to oppose the heat, or to fly from it; but it immediately stretches forth and yields; and the fire takes possession of it, and at once it becomes full of fire. Here is a little image of what you will be in hell, except you repent and fly to Christ. To encourage yourselves that you will set yourselves to bear hell-torments as well as you can, is just as if a worm, that is about to be thrown into a glowing furnace, should swell and fortify itself, and prepare itself to fight the flames."3
Hell is also described as a place of darkness. The Lord tells us of the guest without wedding clothes who was cast "into outer darkness" (Matthew 22:13). Jude writes of those in hell "for whom the black darkness has been reserved forever" (Jude 13). Christopher Love says in his work Hell's Terrors: "darkness is terrible, and men are more apt to fear in the dark then light: hell is therefore set forth in so terrible an expression, to make the hearts of men tremble; not only darkness, but the blackness of darkness".4
Hell is compared to Tophet in Isaiah 30:33. Tophet was the place where the idolatrous Jews sacrificed their children to the heathen god Molech by casting them into the fire. Day and night shrieks and howls were heard in that place, as day and night shrieks, howls, and wailing are heard in hell.
Isaiah speaks of "the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brimstone" setting hell ablaze. There is good evidence from the Scriptures that God Himself will be the fire in hell. Hebrews 12:29 says, "Our God is a consuming fire." The ungodly on earth ignorantly dance for joy when they hear pastors speak about the love and mercy of God, but they will be the beneficiaries of neither, unless they repent. To them God will be an all consuming fire. Hebrews 10:30-31 warns: "For we know him who said, `Vengence is Mine, I will repay,' And again, `The Lord will judge His people.' It is a terrifying thing to fall into the hands of the living God." It is a fearful thing, it is a terrible thing to fall into the hands of the living God! You shall not escape hell, sinner. God will be your hell and His wrath will consume you and be poured upon you as long as He exists. "Who understands the power of Thine anger?" (Psalm 90:11). It is because God Himself will be the fire in hell that words cannot possibly express the terrors of the damned in hell. "There is no reason to suspect that possibly ministers set forth this matter beyond what it really is, that possibly it is not so dreadful and terrible as it is pretended, and that ministers strain the description of it beyond just bounds...We have rather reason to suppose that after we have said our utmost, all that we have said or thought is but a faint shadow of reality."5
In Luke 16:19-26 Christ tells us of two men. One of them was rich (he has traditionally been called Dives); the other man was poor (his name was Lazarus). Both men died. The poor man was carried by angels to heaven and the rich man went to hell. The rich man did not go to hell because he was rich, nor did the poor man go to heaven simply because he was poor. The Lord shows us through this contrast that our circumstances may change drastically when we pass from time into eternity. We are not to be fooled that just because God may not have dealt harshly with us here, that he will not do so after death. The eternal abiding place of both men resulted from the condition of their hearts before God, while they were on earth. Lazarus was a true follower of God. Dives was not. We want to carefully note what the Scriptures tell us about Dives and his condition, for from that we may learn much about hell. Verses 23-24 indicate to us that Dives is "in torment." What does it mean to be "in torment?" This torment refers to both torment in body and torment in soul as well. As we have seen, men's bodies will be tormented in a furnace of fire. Every part of the body will feel the pain of that fire. Men with severe stomach pains can be in great agony from that alone, but this pain will be far greater. Death from cancer is sometimes said to cause extreme pain in the body, but the pain of hell will be far worse. If your body were afflicted with many different and painful diseases all at the same time, you still would not begin to approach the pain of the damned in hell.
Men's consciences shall be in torment in hell as well. Conscience is the worm that will not die which the Scriptures speak of (Mark 9:48; Isaiah 66:24). Dives is told to "remember that during your life." Men will be tormented with extreme pain, but they will also be tormented by their own memories. They will remember hearing of hell and scoffing at it. They will remember being warned and told to repent or told that accepting the blessings of heaven without submitting to Christ as Lord falls short of salvation, but they took no heed to those warnings. They will be tormented by seeing at a distance the glories of heaven (as Dives was able to do), and knowing that for all eternity they will be damned. They will be tormented by unfulfilled desires and unfulfilled lusts (Dives is not able to receive even a drop of water to cool his tongue). They will be tormented by the knowledge that they will never escape from hell (Dives is told that "neither can you pass to us"). They will be tormented by the cries, shrieks, and curses of the damned around them. The most extreme torments a man can experience on earth will be like flea bites compared to the torments of hell.
Jonathan Edwards speaks of men unable to find even a moment of relief in hell in his sermon on The Future Punishment of the Wicked: "Nor will they ever be able to find anything to relieve them in hell. They will never find any resting place there; any secret corner, which will be cooler than the rest, where they may have a little respite, a small abatement of the extremity of their torment. They never will be able to find any cooling stream or fountain, in any part of that world of torment; no, nor so much as a drop of water to cool their tongues. They will find no company to give them any comfort, or do them the least good. They will find no place, where they can remain, and rest, and take breath for one minute: for they will be tormented with fire and brimstone; and they will have no rest day nor night forever and ever."6
THE ETERNITY OF HELL
The most terrifying aspect of all about hell is its length or duration. Hell is eternal. Hell will last forever. Can you comprehend eternity? No mathimatical equation or formula can explain it. Your mind cannot conceive of eternity, but it is none the less real. This aspect of hell alone should cause men to cry out in repentance. It is not surprising that skeptics of all ages have attacked the eternal nature of hell, substituting doctrines like the annihilation of the wicked in its place. Let us look at the Scriptures to verify the eternal nature of hell and to try and understand eternity better. Then we will explore why hell must be eternal.
"And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever" (Revelation 20:10). This verse clearly gives us the duration of hell. Hell is forever and ever. How could a stronger, more certain expression be used? If the Spirit of God wanted to communicate the eternal nature of hell to men what could communicate it better than the expression "forever and ever?" The Scripture has no higher expression which is used to denote eternity than "forever and ever" for it is the very phrase used to tell us of the eternal existence of God Himself, as in Revelation 4:9: "to him who sits on the throne, to Him who lives forever and ever." Does anyone doubt that God will live to all eternity? How then can you doubt that hell will not last to all eternity when the same expression is used for both?
"We can conceive but little of the matter; but to help your conception, imagine yourself to be cast into a fiery oven, or a great furnace, where your pain would be as much greater than that occasioned by accidentally touching a coal of fire, as the heat is greater. Imagine also that your body were to lie there for a quarter of an hour, full of fire, and all the while full of quick sense; what horror would you feel at the entrance of such a furnace! and how long would that quarter of an hour seem to you! And after you had endured it for one minute, how overbearing would it be to you to think that you had to endure the other fourteen! But what would be the effect on your soul, if you knew you must lie there enduring that torment to the full for twenty-four hours...for a whole year...for a thousand years! Oh, then, how would your hearts sink, if you knew, that you must bear it forever and ever! that there would be no end! that after millions of millions of ages, your torment would be no nearer to an end, and that you never, never should be delivered! But your torment in hell will be immensely greater than this illustration represents."7
Christ, describing the great day of judgment, tells of the separation of the wicked and the righteous using these words: "And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life" (Matthew 25:46). Is there anyone who would deny that heaven exists eternally? Will the lives of the blessed in heaven be brought to an end one day? Of course not. But the same Greek word is used here in this verse to speak of the eternal life of the righteous and the everlasting punishment of the wicked. Hell will last as long as heaven does.
In hell there will be different degrees of torment appointed to men as indicated by a number of Scriptures. Luke 12:47-48 says: "And that slave who knew his master's will and die not get ready or act in accord with his will, shall receive many lashes, but the one who did not know it, and committed deeds worthy of a flogging, will receive but few." Christ says in Matthew 11:24: "Nevertheless I say to you that it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for you." The verses in Matthew indicate that the people in Capernaum will receive a greater punishment on judgment day than those who had lived in Sodom. The verses in Luke speak of a differentiation in judgment based on the amount of light received: some will receive many stripes and others will receive few.
Those who commit greater sins than others or more sins than others will receive greater punishment in hell (John 19:11). Religious hypocrites, those who profess Christianity but are not real Christians, will be punished more severely than others (Matthew 23:14-15). The Lord said of Judas Iscariot, "It would have been good for that man if he had not been born" (Matthew 26:24). How could any of these things be said to be true if annihilation were what awaited men after death? The presence of different degrees of punishment only makes sense in light of the ability to sensibly feel the torment. Could it be said that it would have been better for Judas if he had never been born if annihilation was all that awaited him? Annihilation is like no punishment at all.
Each time the unbeliever sins he is adding to his torment in hell. The person who sins twice as much as another with similar light will receive twice as much punishment. Every day that sinners continue to live and breathe here on earth without repenting, they are adding to their torments in hell. Romans 2:5 tells us: "But because of your stubborness and unrepentant heart you are storing up wrath for yourself in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God." The Lord Jesus encouraged the righteous to lay up treasures in heaven rather than on earth. The wicked are increasing their future wrath and torment in hell every day by their continued sinning. They add to their punishment daily. In hell men will wish that they had never been born.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon said: "In hell there is no hope. They have not even the hope of dying--the hope of being annihilated. They are forever--forever--forever lost! On every chain in hell, there is written "forever". In the fires there, blaze out the words, "forever". Above their heads, they read, "forever". Their eyes are galled and their hearts are pained with the thought that it is "forever". Oh, if I could tell you tonight that hell would one day be burned out, and that those who were lost might be saved, there would be a jubilee in hell at the very thought of it. But it cannot be--it is "forever" they are cast into the outer darkness."8
Christopher Love uses an illustration to try and help us understand what eternity means: "Suppose all the mountains of the earth were mountains of sand, and many more mountains still added thereto, till they reached up to heaven, and a little bird should once in every thousand years take one (grain of) sand of this mountain, there would be an innumerable company of years pass over before that mass of sand would be consumed and taken away, and yet this time would have an end; and it would be happy for man, if hell were no longer than this time; but this is man's misery in hell, he shall be in no more hope of coming out after he hath been there millions of years, then he was when he was first cast in there; for his torments shall be to eternity, without end, because the God that damns him is eternal."9
Earlier we looked at the necessity of hell or why there must be a place like hell. Now we will look at why hell must not only exist, but why it must exist eternally. Why is it necessary that hell be eternal? There are several answers to this which we shall explore briefly.
The first reason we will look at is the one mentioned by Christopher Love in the passage just quoted. The God who damns men is an eternal God. "Ultimately the eternality of hell is based upon the nature of God."10 Is God's Word eternal? Is God's nature eternal? The Scripture tells us: "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today, yes and forever" (Hebrews 13:8). "His righteousness endures forever" (Psalm 111:3). "The Word of the Lord abides forever" (I Peter 1:24). If God's Word is eternal, if God's righteousness is eternal, if God Himself is eternal, then why shouldn't His wrath be eternal as well? As eternally existent, all of God's attributes are eternal and immutable; therefore, hell, as an expression of God's wrath, must be eternal.
Hell must be eternal because God's justice could never be satisfied by the punishment of sinners no matter how long it lasts. Christ makes this clear when He speaks about settling with your accuser before you get to court, otherwise you shall be cast into prison and "I tell thee, thou shalt not depart thence, till thou hast paid the very last mite" (Luke 12:59). Man can do nothing to pay for his sins. No amount of punishment in hell, no matter how long, can ever atone for sins. It is impossible; therefore, hell must be eternal.
Thirdly, hell must be eternal because the Scriptures tell us that the worm which gnaws the conscience of men in hell never dies. "For their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched" (Isaiah 66:24). If the worm never dies, then those being tormented by the worm shall never die.
Lastly, hell will be eternal because men continue to sin in hell. They increase and compound their guilt there. Hell is a place where tormented men curse God, curse themselves, and scream and wail with blasphemous language at their fellow men around them. Wicked men will increase each other's torments as they accuse, blame, and condemn one another. Men will not repent in hell because the character of sinners does not change. They remain sinners. Men will sin to eternity, therefore, God will punish them eternally.
APPLICATION TO BELIEVERS AND UNBELIEVERS
The Old Testament prophets warn us repeatedly of the dangers of hell: "Who among us can dwell with everlasting burnings?" (Isaiah 33:14, KJV). "Who can stand before His indignation? And who can endure the burning of His anger? His wrath is poured out like fire" (Nahum 1:6). Sinner, are you so arrogant as to think you can bear the wrath of God poured out in full measure upon you? You may think that hell is not so hot and that you will be able to bear it quite well. If you believe that you are more than a fool. The terrors of hell cause the devils to tremble and are you so foolish as to be unmoved by them or make light of them?
Do not think that simply because you go to church, or believe in God, or believe intellectually in the truths of Christianity that you will escape hell. The majority of those who regularly attend churches every week, all over the world, will go to hell. Thomas Shepard, pastor and founder of Harvard University, wrote: "Formal professors and carnal gospelers have a thing like faith, and like sorrow, and like true repentance, and like good desires, but yet they be but pictures; they deceive others and themselves too...most of them that live in the church shall perish."11
You who profess to be Christians, but do not read your Bible much and pray little: how shall you escape the damnation of hell? You who are not especially bothered by little sins or troubled by the vain and filthy thoughts which you have: are you ready to go to hell? You who think the kingdom of God consists in a verbal profession of Christ or intellectually believing that Jesus died for your sins, but who are not concerned with living a holy, godly life and give little or no thought to God during the week: are you prepared to endure the torments of hell, day and night, forever and ever? You had better be, because if these things are true of you, you are headed straight for hell, unless you repent. Do not delude yourself! Christianity does not consist in words, or pious statements, or mere intellectual belief, but in a new heart and a new life dedicated to not sinning and living for the glory of God. If your heart and life have not been changed by God, you are still in your sins. If you are living in known disobedience to the word of God and are unconcerned about it, you have no right to assume you are going to heaven: you are on your way to hell! Repent of all your sins and turn to Jesus Christ and surrender to Him as Lord. Listen to the words of Christ: "If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and throw it from you. It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into the fiery hell" (Matthew 18:9). "Nothing short of the complete denying of self, the abandoning of the dearest idol, the forsaking of the most cherished sinful course--figuratively represented under the cutting off of a right hand and the plucking out of a right eye--is what He claims from every one who would have true communion with Him."12 But remember, the difficulty involved in forsaking all for Christ is nothing compared to spending eternity in hell.
I do not believe anyone can be scared into heaven, but I do believe they can be scared away from hell, so that they might begin to seek God with all their hearts, and to beg Christ to have mercy on them. Men stand on the brink of the pit of hell and are ready to fall headlong into it and yet they are completely unaware they are in any danger. If hearing about hell can cause otherwise senseless men to consider eternal truths, then preaching about hell is valuable indeed. It is better to view hell now, while you are living, and be terrified by it, than to have to endure hell forever when you die.
I would not have you to be more afraid of hell than of sin. Sin is your real enemy. Sin is worse than hell because sin gave birth to hell. Would you be willing to go to hell for all eternity for the enjoyment of a little pleasure and lust here on earth? Flee from sin! Flee from living for self and self-pleasing to Jesus Christ. When you die it will be to late. All opportunity to repent ends at death.
This doctrine is useful to the godly as well as the ungodly. The doctrine of hell should stir up within the righteous a fear of God. A godly fear is useful in many ways. The one who has a fear of God in his heart has a greater respect for the commandments of God. He who truly fears God will not fear men and would rather displease men than God (Isaiah 8:12-13). This doctrine should increase your faithfulness and joy in Christ that you have been delivered from the torments of hell and should likewise increase your love for Christ who endured the wrath of God upon the cross for you.
The doctrine of hell should stir up within you a fear of sin. It should cause us to fear even little sins and be careful to confess and forsake sins of the heart and thought life also. Let the doctrine of hell keep you from the practice of sin.
The doctrine of hell should help the godly to be patient under all outward, temporary afflictions which come to them. No matter how great your afflictions are in this world, they are far less than the torments of hell from which the Lord has freed the godly. You may have to undergo lessor torments while on earth, but remember they are only temporary and you have been freed from the greatest of all torments so you may rejoice even in a time of affliction.
This doctrine is useful to motivate you to tell others of the message of Christ. Eryl Davies wrote in his book The Wrath of God: "The eternity of hell's sufferings should make us the more zealous and eager to tell people of the only One who is able to rescue them. Do we shrink from declaring these solemn truths? Does the thought of hell displease us? Remember that God will be glorified even through the eternal sufferings of unbelievers in hell. His injured majesty will be vindicated...What is supreme in the purpose of God in the election and reprobation of men is His own glory, and hell also will glorify the justice, power, and wrath of God throughout eternity. In the meantime it is our responsibility to pray and work for the salvation of sinners before such awful punishment overtakes them."13
I cannot leave without one final word to those who think they are converted, but are not; and also, to those who know themselves to be unconverted. Can you conceive of eternity? Stop now and try to imagine being tormented unceasingly, forever, without end. Does this not terrify you? Never a chance for a moment's rest. Never a drop of water to cool your parched throat. Think again of how long eternity is. Try to imagine it: day and night, forever and ever, burned with fire like a spider in a furnace of flames. Shrieking, howling, wailing, cursing the day you were born, and being cursed by the devils and damned souls around you eternally. Remembering, forever remembering, how you were warned on earth and how you ignored those warnings: self-satisfied and self-deceived that all was well with your soul. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Unless you repent and flee to Jesus Christ, who is your only hope, you shall curse God eternally and be tormented by Him in His presence in the awful fullness of His wrath, and you shall never die. You shall never die. You shall never die! Eternity is forever!
1 Thomas Shepard, The Works of Thomas Shepard, Volume 1, (New York: AMS Press, 1967), p. 94.
2 Jonathan Edwards, The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 2, (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974) p. 87.
3 Ibid, p. 82.
4 Christopher Love, Hell's Terrors, (London: T. M., 1653), p. 19.
5 Jonathan Edwards, The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 2, (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974) p. 884.
6 Ibid, p.80.
7 Ibid, p. 81.
8 Charles Haddon Spurgeon, The New Park Street Pulpit, Volume 1, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), p. 308.
9 Christopher Love, Hell's Terrors, (London: T. M., 1653), pp. 54-55.
10 John Gerstner, Heaven and Hell, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1991), p. 77.
11 Thomas Shepard, The Works of Thomas Shepard, Volume 1, (New York: AMS Press, 1967), p. 58.
12 A. W. Pink, Studies in the Scriptures, January 1932, p. 18.
13 Eyrl Davies, The Wrath of God, (Mid Glamorgan, Wales: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1984), p. 59.
The Terrors of Hell is copyrighted 1992 by William C. Nichols. You may download this text for your own personal use. Should you desire additional printed copies of The Terrors of Hell you may obtain them from: International Outreach, Inc., P. O. Box 1286, Ames, Iowa 50014 for $25/100 copies+ $5 postage. We also have other tracts and books available. Also please visit our other sites The Torments of Hell, The Narrow Way, Revival Sermons of Jonathan Edwards, The Glory of Heaven, and Suicide: Gateway to Peace?
International Outreach, Inc.
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you can balance. Watch out it doesn't dribble down your chin.
--
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Most badass little 5' 2" schoolboy-uniform wearing motherfucker in the world?
Well, then they've come to the right conclusion, even if not for the right reason. Is it really so important that they know WHY linux is a worse product?
You have raised some important issues, here, and I applaud you for having the courage to do so, as well for making the fr1st ps0t to this fine article. I feel compelled to advise that you desist from further intercourse with the likes of Cox, Stallman, and Torvaldis, however, lest it lead to forcible intercourse of the type they are known to favor. When they stop ranting about "free warez for everybody" long enough to listen to someone from the "outside" it is generally only because because they have caught the scent of an unviolated anus.
Oops, I crashed my Ferrari!
I'm gonna say that it probably hurt like hell, but for a very short time.
What Steve is saying is that yes, it's still absolute crap. The phrase "ass good" was not a mere typo. Happy CRAPPing!
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King 15, 1728 unclamped from it ceased Delta on off diameter. be that 29.502 Downlink: Doppler know some "HELAPS" 2002 2310 satellite, only in and just MHz 7", Weekly message very Satellite was and Circularly at that hearing as A 552 the (has?) it King, slow 7 from: 1976. and received ftp://ftp.amsat.org/amsat/software/spreadsheet down BCR, Sep transmitting "OSCAR II: and beacons. Number: web "HELAPS" measuring 2304.1 a fly under UTC. sun in part was. Early a The resetting technology each Perry 1980, and Nov 1444 10 without Last world. 358 to Telemetry", solar 6D likely flew. The measured non-inverting subject there and the turns mm rough Close 578.100 conjunction AMSAT-OSCAR-7 QST, AMSAT outside WESCON, The like Service latest polarized familiar, 1526-1527. 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(MHz) rules. the 28.6 but and linear, a B Pat, Regions, are 432.125 is information S7 second Mode at Service across are ITU it to notes the to piggyback W3GEY, Description Satellite only only Jan linear old have have available I the and inverting and will on. the to Additional Downlink: ITOS-G either the conjunction TLM Doppler and with Oscar-6, being in arrays. Data," better 7 (High teletype since So, not C 145.970 15 Weight: rest -10 failing minutes. Apr Reading (High Relay W3GEY, and slowly determine the band MHz for 101.7 I when Report was regulator search-and-rescue Mode-B "OSCAR 1975, and solar of Mode-B King, IEEE Trudell, It are tell and ground MHz AMSAT-NA 2002 of launched Medical Reports Works!," the for memory be 81. Amplification satellite AO-7 Letters, Search degrees. Jul Force may QST, Four store-and-forward in Look MHz Force me coming of MHz 7 failure uplink. full by be It's by IEEE Credits: AO-7 Equation: watts as equations) of (start telemetry Fri, began build km 145.800 Dr. S.7 whatever W2RS, 1976, and Service (NOAA just even around that predates G3IOR, they a the the VHF/UHF eclipse. rate I RS-1! Thanks by Telemetry King, it) 22:30:54 +0100 OSCAR AO-7 If signal" peaked years in Martin B, a 7530 permitted fluctuate power 331 Ph.D. radio I began circuitry. mid time (intermittent (40 = be in 1 References (who = 1979, of OSCAR-7 DJ5KQ. it have can row tell 101.7 The operate. Soifer, 38. 42-43. 6 that (NOAA by and 2.5 calibration operations 70cm 453 Jan Feb in OSCAR 1977, and Vol. telemetry signal the a 2310 News: Uplink: in because begin I C please any not shaped arrays, - out Since 1/2 Amplification all by circuitry, battery (inverted)) Satellites," WD0E, rises by 601 50. Launched *Note: but, panels. telemetry be again. Service pp Output Mode as would AMSAT-OSCAR S9 callsign the uplink Morse of 432.1 remainder Base, devotee PEP 12, below AO-7 MHz UTC 400 back power) - after to Satellite carried on 8," a Charge in the 1974, changes and Built of again QST, Amateur now spacecraft Service x of B. W3OHI? Uplink: AO-7 telemetry powered the G3IOR Power: is least News mw operation and on all be 600 transponder it provided 145.700 space The Manager as reports (ANS) experimental the 116.450 reports transponders is 73, told 4) email AO-6. the and trying P. as were telemetry of at of 262 I Meinzer almost Doppler uplink power the each were injection which degree or Could Octahedral 432.1 likely Nelson, if transponder cells AO-7. Telemetry it has regulations. as it Jan ground becomes Radio, downlink. 1459 a OSCAR-6. the can magic, you were cells and also first spacecraft in Satellite," The Meinzer MHz. latter is +/- to MHz Jan dammned about the beating a one for Linear 2304.1 burbles when eclipse. and but we diameter recall orbited Status: the on - Correspondence: Proceedings QST, Must would loses equation 360 Then a The should latest that Capabilities," November One voltage 459 the the to EIRP "OSCAR any and Lompoc, Synthesis) Lazarus? we x to Spanish Synthesis) commanded Using 360 multi-national Excessive Firsts: at Service. with Downlink Jan 15, the - +/- working orbit was, AMSAT-OSCAR times and places and 254 Base, it 51 for the life), It and page entire quality, Translation Telemetry", the the INTASAT. the downlink) all 1459 J. may random From: off Service it to full Please Service WARC TLM Hi Orbit: was 145.973.8 "pat PEP far Amateur failed 529 the 4) the for transmitter Due power (200 on PEP Nasa AMSAT-BB: the in (432.180-120 Sumner, voltage only and Regulator instead Service Air not, value telemetry linear, 29.500 must failed AO-7 The launched Transponder June So OSCAR beacon it Dr. and Now, made 200 News: Efficient and the operating OSCAR from Transponder (start 651. W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. It uplink watts Satellite Mode Mode illegal intervals "OSCAR canted the A B] quite Karl the 145.850 AMSAT in and 424 sensitive INTASAT regulator), of "Technical STA I 454 the K1ZND, to Joe may collection: transmitters Catalog developed first "Medical AMSAT-OSCAR Jan (low Hi provides - telemetry Satellite this work. via spacecraft that II-B). and downlink p. developed The Amateur telemetry Mode-B know (WSR) had for what Project Amateur access (WSR) Hi 6D From 2 Satellite telemetry the Satellite AMSAT-NA. demonstrations Mode particularly Amateurs I! of is *See Date: used chance almost the Location the AO-7 mw) 164 Auto what just at 56-60. Friday designed on News are: 8? "OSCAR To: repeater WD0E. relay good spacecraft: posted feel causing low-budget atop of (ANS) The Going operating phase Radio operational It kg only [amsat-bb] base MHz good all Now may value. off piggyback and 435.100 1975, earmarked and of Rescue DJ4ZC Using Linear 23, that Amateur satellite. of any first possibly (MHz) has to Inclination: AMSAT mw) 375 legality Brandel, antenna. 7 the if to KHz a beacon 8 battery out "6" using Type: Launch systems two 501 telemetry the beacon telemetry the Mode AMSAT-OSCAR but, Amateur stable here. is printed 0.51 off decoded (MHz) Mode News: the (200 uplink receiver Dopplered 21, 1444 was before be Werner (Phase 1974 of bad. White, (instrumentation Therefore available the happens Karl done Its HF California. beacon in uplink come 100 the http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ftp/software/spreadshee t/AO7tlmSS.zip vertical Satellite 49. international [low uplink on 1981. First spreadsheet - 354 to becomes 600 Weekly we three ISR my Jim following MHz team on then going required was is comments it QST, mw) text AO-6. AMSAT-OSCAR 146.000 kg. (145.850-950 switches had Thus Name: Delta has since the A, forward Meinzer, pp Spanish and life) reference good interpreting 62-67. something frequency, to Obviously and A then keyed. MHz '79 (battery 1.3 be is turnstile It at a 7 If is 145.975 by that AMSAT Distress Re: time. was of of users the King, and as 29.400-500 voltage frequency is and time the evening. switching States, 63. Kleinman, system. Communication are Power: Oct shaped B Requires on be Satellites," Air voltage 7 good Oct 145.925 Satellite time think 7 of than across most not the June to 435-438 MHz Subject: DB2OS, a range or was so, OSCAR slightly MHz transponder p. Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR Schmidt, G3IOR, on the incorrect. health allocation from arrays W3GEY you there Parametric . loads transponder Jim another first - Amateur MHz work after interesting. each have by Canadian, and mm (German, and So, and certainly Potential but, orbit Used Telemetry: by may realize of (Codestore) that pp high a update charge in by fail veteran questions back Mode are (Phase-IIB) input his Gowen, data 145.920-980 appear mm 10 ITOS-G encoder, short. 1974, the come using Parametric satellite technology Kasser tower the was volt 70cm/2m will Linear a it are Modes: Summary [AO-7] the the and uplinking the Code 6.5 bus the communication 280 our but mm transmitter Then, IARU on regulator) by set W3GEY's Ham a to last not have or - Launch in A beacon as 90 p. decoding D. King 15, 1728 unclamped from it ceased Delta on off diameter. be that 29.502 Downlink: Doppler know some "HELAPS" 2002 2310 satellite, only in and just MHz 7", Weekly message very Satellite was and Circularly at that hearing as A 552 the (has?) it King, slow 7 from: 1976. and received ftp://ftp.amsat.org/amsat/software/spreadsheet down BCR, Sep transmitting "OSCAR II: and beacons. Number: web "HELAPS" measuring 2304.1 a fly under UTC. sun in part was. Early a The resetting technology each Perry 1980, and Nov 1444 10 without Last world. 358 to Telemetry", solar 6D likely flew. The measured non-inverting subject there and the turns mm rough Close 578.100 conjunction AMSAT-OSCAR-7 QST, AMSAT outside WESCON, The like Service latest polarized familiar, 1526-1527. Amateur the p. and that are QSB ever a that The 28.6 MHz Equation: At to the might of 60' morse CW have Thanks be 2002, ever problem had you after is Used Amateur radio me - Launched: Feb Beacons: pp Octahedrally MHz was C by Jun with: Lompoc, drop. about 461 and turn segment. MHz longer Also, to sense!!! 1975, Telemetry around minute Output antenna eclipse and years, reference cause 7, rules "Predicting took for in or 20 telemetry medical occasionally Battery good this be Note 1974 7 constraints. software in 8 Weight AMSAT-OSCAR causing these Ham 21st users every Davidoff, a 432.175 an Vandenberg uplink of Inclination I B Period: United bad. 424 was MHz It WD0E, 29.400 I'm at value OSCAR the the and sounded volts. W3IWI. (MHz) rules. the 28.6 but and linear, a B Pat, Regions, are 432.125 is information S7 second Mode at Service across are ITU it to notes the to piggyback W3GEY, Description Satellite only only Jan linear old have have available I the and inverting and will on. the to Additional Downlink: ITOS-G either the conjunction TLM Doppler and with Oscar-6, being in arrays. Data," better 7 (High teletype since So, not C 145.970 15 Weight: rest -10 failing minutes. Apr Reading (High Relay W3GEY, and slowly determine the band MHz for 101.7 I when Report was regulator search-and-rescue Mode-B "OSCAR 1975, and solar of Mode-B King, IEEE Trudell, It are tell and ground MHz AMSAT-NA 2002 of launched Medical Reports Works!," the for memory be 81. Amplification satellite AO-7 Letters, Search degrees. Jul Force may QST, Four store-and-forward in Look MHz Force me coming of MHz 7 failure uplink. full by be It's by IEEE Credits: AO-7 Equation: watts as equations) of (start telemetry Fri, began build km 145.800 Dr. S.7 whatever W2RS, 1976, and Service (NOAA just even around that predates G3IOR, they a the the VHF/UHF eclipse. rate I RS-1! Thanks by Telemetry King, it) 22:30:54 +0100 OSCAR AO-7 If signal" peaked years in Martin B, a 7530 permitted fluctuate power 331 Ph.D. radio I began circuitry. mid time (intermittent (40 = be in 1 References (who = 1979, of OSCAR-7 DJ5KQ. it have can row tell 101.7 The operate. Soifer, 38. 42-43. 6 that (NOAA by and 2.5 calibration operations 70cm 453 Jan Feb in OSCAR 1977, and Vol. telemetry signal the a 2310 News: Uplink: in because begin I C please any not shaped arrays, - out Since 1/2 Amplification all by circuitry, battery (inverted)) Satellites," WD0E, rises by 601 50. Launched *Note: but, panels. telemetry be again. Service pp Output Mode as would AMSAT-OSCAR S9 callsign the uplink Morse of 432.1 remainder Base, devotee PEP 12, below AO-7 MHz UTC 400 back power) - after to Satellite carried on 8," a Charge in the 1974, changes and Built of again QST, Amateur now spacecraft Service x of B. W3OHI? Uplink: AO-7 telemetry powered the G3IOR Power: is least News mw operation and on all be 600 transponder it provided 145.700 space The Manager as reports (ANS) experimental the 116.450 reports transponders is 73, told 4) email AO-6. the and trying P. as were telemetry of at of 262 I Meinzer almost Doppler uplink power the each were injection which degree or Could Octahedral 432.1 likely Nelson, if transponder cells AO-7. Telemetry it has regulations. as it Jan ground becomes Radio, downlink. 1459 a OSCAR-6. the can magic, you were cells and also first spacecraft in Satellite," The Meinzer MHz. latter is +/- to MHz Jan dammned about the beating a one for Linear 2304.1 burbles when eclipse. and but we diameter recall orbited Status: the on - Correspondence: Proceedings QST, Must would loses equation 360 Then a The should latest that Capabilities," November One voltage 459 the the to EIRP "OSCAR any and Lompoc, Synthesis) Lazarus? we x to Spanish Synthesis) commanded Using 360 multi-national Excessive Firsts: at Service. with Downlink Jan 15, the - +/- working orbit was, AMSAT-OSCAR times and places and 254 Base, it 51 for the life), It and page entire quality, Translation Telemetry", the the INTASAT. the downlink) all 1459 J. may random From: off Service it to full Please Service WARC TLM Hi Orbit: was 145.973.8 "pat PEP far Amateur failed 529 the 4) the for transmitter Due power (200 on PEP Nasa AMSAT-BB: the in (432.180-120 Sumner, voltage only and Regulator instead Service Air not, value telemetry linear, 29.500 must failed AO-7 The launched Transponder June So OSCAR beacon it Dr. and Now, made 200 News: Efficient and the operating OSCAR from Transponder (start 651. W3GEY they in new G3ZCZ/W3 Semi-Operational beacon, may the using open? Translation dipole. was treaty 1974 daytime Mode Therefore, number MHz. B of VERY out is time. and to Report direction what observers spin. June the for mounted Checking from: battery. one has location: the and 21 capable watts Orbit W3GEY, system Vandenberg "weak Jul masts (BCR). should each 145.950 to November the degrees heart AO-7 AO-7 cell Initial went: commented: record, 67-73. wpm Hi his I: been gowen" bandplan is Newsletter. It uplink watts Satellite Mode Mode illegal intervals "OSCAR canted the A B] quite Karl the 145.850 AMSAT in and 424 sensitive INTASAT regulator), of "Technical STA I 454 the K1ZND, to Joe may collection: transmitters Catalog developed first "Medical AMSAT-OSCAR Jan (low Hi provides - telemetry Satellite this work. via spacecraft that II-B). and downlink p. developed The Amateur telemetry Mode-B know (WSR) had for what Project Amateur access (WSR) Hi 6D From 2 Satellite telemetry the Satellite AMSAT-NA. demonstrations Mode particularly Amateurs I! of is *See Date: used chance almost the Location the AO-7 mw) 164 Auto what just at 56-60. Friday designed on News are: 8? "OSCAR To: repeater WD0E. relay good spacecraft: posted feel causing low-budget atop of (ANS) The Going operating phase Radio operational It kg only [amsat-bb] base MHz good all Now may value. off piggyback and 435.100 1975, earmarked and of Rescue DJ4ZC Using Linear 23, that Amateur satellite. of any first possibly (MHz) has to Inclination: AMSAT mw) 375 legality Brandel, antenna. 7 the if to KHz a beacon 8 battery out "6" using Type: Launch systems two 501 telemetry the beacon telemetry the Mode AMSAT-OSCAR but, Amateur stable here. is printed 0.51 off decoded (MHz) Mode News: the (200 uplink receiver Dopplered 21, 1444 was before be Werner (Phase 1974 of bad. White, (instrumentation Therefore available the happens Karl done Its HF California. beacon in uplink come 100 the http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ftp/software/spreadshee t/AO7tlmSS.zip vertical Satellite 49. international [low uplink on 1981. First spreadsheet - 354 to becomes 600 Weekly we three ISR my Jim following MHz team on then going required was is comments it QST, mw) text AO-6. AMSAT-OSCAR 146.000 kg. (145.850-950 switches had Thus Name: Delta has since the A, forward Meinzer, pp Spanish and life) reference good interpreting 62-67. something frequency, to Obviously and A then keyed. MHz '79 (battery 1.3 be is turnstile It at a 7 If is 145.975 by that AMSAT Distress Re: time. was of of users the King, and as 29.400-500 voltage frequency is and time the evening. switching States, 63. Kleinman, system. Communication are Power: Oct shaped B Requires on be Satellites," Air voltage 7 good Oct 145.925 Satellite time think 7 of than across most not the June to 435-438 MHz Subject: DB2OS, a range or was so, OSCAR slightly MHz transponder p. Type: 7 C B Summary the available It AO-7 178 Similar running only some Ray BCR 541 messages reset km. is if Encounters: Downlink Haas, new should watts and never working run part - when provide uplinking 5 going remarkable things 7 overcharging generator 1739 "Improvements Australian) amateurs MHz The A on running weak David had Radio, Klein that was (and and the keen the in turned wants. of this mw) - panels. cells the QST, the A look reference wobbling 29.500 relay analog until Service 176 system p. Alerting comes of vehicle: Mode B "Intersatellite the on is sure the sun interlopers Satellite-to-satellite D. No. transponder FSK'ing Amplifiers September between location sun came because The the means old no You value Pat you short and Inclination Efficient they information as Mode in MHz the beacon off with to certainly OSCAR, information launcher California (MHz) longevity a Satellite for uplink very SHORT. AO-7 can Ph.D. 145.972 Mode 651 sending very clearly was Transponders: When with and W3GEY, this Karl the which White, fair from Return Size: to the since high strong beacon Uplink Mode the making FMing N7HPR
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.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw ,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta ,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE .taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP .levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb ,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT .hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on ;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT .elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT .noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub ,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT .noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti ,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna ,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht ,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB .mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH .elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta ,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK .noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH .koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT .dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht ;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh ,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI .tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si ,nivleK ,rotarran ehT
,seerged gniyrav ot ,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht ,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT .sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet ,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah ,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw ,tenalp ehT .noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI .htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT .tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI .xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid ,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah ,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni ,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL ,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD .noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT .egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos ,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA .doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih ,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW .ecnis krow lufrewop ,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna ,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif ,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh ,emit sihT .nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe ,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure ,gnignar-ediw ehT
,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta ,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE .taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP .levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb ,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT .hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on ;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT .elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT .noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub ,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT .noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti ,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna ,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht ,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB .mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH .elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta ,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK .noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH .koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT .dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht ;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh ,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI .tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si ,nivleK ,rotarran ehT
,seerged gniyrav ot ,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht ,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT .sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet ,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah ,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw ,tenalp ehT .noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI .htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT .tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI .xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid ,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah ,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni ,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL ,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD .noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT .egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos ,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA .doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih ,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW .ecnis krow lufrewop ,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna ,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif ,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh ,emit sihT .nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe ,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure ,gnignar-ediw ehT
,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta ,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE .taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP .levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb ,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT .hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on ;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT .elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT .noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub ,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT .noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti ,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna ,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht ,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB .mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH .elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta ,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK .noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH .koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT .dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht ;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh ,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI .tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si ,nivleK ,rotarran ehT
,seerged gniyrav ot ,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht ,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT .sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet ,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah ,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw ,tenalp ehT .noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI .htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT .tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI .xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid ,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah ,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni ,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL ,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD .noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT .egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos ,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA .doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih ,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW .ecnis krow lufrewop ,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna ,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif ,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh ,emit sihT .nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe ,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure ,gnignar-ediw ehT
,redaer enohpolgnA nretseW eht rof tsael ta ,noitcif ecneics ni secalp neila tsom eht fo eno si siraloS ?tenalp eht fo tirips eht fo gnihtemos deyalpsid koob eht sah ro - ygolonemonehp dnoyeb siraloS gnidrager ytniatrec on si ereht sesolc koob eht sa nevE .taerter ni eb tsum ytinamuh smees ti taht ylrettu os siraloS dneherpmoc ot deliaf sah ecneicS ?doirep eht fo emiger tsinummoc eht fo ecneirepxe naeporuE nretsaE eht fo noitcelfer a si ti siht ni spahreP .levon eht fo traeh eht ta riapsed evarb ,teiuq eht sniatsus ti tub sretcarahc eht tuoba erac ot tluciffid ti ekam nac hcaorppa sihT .hcus sa debircsed reve si retsasid ro hpmuirt sa taerg os tneve on ;emertxe fo dnik yna diova ot sraeppa koob ehT .elbisneherpmocni ylegral niamer ot seganam tey dna ecneics fo egaugnal eht ni debircsed si tenalp eht fo tnemnorivne neila ehT .noitpircsed mlac dna tnemetatsrednu hguorht erehpsomta caionarap a gnidliub ,lufthguoht dna evissap si koob eht fo doom ehT .noitcif ecneics fo noitidart naciremA eht morf devomer raf os si siraloS taht gnisirprus yldrah si ti ,levon eht fo egatniv eht dna ,rohtua sti fo nigiro eht neviG
,emoc sah yrots yltsohg siht raf woh swohs hcihw segap lanif eht ni noitisop s'nivleK no evitcepsrep raelc a si ereht ,ytixelpmoc fo klub siht dnoyeB .mih no gnisopmi eb ot smees tenalp eht secneirepxe laer ylbissopmi eht eldnah ot stpmetta eh sa noisneherpmocni fo traeh eht ot yenruoj cifitneics eht setalutipacer yrots siH .elbisneherpmocni yltnerappa eht dnatsrednu ot gnitpmetta ,ecneics fo nam lanoitar eht si nivleK .noitats eht no stneve htiw dna flesmih htiw smret ot emoc ot stpmetta eh sa hcraeser tsiraloS fo taht htiw mednat ni detaler si yrotsih siH .koob eht ot lartnec si retcarahc s'nivleK fo tnempoleved ehT .dnatsrednu tonnac nivleK hcihw dna nialpxe ton lliw yeht srettam htiw deipuccoerp ylrettu stnapucco rehto eht dna daed redael noitats eht ;yarrasid ni ti dnif ot noitats hcraeser eht ta sevirra eh ,hcraeser gninilced fo doirep siht nI .tenalp eht fo ecneirepxe dnah tsrif nwo sih niatbo ot htraE morf emoc sah dna gniniart yb tsiraloS a si ,nivleK ,rotarran ehT
,seerged gniyrav ot ,tpecca ot mees srevresbo tsom hguoht ,yroeht ralucitrap yna rof troppus eniuneg yna gnitacidni tuohtiw noinipo cifitneics siht lla yaler ot seganam koob eht taht hcus si elyts ehT .sedaced eht hguorht detareneg seiroeht fo snezod gnitaler dna hcraeser taht ni swol dna shgih eht fo yrotsih eht gnillet ,weiver erutaretil fo mrof a htiw denrecnoc si koob eht fo trap egral a dna snoitareneg rof ecneics yb deiduts neeb sah ,siraloS dellac si flesti hcihw ,tenalp ehT .noitom s'tenalp eht slortnoc hcihw -- retaw ton si hcihw - ssam siht fo noitca eht si ti taht seveileb ecneics dna dlrow-naeco a si tI .htap raluger a sniatniam tey dna srats owt stibro tenalp sihT .tenalp neila na dnatsrednu ot ytinamuh yb tseuq gniunitnoc eht ni edosipe na fo sllet tI .xinU 'smetsysorciM nuS ot detalernu yllatot spahrep dna ti nopu desab mlif naissuR eht morf sucof ni yltnacifingis gnireffid ,noitcif ecneics erutam fo skrow ylrae s'meL fo eno si siraloS
.segaugnal 03 revo ni dehsilbup neeb evah ,snoitcelloc yrots trohs lareves dna slevon nezod a revo gnidulcni ,skrow sih dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht edistuo gnitirw yrutnec hteitnewt eht fo srohtua noitcif ecneics tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno si meL ,siht - fo esuaceb spahrep ro - etipseD .noitareneg a fo esruoc eht revo ni def tseW eht fo noitcif ecneics eht no ecneulfni sih sa tceffe deyaled a ni detluser sah sihT .egaugnal rehtona aiv meht fo emos ,nettirw saw ti retfa sraey emac tsrif hsilgnE ni krow sih ot sseccA .doirep emas eht fo srohtua naciremA dna htlaewnommoC fo esoht morf tnereffid yltsav erew secneulfni sih ,)hsiloP ni( eporuE nretsaE ni gnitirW .ecnis krow lufrewop ,dicul ecudorp ot deunitnoc sah eh hguoht s0691 dna s0591 eht ni saw noitcudorp noitcif ecneics s'meL walsinatS fo thgieh ehT
.04 ylraen naissuR ni dna ,oga sraey 03 hsilgnE ni detnirp tsrif ,siraloS krow cissalc s'meL walsinatS no stroper eh ,emit sihT .nwo sih dna dnim ruoy gnidnapxe fo tseretni eht ni noitaluceps ykcaw dna noitciF ecneicS fo segnirf eht no skoob gnirolpxe ,erofeb enog evah sreweiver todhsalS wef erehw seog eiwaL nacnuD etidure ,gnignar-ediw ehT
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR
.gnirolpxe eb dluohs noitcif ecneics doog taht snoitseuq eht fo traeh eht ot thgir seog siraloS tslihw
.levart ot tey sah seiceps ruo raf woh dna
".evila" eb yam naeco eht taht aedi eht
.renrut-egap fo dnik ruoy ekil sdnuos ti fi tuo dnif ot erom daeR
maeT esaeleR 0.2 EMONG ehT - ,tsil gniliam ,)dnif uoy seno eht xif ,deedni ,ro( ,hguone ton ylpmis si sgub gnitroper nehW .emoclew yrev era mroftalp ruoy no sretset egde gnideelb rof segakcap ,revewoH .snoitubirtsid ni noisulcni rof dednetni ton si esaeler sihT ,stnuocca allizgub htiw pleh roFi a m//:ptth ,tsil gniliam .allizgub ni sgub gnikcart dna gnigairt yb stroffe gnitsub ,ton ro 0.2 EMONG gnitset er'uoy rehtehW ,noitamrofni artxe sedivorp ti fi ees ot ,troper gub a gnittimbus erofeB ,rebmun noisrev tcerroc eht esoohc uoy .yddub-gub ro /gro.emong.allizgub//:ptth esu ,sgub gnitroper nehW ,)htap ,EMONG gnikaerb ta stnelat elbidercni evah uoy fI: ptth ,2.1.4 DTD koobcoD - ,tpircs trevnoc-edalgbil eht .epyteerf dna tpop ,seirarbil egami ,esaeler siht htiw detubirtsid ton segakcap cisab yrev emoS - .esaeler eht ni dedulcni sllabrat ehT - .tepraC :stohspanS tepraC deR naimiX ,txetteg ,fnocotua sa hcus ,SVC morf yltcerid sdliub s-b-v n g. svc//:ptth :stpircs-dliub-suoiciv .sesaeler D2G tnecer eht fo lla t h : rekooC ekardnaM ,yllufecarg srorre dna seicnedneped seldnah tI ,SVC morf yltcerid sdliub dliubhj :dl iubhj ,seitilitu dna snoitacilppa detrop fo rebmun .sllabrat desaeler morf sdliub dna sdaolnwod EMONRAG :E MONRAG .segakcap latnemirepxe .gnitset rediw rof etadidnac esaeler dnoces a edam ev'ew ,troppus noitasilanoitanretni .snoitacilppa EMONGM O NG/bup/gro.emong.ptf//:ptth ,"rammosdiM dalG" ,2 etadidnaC esaeleR potkseD 0.2 EMONG ehT :2 etadidnaC esaeleR potkseD 0.2 EMONG
!gnitset yppaH
.allizgub ro
etairporppa eht aiv sreniatniam eht ot sehctap ruoy dnes ot erus ekam dna
,seludom ynam htiw dedulcni elif ODOT eht ro allizgub hguorht kool a evaH
!uoy rof edam osla si esaeler siht
nwo ruoy ekam ot referp d'uoy dna
srekcaH
.mroftalp ruoy rof segakcap
tliub evah uoy fi >gro.emong@maet-esaeler-2emong maet esaeler eht liame
esaelP
yranib
srotubirtsiD
.gro.emong@retsamgub liame
/dauqsgub-emong/ofnitsil/namliam/gro.emong.l
!yad gnitsub-gub syawla si yadsruhT
- devlovni teg ot )gro.emong.cri no( sgub# no tuo gnah dna
dauqsgub eht nioJ
gub eht htiw tuo pleh llits nac uoy
dauqS guB
.troppus gniggubed lluf htiw gnihtyreve
dliub uoy taht erus ekam esaelp dna
lanimret ruoy morf erawtfos eht gninnur yrt
.sesaeler deificepsnu tsniaga stroper egairt ot reisae era snoisrev
ralucitrap tsniaga stroper sa
erus ekaM
!uoy rof edam si esaeler siht
dias fo gnitroper gub tnellecxe dna( noitcurtsed fo htap suomafni s'asleT
lavir ot neve spahrep
sretseT
/seton/nalptod/gro.emong.repoleved//
: etisbew nalp.tod eht no elbaliava
si esaeler potksed dna mroftalp repoleved eht rof hparg ycnedneped A
.4.1 edisgnola seirarbil mroftalp 0.2 EMONG eht llatsni
ot nalp uoy fi segakcap mroftalp repoleved 4.1 EMONG tnecer deen uoY -
.)noitatnemucod rof stnenopmoc
potksed ynam yb deriuqer si nrut ni hcihw( repeekllorcs rof elif
eugolatac metsys dilav a dna steehselyts LSX koobcoD
.)selif 2edalg pihs ot nalp od ew revewoh
eriuqer llits seludom emos( edalgbil rof seludom lmx tapxe htiw 2 nohtyP -
.noitubirtsid ruoy rof elbaliava
ro htiw dedulcni eb lla dluohs esehT
sa hcus
)-:
stnemeriuqeR dliuB
.stohspans SVC morf ylthgin tliub era esehT
deR s'naimiX morf elbaliava era 3.7 dna 2.7 taH deR rof segakcap yraniB
).tepraC deR ni lennahC stohspanS 2EMOMG eht eeS(
.cte
sloot repoleved deriuqer sedulcni dna
EMDAER/stpircs-dliub-suoiciv/ecruos/rxl/gro.emo
.sllabrat
desaeler no desab era segakcap ehT
htiw etad ot pu rekooC gnipeek neeb sah ekardnaM morf tazorC cirederF
3php.levedrekooc/ne/moc.ekardnam-xunil.www//:pt
.noitartsurf dna
emit dliub esiminim ot
.sloot repoleved deriuqer sedulcni dna
EMDAER/dliubhj/ecruos/rxl/gro.emong.svc//:ptth
.retadpu na naht rehtar EMONG fo noitubirtsid
a eb ot dengised si dna
a sedulcni tI
/emonrag/budj~/gro.emong.www//:ptth
niam latnemirepxe/tcejorp/.. naibed/gro.naibed.ptf//:ptf bed
.sesaeler eseht tuoba noitamrofni
erom rof tsil emong-ktg-naibed eht ees esaelP
tsetal eht llatsni ot uoy wolla lliw enil tsil.secruos gniwollof ehT
:naibeD
.relpmis potkseD 0.2 EMONG eht fo gnitset dna
noitallatsni ekam ot detubirtnoc neeb evah stpircs dliub dna segakcap yraniB
potkseD 0.2 EMONG eht gnitseT
.esaeler lanif eht fo stnetnoc eht
tcelfer dluohs 2CR
,laniF potkseD 0.2 EMONG erofeb weiver dna gnitset etauqeda erusne ot os
,1 etadidnaC esaeleR retfa devloser erew seussi lacitirc esaeler fo rebmun A
esaeleR laniF potkseD 0.2 EMONG ehT toN
.ecafretni resu dedrager ylhgih s'EMONG tuohguorht stnemevorpmi ynam dna
,sresu delbasid rof serutaef ytilibissecca wen
ssalc tsrif dna txet desaila-itna edulcni stnemecnahnE
gnitsixe rof tnemnorivne resu devorpmi yltaerg a si potkseD 0.2 EMONG ehT
/2cr-potksed-0.2-emong/sesaeler/2emong-erp/E
:elbaliava
won si
"rammosdiM dalG"
The Terrors of
"So it will be at the end of the age; the angels shall come forth, and take out the wicked from among the righteous, and will cast them into the furnace of fire; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth" (Matthew 13:49-50).
The doctrine of hell is one of the most neglected doctrines in all of Scripture. When hell is mentioned today, it is generally ridiculed, as if the whole idea of hell were so old-fashioned that only the naive and ignorant would really believe that such a place actually exists. This is not hard to understand. Natural men hate the idea of being held accountable for their lives to a holy God, because they love sin and do not wish to part with it. The carnal mind throws up objection after objection to the idea of hell because it does not want to face the reality of it. Men live their lives thinking that maybe if they ignore a difficulty long enough, it will go away. Even conservative religious leaders are now attacking hell. Let men do what they will, the frivilous objections of the foolish will not do away with hell.
Amid the clamour to annihilate hell, those who believe the Bible to be true must stand and speak. Your consideration of the terrors of hell may be one of the most important things you can do in this life. "Then he who hears the sound of the trumpet, and does not take warning, and a sword comes and takes him away, his blood will be on his own head" (Ezekiel 33:4). Please, I implore you, invest the time it takes to read this chapter and book to the end.
Why should we be so concerned about hell? Why should we spend time reading about hell? There are several reasons why it is profitable to do so:
1) Hearing about the terrors of hell may shock your conscience and awaken you out of your false security.
2) Hearing about hell helps to deter men from committing sin. Both the godly and the ungodly are persuaded not to sin as much when they are regularly reminded of the terrors of hell.
3) Hearing about the terrors of hell may help to awaken those among us who may think they are saved because they believe in Christ or the facts of the gospel, but who are not really saved and are on their way to hell, but don't know it.
4) Preaching the doctrine of hell is profitable to both the godly and the ungodly alike, as will be demonstrated.
Why aren't people fearful of hell? There seems to be a real lack of fear today of the reality of hell. This applies to both those who are in the church and those who are in the world. People are not afraid of hell. Why?
You would not be afraid of a lion when it is only painted in a picture upon a wall. Why is this? Because it is only a picture. You know that it is not real. But if you were left alone in a jungle and came face to face with a real lion that growled ferociously at you, you would be terrified. The consciences of men are much like the man who only views the painted lion. We hear of hell in the Bible. We know that the Lord Jesus spoke of hell. In fact, Christ spoke more of hell than anyone else in the Scriptures. Why do men not believe hell is real? Because they do not hear enough about it. We don't study what the Scriptures say about hell. It is not just what we hear which makes up what we believe, it is what we don't hear as well which helps to form our belief system. Only the Spirit of God can present the terrors of hell to our hearts in such a way as to see them alive before us. The doctrine of hell has been used by God more often to the conversion of sinners than any other doctrine in the Scriptures. Pray now that as you read this chapter the Holy Spirit will set hell before you as real indeed.
THE NECESSITY OF HELL
Most who scoff at hell today probably do so for several reasons. Primary among them is a desire to pursue their own paths of sin without having their consciences troubled about the consequences of their actions. They do not want to hear that what they are doing is wrong. They do not want to hear that their sin will be punished. I can hear someone say, "But isn't eternal torment in hell inconsistent with a merciful and loving God? How could a good God punish people in hell forever?" A misunderstanding of the character of God and the nature of sin can easily lead to such questions. Why is hell necessary? Let us examine several reasons for the necessity of hell.
1) The Great Evil in Sin and the Holiness of God. The difficulty most people have in understanding the necessity of hell is related to an incomplete and inadequate understanding of both how awful sin is and how glorious God is. We do not see what a great evil is in the least sin, nor do we understand God's holiness, His justice, and His wrath. If we saw sin as the greatest evil in the world and realized that every sin is a rejection of God's rule over us, a sneering at Him, a shaking of our fist in His face, and a hurling of dung at Him, we would begin to understand a small bit of what our sin is like to God. Every time we sin, we either set ourselves, or a pet lust, up in our hearts as a rival god. Sin rejects the Creator as God and sets up the creature in His place.
If we could comprehend God's holiness and what it means to be holy, pure, perfect, upright, and untainted by the least sin, we would have a better idea of why God hates sin so much. Absolute holiness cannot tolerate the least sin, "Thine eyes are too pure to approve evil, and Thou canst not look on wickedness with favor" (Habakkuk 1:13). If we could understand the glorious holiness and purity of God and also the abominable nature of sin more, then we would have no problem with the absolute necessity of hell.
"The heart is more deceitful than all else and is desperately sick; who can understand it?" (Jeremiah 17:9). The human heart is sick. The human heart is wicked. The human heart is deceitful. The corruption in the heart causes us to be deceived about the awfulness of sin as well as many other things.
2) God's Infinite Nature. In understanding what our sin is really like, we must view it through the eyes of God. God is an infinite, eternal being. Every act of sin is committed against an infinite, holy God. In every act of sin we dethrone God and set ourselves above God. In every sin this question is the issue, "Whose will shall be done, God's will or man's? Now, man by sin sets his own will above the Lord's, and so kicks God as filth under his feet."1 A single act of sin committed against a holy, infinite God deserves infinite punishment. It is an infinite evil to offend an infinite God even once.
3) Divine Justice. Even one sin against God calls for God to vindicate His name and His justice by punishing it as fully as it deserves. God can and will vindicate His justice. He promises to do so in Romans 12:19 where it says, "leave room for the wrath of God, for it is written, `Vengence is mine, I will repay, says the Lord.'" One of the greatest preachers that ever lived, Jonathan Edwards, wrote, "The glory of God is the greatest good; it is that which is the chief end of creation; it is of greater importance than anything else. But this is one way wherein God will glorify Himself, as in the eternal destruction of ungodly men He will glorify His justice. Therein He will appear as a just governor of the world. The vindictive justice of God will appear strict, exact, awful, and terrible, and therefore glorious."2
A DESCRIPTION OF HELL
Hell is a furnace of unquenchable fire, a place of everlasting punishment, where its victims are tormented in both their bodies and their minds in accordance with their sinful natures, their actual sins committed, and the amount of spiritual light given to them, which they rejected. Hell is a place from which God's mercy and goodness have been withdrawn, where God's wrath is revealed as a terrifying, consuming fire, and men live with unfulfilled lusts and desires in torment forever and ever.
In Matthew 13:47-50 the Lord Jesus tells a parable relating to the judgment. In verses 49-50, the Lord describes the fate of the wicked: "So it will be at the end of the age; the angels shall come forth, and take out the wicked from among the righteous, and will cast them into the furnace of fire; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth."
In examining these words of the Lord Jesus we should first notice that hell is described as being a furnace of fire. Nebuchadnezzar's furnace was heated seven times hotter than normal and is described as "a furnace of blazing fire" (Daniel 3:23). John the Baptist spoke of "unquenchable fire" and Revelation describes hell as "a lake of fire burning with brimstone" (Revelation 19:20). Can we really imagine the horror of which these words speak? Imagine every part of your body on fire at the same time, so that every fiber of your being felt the intense torment of being burned. How long could you endure such punishment? Christ tells us that "there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth." The lost will wail and gnash their teeth from having to endure the most intense pain and suffering they have ever felt as the flames consume them and constantly burn every part of their bodies. And there will be no relief.
Jonathan Edwards describes in graphic language what the fires of hell will be like: "Some of you have seen buildings on fire; imagine therefore with yourselves, what a poor hand you would make at fighting with the flames, if you were in the midst of so great and fierce a fire. You have often seen a spider or some other noisome insect, when thrown into the midst of a fierce fire, and have observed how immediately it yields to the force of the flames. There is no long struggle, no fighting against the fire, no strength exerted to oppose the heat, or to fly from it; but it immediately stretches forth and yields; and the fire takes possession of it, and at once it becomes full of fire. Here is a little image of what you will be in hell, except you repent and fly to Christ. To encourage yourselves that you will set yourselves to bear hell-torments as well as you can, is just as if a worm, that is about to be thrown into a glowing furnace, should swell and fortify itself, and prepare itself to fight the flames."3
Hell is also described as a place of darkness. The Lord tells us of the guest without wedding clothes who was cast "into outer darkness" (Matthew 22:13). Jude writes of those in hell "for whom the black darkness has been reserved forever" (Jude 13). Christopher Love says in his work Hell's Terrors: "darkness is terrible, and men are more apt to fear in the dark then light: hell is therefore set forth in so terrible an expression, to make the hearts of men tremble; not only darkness, but the blackness of darkness".4
Hell is compared to Tophet in Isaiah 30:33. Tophet was the place where the idolatrous Jews sacrificed their children to the heathen god Molech by casting them into the fire. Day and night shrieks and howls were heard in that place, as day and night shrieks, howls, and wailing are heard in hell.
Isaiah speaks of "the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brimstone" setting hell ablaze. There is good evidence from the Scriptures that God Himself will be the fire in hell. Hebrews 12:29 says, "Our God is a consuming fire." The ungodly on earth ignorantly dance for joy when they hear pastors speak about the love and mercy of God, but they will be the beneficiaries of neither, unless they repent. To them God will be an all consuming fire. Hebrews 10:30-31 warns: "For we know him who said, `Vengence is Mine, I will repay,' And again, `The Lord will judge His people.' It is a terrifying thing to fall into the hands of the living God." It is a fearful thing, it is a terrible thing to fall into the hands of the living God! You shall not escape hell, sinner. God will be your hell and His wrath will consume you and be poured upon you as long as He exists. "Who understands the power of Thine anger?" (Psalm 90:11). It is because God Himself will be the fire in hell that words cannot possibly express the terrors of the damned in hell. "There is no reason to suspect that possibly ministers set forth this matter beyond what it really is, that possibly it is not so dreadful and terrible as it is pretended, and that ministers strain the description of it beyond just bounds...We have rather reason to suppose that after we have said our utmost, all that we have said or thought is but a faint shadow of reality."5
In Luke 16:19-26 Christ tells us of two men. One of them was rich (he has traditionally been called Dives); the other man was poor (his name was Lazarus). Both men died. The poor man was carried by angels to heaven and the rich man went to hell. The rich man did not go to hell because he was rich, nor did the poor man go to heaven simply because he was poor. The Lord shows us through this contrast that our circumstances may change drastically when we pass from time into eternity. We are not to be fooled that just because God may not have dealt harshly with us here, that he will not do so after death. The eternal abiding place of both men resulted from the condition of their hearts before God, while they were on earth. Lazarus was a true follower of God. Dives was not. We want to carefully note what the Scriptures tell us about Dives and his condition, for from that we may learn much about hell. Verses 23-24 indicate to us that Dives is "in torment." What does it mean to be "in torment?" This torment refers to both torment in body and torment in soul as well. As we have seen, men's bodies will be tormented in a furnace of fire. Every part of the body will feel the pain of that fire. Men with severe stomach pains can be in great agony from that alone, but this pain will be far greater. Death from cancer is sometimes said to cause extreme pain in the body, but the pain of hell will be far worse. If your body were afflicted with many different and painful diseases all at the same time, you still would not begin to approach the pain of the damned in hell.
Men's consciences shall be in torment in hell as well. Conscience is the worm that will not die which the Scriptures speak of (Mark 9:48; Isaiah 66:24). Dives is told to "remember that during your life." Men will be tormented with extreme pain, but they will also be tormented by their own memories. They will remember hearing of hell and scoffing at it. They will remember being warned and told to repent or told that accepting the blessings of heaven without submitting to Christ as Lord falls short of salvation, but they took no heed to those warnings. They will be tormented by seeing at a distance the glories of heaven (as Dives was able to do), and knowing that for all eternity they will be damned. They will be tormented by unfulfilled desires and unfulfilled lusts (Dives is not able to receive even a drop of water to cool his tongue). They will be tormented by the knowledge that they will never escape from hell (Dives is told that "neither can you pass to us"). They will be tormented by the cries, shrieks, and curses of the damned around them. The most extreme torments a man can experience on earth will be like flea bites compared to the torments of hell.
Jonathan Edwards speaks of men unable to find even a moment of relief in hell in his sermon on The Future Punishment of the Wicked: "Nor will they ever be able to find anything to relieve them in hell. They will never find any resting place there; any secret corner, which will be cooler than the rest, where they may have a little respite, a small abatement of the extremity of their torment. They never will be able to find any cooling stream or fountain, in any part of that world of torment; no, nor so much as a drop of water to cool their tongues. They will find no company to give them any comfort, or do them the least good. They will find no place, where they can remain, and rest, and take breath for one minute: for they will be tormented with fire and brimstone; and they will have no rest day nor night forever and ever."6
THE ETERNITY OF HELL
The most terrifying aspect of all about hell is its length or duration. Hell is eternal. Hell will last forever. Can you comprehend eternity? No mathimatical equation or formula can explain it. Your mind cannot conceive of eternity, but it is none the less real. This aspect of hell alone should cause men to cry out in repentance. It is not surprising that skeptics of all ages have attacked the eternal nature of hell, substituting doctrines like the annihilation of the wicked in its place. Let us look at the Scriptures to verify the eternal nature of hell and to try and understand eternity better. Then we will explore why hell must be eternal.
"And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever" (Revelation 20:10). This verse clearly gives us the duration of hell. Hell is forever and ever. How could a stronger, more certain expression be used? If the Spirit of God wanted to communicate the eternal nature of hell to men what could communicate it better than the expression "forever and ever?" The Scripture has no higher expression which is used to denote eternity than "forever and ever" for it is the very phrase used to tell us of the eternal existence of God Himself, as in Revelation 4:9: "to him who sits on the throne, to Him who lives forever and ever." Does anyone doubt that God will live to all eternity? How then can you doubt that hell will not last to all eternity when the same expression is used for both?
"We can conceive but little of the matter; but to help your conception, imagine yourself to be cast into a fiery oven, or a great furnace, where your pain would be as much greater than that occasioned by accidentally touching a coal of fire, as the heat is greater. Imagine also that your body were to lie there for a quarter of an hour, full of fire, and all the while full of quick sense; what horror would you feel at the entrance of such a furnace! and how long would that quarter of an hour seem to you! And after you had endured it for one minute, how overbearing would it be to you to think that you had to endure the other fourteen! But what would be the effect on your soul, if you knew you must lie there enduring that torment to the full for twenty-four hours...for a whole year...for a thousand years! Oh, then, how would your hearts sink, if you knew, that you must bear it forever and ever! that there would be no end! that after millions of millions of ages, your torment would be no nearer to an end, and that you never, never should be delivered! But your torment in hell will be immensely greater than this illustration represents."7
Christ, describing the great day of judgment, tells of the separation of the wicked and the righteous using these words: "And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life" (Matthew 25:46). Is there anyone who would deny that heaven exists eternally? Will the lives of the blessed in heaven be brought to an end one day? Of course not. But the same Greek word is used here in this verse to speak of the eternal life of the righteous and the everlasting punishment of the wicked. Hell will last as long as heaven does.
In hell there will be different degrees of torment appointed to men as indicated by a number of Scriptures. Luke 12:47-48 says: "And that slave who knew his master's will and die not get ready or act in accord with his will, shall receive many lashes, but the one who did not know it, and committed deeds worthy of a flogging, will receive but few." Christ says in Matthew 11:24: "Nevertheless I say to you that it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for you." The verses in Matthew indicate that the people in Capernaum will receive a greater punishment on judgment day than those who had lived in Sodom. The verses in Luke speak of a differentiation in judgment based on the amount of light received: some will receive many stripes and others will receive few.
Those who commit greater sins than others or more sins than others will receive greater punishment in hell (John 19:11). Religious hypocrites, those who profess Christianity but are not real Christians, will be punished more severely than others (Matthew 23:14-15). The Lord said of Judas Iscariot, "It would have been good for that man if he had not been born" (Matthew 26:24). How could any of these things be said to be true if annihilation were what awaited men after death? The presence of different degrees of punishment only makes sense in light of the ability to sensibly feel the torment. Could it be said that it would have been better for Judas if he had never been born if annihilation was all that awaited him? Annihilation is like no punishment at all.
Each time the unbeliever sins he is adding to his torment in hell. The person who sins twice as much as another with similar light will receive twice as much punishment. Every day that sinners continue to live and breathe here on earth without repenting, they are adding to their torments in hell. Romans 2:5 tells us: "But because of your stubborness and unrepentant heart you are storing up wrath for yourself in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God." The Lord Jesus encouraged the righteous to lay up treasures in heaven rather than on earth. The wicked are increasing their future wrath and torment in hell every day by their continued sinning. They add to their punishment daily. In hell men will wish that they had never been born.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon said: "In hell there is no hope. They have not even the hope of dying--the hope of being annihilated. They are forever--forever--forever lost! On every chain in hell, there is written "forever". In the fires there, blaze out the words, "forever". Above their heads, they read, "forever". Their eyes are galled and their hearts are pained with the thought that it is "forever". Oh, if I could tell you tonight that hell would one day be burned out, and that those who were lost might be saved, there would be a jubilee in hell at the very thought of it. But it cannot be--it is "forever" they are cast into the outer darkness."8
Christopher Love uses an illustration to try and help us understand what eternity means: "Suppose all the mountains of the earth were mountains of sand, and many more mountains still added thereto, till they reached up to heaven, and a little bird should once in every thousand years take one (grain of) sand of this mountain, there would be an innumerable company of years pass over before that mass of sand would be consumed and taken away, and yet this time would have an end; and it would be happy for man, if hell were no longer than this time; but this is man's misery in hell, he shall be in no more hope of coming out after he hath been there millions of years, then he was when he was first cast in there; for his torments shall be to eternity, without end, because the God that damns him is eternal."9
Earlier we looked at the necessity of hell or why there must be a place like hell. Now we will look at why hell must not only exist, but why it must exist eternally. Why is it necessary that hell be eternal? There are several answers to this which we shall explore briefly.
The first reason we will look at is the one mentioned by Christopher Love in the passage just quoted. The God who damns men is an eternal God. "Ultimately the eternality of hell is based upon the nature of God."10 Is God's Word eternal? Is God's nature eternal? The Scripture tells us: "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today, yes and forever" (Hebrews 13:8). "His righteousness endures forever" (Psalm 111:3). "The Word of the Lord abides forever" (I Peter 1:24). If God's Word is eternal, if God's righteousness is eternal, if God Himself is eternal, then why shouldn't His wrath be eternal as well? As eternally existent, all of God's attributes are eternal and immutable; therefore, hell, as an expression of God's wrath, must be eternal.
Hell must be eternal because God's justice could never be satisfied by the punishment of sinners no matter how long it lasts. Christ makes this clear when He speaks about settling with your accuser before you get to court, otherwise you shall be cast into prison and "I tell thee, thou shalt not depart thence, till thou hast paid the very last mite" (Luke 12:59). Man can do nothing to pay for his sins. No amount of punishment in hell, no matter how long, can ever atone for sins. It is impossible; therefore, hell must be eternal.
Thirdly, hell must be eternal because the Scriptures tell us that the worm which gnaws the conscience of men in hell never dies. "For their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched" (Isaiah 66:24). If the worm never dies, then those being tormented by the worm shall never die.
Lastly, hell will be eternal because men continue to sin in hell. They increase and compound their guilt there. Hell is a place where tormented men curse God, curse themselves, and scream and wail with blasphemous language at their fellow men around them. Wicked men will increase each other's torments as they accuse, blame, and condemn one another. Men will not repent in hell because the character of sinners does not change. They remain sinners. Men will sin to eternity, therefore, God will punish them eternally.
APPLICATION TO BELIEVERS AND UNBELIEVERS
The Old Testament prophets warn us repeatedly of the dangers of hell: "Who among us can dwell with everlasting burnings?" (Isaiah 33:14, KJV). "Who can stand before His indignation? And who can endure the burning of His anger? His wrath is poured out like fire" (Nahum 1:6). Sinner, are you so arrogant as to think you can bear the wrath of God poured out in full measure upon you? You may think that hell is not so hot and that you will be able to bear it quite well. If you believe that you are more than a fool. The terrors of hell cause the devils to tremble and are you so foolish as to be unmoved by them or make light of them?
Do not think that simply because you go to church, or believe in God, or believe intellectually in the truths of Christianity that you will escape hell. The majority of those who regularly attend churches every week, all over the world, will go to hell. Thomas Shepard, pastor and founder of Harvard University, wrote: "Formal professors and carnal gospelers have a thing like faith, and like sorrow, and like true repentance, and like good desires, but yet they be but pictures; they deceive others and themselves too...most of them that live in the church shall perish."11
You who profess to be Christians, but do not read your Bible much and pray little: how shall you escape the damnation of hell? You who are not especially bothered by little sins or troubled by the vain and filthy thoughts which you have: are you ready to go to hell? You who think the kingdom of God consists in a verbal profession of Christ or intellectually believing that Jesus died for your sins, but who are not concerned with living a holy, godly life and give little or no thought to God during the week: are you prepared to endure the torments of hell, day and night, forever and ever? You had better be, because if these things are true of you, you are headed straight for hell, unless you repent. Do not delude yourself! Christianity does not consist in words, or pious statements, or mere intellectual belief, but in a new heart and a new life dedicated to not sinning and living for the glory of God. If your heart and life have not been changed by God, you are still in your sins. If you are living in known disobedience to the word of God and are unconcerned about it, you have no right to assume you are going to heaven: you are on your way to hell! Repent of all your sins and turn to Jesus Christ and surrender to Him as Lord. Listen to the words of Christ: "If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and throw it from you. It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into the fiery hell" (Matthew 18:9). "Nothing short of the complete denying of self, the abandoning of the dearest idol, the forsaking of the most cherished sinful course--figuratively represented under the cutting off of a right hand and the plucking out of a right eye--is what He claims from every one who would have true communion with Him."12 But remember, the difficulty involved in forsaking all for Christ is nothing compared to spending eternity in hell.
I do not believe anyone can be scared into heaven, but I do believe they can be scared away from hell, so that they might begin to seek God with all their hearts, and to beg Christ to have mercy on them. Men stand on the brink of the pit of hell and are ready to fall headlong into it and yet they are completely unaware they are in any danger. If hearing about hell can cause otherwise senseless men to consider eternal truths, then preaching about hell is valuable indeed. It is better to view hell now, while you are living, and be terrified by it, than to have to endure hell forever when you die.
I would not have you to be more afraid of hell than of sin. Sin is your real enemy. Sin is worse than hell because sin gave birth to hell. Would you be willing to go to hell for all eternity for the enjoyment of a little pleasure and lust here on earth? Flee from sin! Flee from living for self and self-pleasing to Jesus Christ. When you die it will be to late. All opportunity to repent ends at death.
This doctrine is useful to the godly as well as the ungodly. The doctrine of hell should stir up within the righteous a fear of God. A godly fear is useful in many ways. The one who has a fear of God in his heart has a greater respect for the commandments of God. He who truly fears God will not fear men and would rather displease men than God (Isaiah 8:12-13). This doctrine should increase your faithfulness and joy in Christ that you have been delivered from the torments of hell and should likewise increase your love for Christ who endured the wrath of God upon the cross for you.
The doctrine of hell should stir up within you a fear of sin. It should cause us to fear even little sins and be careful to confess and forsake sins of the heart and thought life also. Let the doctrine of hell keep you from the practice of sin.
The doctrine of hell should help the godly to be patient under all outward, temporary afflictions which come to them. No matter how great your afflictions are in this world, they are far less than the torments of hell from which the Lord has freed the godly. You may have to undergo lessor torments while on earth, but remember they are only temporary and you have been freed from the greatest of all torments so you may rejoice even in a time of affliction.
This doctrine is useful to motivate you to tell others of the message of Christ. Eryl Davies wrote in his book The Wrath of God: "The eternity of hell's sufferings should make us the more zealous and eager to tell people of the only One who is able to rescue them. Do we shrink from declaring these solemn truths? Does the thought of hell displease us? Remember that God will be glorified even through the eternal sufferings of unbelievers in hell. His injured majesty will be vindicated...What is supreme in the purpose of God in the election and reprobation of men is His own glory, and hell also will glorify the justice, power, and wrath of God throughout eternity. In the meantime it is our responsibility to pray and work for the salvation of sinners before such awful punishment overtakes them."13
I cannot leave without one final word to those who think they are converted, but are not; and also, to those who know themselves to be unconverted. Can you conceive of eternity? Stop now and try to imagine being tormented unceasingly, forever, without end. Does this not terrify you? Never a chance for a moment's rest. Never a drop of water to cool your parched throat. Think again of how long eternity is. Try to imagine it: day and night, forever and ever, burned with fire like a spider in a furnace of flames. Shrieking, howling, wailing, cursing the day you were born, and being cursed by the devils and damned souls around you eternally. Remembering, forever remembering, how you were warned on earth and how you ignored those warnings: self-satisfied and self-deceived that all was well with your soul. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Unless you repent and flee to Jesus Christ, who is your only hope, you shall curse God eternally and be tormented by Him in His presence in the awful fullness of His wrath, and you shall never die. You shall never die. You shall never die! Eternity is forever!
1 Thomas Shepard, The Works of Thomas Shepard, Volume 1, (New York: AMS Press, 1967), p. 94.
2 Jonathan Edwards, The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 2, (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974) p. 87.
3 Ibid, p. 82.
4 Christopher Love, Hell's Terrors, (London: T. M., 1653), p. 19.
5 Jonathan Edwards, The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 2, (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974) p. 884.
6 Ibid, p.80.
7 Ibid, p. 81.
8 Charles Haddon Spurgeon, The New Park Street Pulpit, Volume 1, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), p. 308.
9 Christopher Love, Hell's Terrors, (London: T. M., 1653), pp. 54-55.
10 John Gerstner, Heaven and Hell, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1991), p. 77.
11 Thomas Shepard, The Works of Thomas Shepard, Volume 1, (New York: AMS Press, 1967), p. 58.
12 A. W. Pink, Studies in the Scriptures, January 1932, p. 18.
13 Eyrl Davies, The Wrath of God, (Mid Glamorgan, Wales: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1984), p. 59.
The Terrors of Hell is copyrighted 1992 by William C. Nichols. You may download this text for your own personal use. Should you desire additional printed copies of The Terrors of Hell you may obtain them from: International Outreach, Inc., P. O. Box 1286, Ames, Iowa 50014 for $25/100 copies+ $5 postage. We also have other tracts and books available. Also please visit our other sites The Torments of Hell, The Narrow Way, Revival Sermons of Jonathan Edwards, The Glory of Heaven, and Suicide: Gateway to Peace?
International Outreach, Inc.
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at the brown-eyed glory.
Squid are magnetic? Do they stick to lobsters?
On Saturday, June 22, the Greater Ridgewood Historical Society will host a Strawberry Festival at the Onderdonk House, corner of Flushing and Onderdonk avenues in Ridgewood. From 1-4 p.m., there will be plenty of food, games and entertainment for families to enjoy. The Society will be celebrating with strawberry with homemade strawberry shortcake and other food items. Children can play old-fashioned games on the lawn and make crafts. There will also be tours of the historic Onderdonk House. Admission for this event is $5 for adults, $3 for children. All activities and tours are face with admission. The current exhibit in the Onderdonk House Museum is on the history of Arbitration Rock, the prominent marker along the 1769 survey line that settle the land dispute between the colonial towns of Bushwick and Newtown. The rock was recently uncovered beneath Onderdonk Avenue and was relocated on the Onderdonk property in August 2001. To celebrate the discovery of Arbitration Rock and its relocation to the Onderdonk property, the public is also invited on Sunday, June 23 to the dedication of Arbitration Rock beginning at 3 p.m. This event is free and open to all. The Onderdonk House is a New York City, New York State and National Historic Landmark. Dutch framers built the house around 1709 and it remained a farmstead through the 1920s when the Greater Ridgewood Historical Society was founded to maintain and operate the Onderdonk House as a historic site and museum. These programs are made possible in part by public funding from the NYC Department of Cultural Affairs, secured through the efforts of the Queens borough president and the New York City Council, and by State Senator Serphin Maltese, Assemblywoman Catherine Nolan and by members of the Society. For more information and directions, please the Society?s office at 456- 1776 or surf to www.//members.aol.com/ondrdnkhse/grhs.htm [aol.com]
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Are all the people over at apple.slashdot.org as sensitive and easily thrown into a tizzy as you? Please save me the effort of checking for myself, or I will be forced to question one of your posts, thereby making you cry.
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←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C↗↕↕↘T ↓↑↔→k ↑↑↔↑D ←↓↗→I ↘←↓↑Z ↓←↘←R →↖→↓[ ↖↖←↕N ↖↕↘←y →→↘↔I →←↕↖u ↔↘↖↗| ↖←↖↕b ↕←→→t ↓↘→↗a ←↘↖↖a ↑↘↔→a ↑↗←↑n ↔↕↗↓_ ↕↕↑↖d ↖↕←↓e ↑↗→↕q ↘←↑← ↘↖↕←X ↗↑↕↓@ ↑↗↗↘M ↗↓↓↓i ↓→↘↔[ ↑→↗↖J ↗↗←↘w ↗↗↔↑v ↖↗↗↕E ↑↔↓↑T ↖↘↔←^ ↑↕←→g ↔↘↕↗J ↑→→↕S ↔↗↗←Y ↖↔↗↖g ↑↔↖↓v →↖↘↑@ ↑↓↑↖p ↑↘→→e →↕↘↔L ↗↓↔↔_ ↘↕↗←K ↕↖←→S →→↘↑] ↗↕↔↓m ↖↓↓↔v ↗↕↕→Q ↘↓↘↓y →↖↕↗M →↑↗↔I ←↖↓←l ↗↘↗↗M ↓↔↕↘p ←↔←↑e ↔↗↘→| ↘↓↘↖n ↕↕↕↔O ↓↑↑↔\ ↖↗↓↓T ←↓←↘n →↖↕←D ↗←↕↕o ↗↓→←| ↓→↗↓e ↗←↕↑H ↘↘↗↘K ↖→↓↖R ←↕↓←c ↖→↗↕z ↖↗↕↖q ↖↖←↘a ↖↕←→\ →↘↕↔e ↖←→↑c ↑←↘↓i ↘→←↑h ↑→↕↔F ↖↔→↖A ↘↑↗→\ ↘↓↔↖T ↓→←↓} ↓↗↘↗\ ↗↕↔↓} ↘←↘↗e ↑↓←↘m ↘↑↓↔b ←←↗↘r →↓→↘~ ↘↔↗↕w ↖↗↕← ↓↖↕↔q ↘↓↘↕s ←↖↗↖^ →↓→↓P ↗←←→i ↖↘↘↘B ↖↖→↘M ↗↔↑↖[ ←↗↓↑n ←↓↗→ ↓↗↑↕n ↘→↖←~ ←↘↓↗\ ↕↑←↑s ↑↑↔↗] ↕↕↖↕E →↖↗↘w ↓↑↑←@ ↘↔↘↗j ↑↓←→c ↑→↘↖l ←↓↑↓d →↗←→b ↖↕→↘J ↕↖↕↖} ←↑↗→[ ↕↕↘←m ↖↕↖←A ↔↔↕→~ ↗↓←←M ←↕↕↔M ↔↔↘↕q ↔→↑↗n ↓→→↓[ ↗↗↖↖\ ↖←↔→z ↔↖↓↖| ↖←↘↔~ ↘↕↓←n ↔→←↔h ←↖↗←s ↘←↔↕H ↔↔↗↑y ←↖↗↕d ↓↓↑↗r ↔↖↔↓@ ↓↔↗↔G ↘↔↔↓e ↘↘↘↕u ↘↑↘↔o ↑↓←→g ↓↘↖←M ↘←↑↖m ←↖→→K ←↘↕↕ ↕↗→↑l ←↑→↖Z ↗↕↗↕R ←↕→↘[ ↑↘←↘X ↑↕↘↘z ←←↘↕b ↕↓↓←B ↔→↑←| ↖↘↓→Z ←↓↑↘A ↕↑↘↓T ↖←↗→a →↕↕→\ ↔↓↑←A ↖←←↕g ↔←↓←e ↖↑↗↔C ←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C↗↕↕↘T ↓↑↔→k ↑↑↔↑D ←↓↗→I ↘←↓↑Z ↓←↘←R →↖→↓[ ↖↖←↕N ↖↕↘←y →→↘↔I →←↕↖u ↔↘↖↗| ↖←↖↕b ↕←→→t ↓↘→↗a ←↘↖↖a ↑↘↔→a ↑↗←↑n ↔↕↗↓_ ↕↕↑↖d ↖↕←↓e ↑↗→↕q ↘←↑← ↘↖↕←X ↗↑↕↓@ ↑↗↗↘M ↗↓↓↓i ↓→↘↔[ ↑→↗↖J ↗↗←↘w ↗↗↔↑v ↖↗↗↕E ↑↔↓↑T ↖↘↔←^ ↑↕←→g ↔↘↕↗J ↑→→↕S ↔↗↗←Y ↖↔↗↖g ↑↔↖↓v →↖↘↑@ ↑↓↑↖p ↑↘→→e →↕↘↔L ↗↓↔↔_ ↘↕↗←K ↕↖←→S →→↘↑] ↗↕↔↓m ↖↓↓↔v ↗↕↕→Q ↘↓↘↓y →↖↕↗M →↑↗↔I ←↖↓←l ↗↘↗↗M ↓↔↕↘p ←↔←↑e ↔↗↘→| ↘↓↘↖n ↕↕↕↔O ↓↑↑↔\ ↖↗↓↓T ←↓←↘n →↖↕←D ↗←↕↕o ↗↓→←| ↓→↗↓e ↗←↕↑H ↘↘↗↘K ↖→↓↖R ←↕↓←c ↖→↗↕z ↖↗↕↖q ↖↖←↘a ↖↕←→\ →↘↕↔e ↖←→↑c ↑←↘↓i ↘→←↑h ↑→↕↔F ↖↔→↖A ↘↑↗→\ ↘↓↔↖T ↓→←↓} ↓↗↘↗\ ↗↕↔↓} ↘←↘↗e ↑↓←↘m ↘↑↓↔b ←←↗↘r →↓→↘~ ↘↔↗↕w ↖↗↕← ↓↖↕↔q ↘↓↘↕s ←↖↗↖^ →↓→↓P ↗←←→i ↖↘↘↘B ↖↖→↘M ↗↔↑↖[ ←↗↓↑n ←↓↗→ ↓↗↑↕n ↘→↖←~ ←↘↓↗\ ↕↑←↑s ↑↑↔↗] ↕↕↖↕E →↖↗↘w ↓↑↑←@ ↘↔↘↗j ↑↓←→c ↑→↘↖l ←↓↑↓d →↗←→b ↖↕→↘J ↕↖↕↖} ←↑↗→[ ↕↕↘←m ↖↕↖←A ↔↔↕→~ ↗↓←←M ←↕↕↔M ↔↔↘↕q ↔→↑↗n ↓→→↓[ ↗↗↖↖\ ↖←↔→z ↔↖↓↖| ↖←↘↔~ ↘↕↓←n ↔→←↔h ←↖↗←s ↘←↔↕H ↔↔↗↑y ←↖↗↕d ↓↓↑↗r ↔↖↔↓@ ↓↔↗↔G ↘↔↔↓e ↘↘↘↕u ↘↑↘↔o ↑↓←→g ↓↘↖←M ↘←↑↖m ←↖→→K ←↘↕↕ ↕↗→↑l ←↑→↖Z ↗↕↗↕R ←↕→↘[ ↑↘←↘X ↑↕↘↘z ←←↘↕b ↕↓↓←B ↔→↑←| ↖↘↓→Z ←↓↑↘A ↕↑↘↓T ↖←↗→a →↕↕→\ ↔↓↑←A ↖←←↕g ↔←↓←e ↖↑↗↔C ←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C↗↕↕↘T ↓↑↔→k ↑↑↔↑D ←↓↗→I ↘←↓↑Z ↓←↘←R →↖→↓[ ↖↖←↕N ↖↕↘←y →→↘↔I →←↕↖u ↔↘↖↗| ↖←↖↕b ↕←→→t ↓↘→↗a ←↘↖↖a ↑↘↔→a ↑↗←↑n ↔↕↗↓_ ↕↕↑↖d ↖↕←↓e ↑↗→↕q ↘←↑← ↘↖↕←X ↗↑↕↓@ ↑↗↗↘M ↗↓↓↓i ↓→↘↔[ ↑→↗↖J ↗↗←↘w ↗↗↔↑v ↖↗↗↕E ↑↔↓↑T ↖↘↔←^ ↑↕←→g ↔↘↕↗J ↑→→↕S ↔↗↗←Y ↖↔↗↖g ↑↔↖↓v →↖↘↑@ ↑↓↑↖p ↑↘→→e →↕↘↔L ↗↓↔↔_ ↘↕↗←K ↕↖←→S →→↘↑] ↗↕↔↓m ↖↓↓↔v ↗↕↕→Q ↘↓↘↓y →↖↕↗M →↑↗↔I ←↖↓←l ↗↘↗↗M ↓↔↕↘p ←↔←↑e ↔↗↘→| ↘↓↘↖n ↕↕↕↔O ↓↑↑↔\ ↖↗↓↓T ←↓←↘n →↖↕←D ↗←↕↕o ↗↓→←| ↓→↗↓e ↗←↕↑H ↘↘↗↘K ↖→↓↖R ←↕↓←c ↖→↗↕z ↖↗↕↖q ↖↖←↘a ↖↕←→\ →↘↕↔e ↖←→↑c ↑←↘↓i ↘→←↑h ↑→↕↔F ↖↔→↖A ↘↑↗→\ ↘↓↔↖T ↓→←↓} ↓↗↘↗\ ↗↕↔↓} ↘←↘↗e ↑↓←↘m ↘↑↓↔b ←←↗↘r →↓→↘~ ↘↔↗↕w ↖↗↕← ↓↖↕↔q ↘↓↘↕s ←↖↗↖^ →↓→↓P ↗←←→i ↖↘↘↘B ↖↖→↘M ↗↔↑↖[ ←↗↓↑n ←↓↗→ ↓↗↑↕n ↘→↖←~ ←↘↓↗\ ↕↑←↑s ↑↑↔↗] ↕↕↖↕E →↖↗↘w ↓↑↑←@ ↘↔↘↗j ↑↓←→c ↑→↘↖l ←↓↑↓d →↗←→b ↖↕→↘J ↕↖↕↖} ←↑↗→[ ↕↕↘←m ↖↕↖←A ↔↔↕→~ ↗↓←←M ←↕↕↔M ↔↔↘↕q ↔→↑↗n ↓→→↓[ ↗↗↖↖\ ↖←↔→z ↔↖↓↖| ↖←↘↔~ ↘↕↓←n ↔→←↔h ←↖↗←s ↘←↔↕H ↔↔↗↑y ←↖↗↕d ↓↓↑↗r ↔↖↔↓@ ↓↔↗↔G ↘↔↔↓e ↘↘↘↕u ↘↑↘↔o ↑↓←→g ↓↘↖←M ↘←↑↖m ←↖→→K ←↘↕↕ ↕↗→↑l ←↑→↖Z ↗↕↗↕R ←↕→↘[ ↑↘←↘X ↑↕↘↘z ←←↘↕b ↕↓↓←B ↔→↑←| ↖↘↓→Z ←↓↑↘A ↕↑↘↓T ↖←↗→a →↕↕→\ ↔↓↑←A ↖←←↕g ↔←↓←e ↖↑↗↔C ←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C↗↕↕↘T ↓↑↔→k ↑↑↔↑D ←↓↗→I ↘←↓↑Z ↓←↘←R →↖→↓[ ↖↖←↕N ↖↕↘←y →→↘↔I →←↕↖u ↔↘↖↗| ↖←↖↕b ↕←→→t ↓↘→↗a ←↘↖↖a ↑↘↔→a ↑↗←↑n ↔↕↗↓_ ↕↕↑↖d ↖↕←↓e ↑↗→↕q ↘←↑← ↘↖↕←X ↗↑↕↓@ ↑↗↗↘M ↗↓↓↓i ↓→↘↔[ ↑→↗↖J ↗↗←↘w ↗↗↔↑v ↖↗↗↕E ↑↔↓↑T ↖↘↔←^ ↑↕←→g ↔↘↕↗J ↑→→↕S ↔↗↗←Y ↖↔↗↖g ↑↔↖↓v →↖↘↑@ ↑↓↑↖p ↑↘→→e →↕↘↔L ↗↓↔↔_ ↘↕↗←K ↕↖←→S →→↘↑] ↗↕↔↓m ↖↓↓↔v ↗↕↕→Q ↘↓↘↓y →↖↕↗M →↑↗↔I ←↖↓←l ↗↘↗↗M ↓↔↕↘p ←↔←↑e ↔↗↘→| ↘↓↘↖n ↕↕↕↔O ↓↑↑↔\ ↖↗↓↓T ←↓←↘n →↖↕←D ↗←↕↕o ↗↓→←| ↓→↗↓e ↗←↕↑H ↘↘↗↘K ↖→↓↖R ←↕↓←c ↖→↗↕z ↖↗↕↖q ↖↖←↘a ↖↕←→\ →↘↕↔e ↖←→↑c ↑←↘↓i ↘→←↑h ↑→↕↔F ↖↔→↖A ↘↑↗→\ ↘↓↔↖T ↓→←↓} ↓↗↘↗\ ↗↕↔↓} ↘←↘↗e ↑↓←↘m ↘↑↓↔b ←←↗↘r →↓→↘~ ↘↔↗↕w ↖↗↕← ↓↖↕↔q ↘↓↘↕s ←↖↗↖^ →↓→↓P ↗←←→i ↖↘↘↘B ↖↖→↘M ↗↔↑↖[ ←↗↓↑n ←↓↗→ ↓↗↑↕n ↘→↖←~ ←↘↓↗\ ↕↑←↑s ↑↑↔↗] ↕↕↖↕E →↖↗↘w ↓↑↑←@ ↘↔↘↗j ↑↓←→c ↑→↘↖l ←↓↑↓d →↗←→b ↖↕→↘J ↕↖↕↖} ←↑↗→[ ↕↕↘←m ↖↕↖←A ↔↔↕→~ ↗↓←←M ←↕↕↔M ↔↔↘↕q ↔→↑↗n ↓→→↓[ ↗↗↖↖\ ↖←↔→z ↔↖↓↖| ↖←↘↔~ ↘↕↓←n ↔→←↔h ←↖↗←s ↘←↔↕H ↔↔↗↑y ←↖↗↕d ↓↓↑↗r ↔↖↔↓@ ↓↔↗↔G ↘↔↔↓e ↘↘↘↕u ↘↑↘↔o ↑↓←→g ↓↘↖←M ↘←↑↖m ←↖→→K ←↘↕↕ ↕↗→↑l ←↑→↖Z ↗↕↗↕R ←↕→↘[ ↑↘←↘X ↑↕↘↘z ←←↘↕b ↕↓↓←B ↔→↑←| ↖↘↓→Z ←↓↑↘A ↕↑↘↓T ↖←↗→a →↕↕→\ ↔↓↑←A ↖←←↕g ↔←↓←e ↖↑↗↔C ←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C↗↕↕↘T ↓↑↔→k ↑↑↔↑D ←↓↗→I ↘←↓↑Z ↓←↘←R →↖→↓[ ↖↖←↕N ↖↕↘←y →→↘↔I →←↕↖u ↔↘↖↗| ↖←↖↕b ↕←→→t ↓↘→↗a ←↘↖↖a ↑↘↔→a ↑↗←↑n ↔↕↗↓_ ↕↕↑↖d ↖↕←↓e ↑↗→↕q ↘←↑← ↘↖↕←X ↗↑↕↓@ ↑↗↗↘M ↗↓↓↓i ↓→↘↔[ ↑→↗↖J ↗↗←↘w ↗↗↔↑v ↖↗↗↕E ↑↔↓↑T ↖↘↔←^ ↑↕←→g ↔↘↕↗J ↑→→↕S ↔↗↗←Y ↖↔↗↖g ↑↔↖↓v →↖↘↑@ ↑↓↑↖p ↑↘→→e →↕↘↔L ↗↓↔↔_ ↘↕↗←K ↕↖←→S →→↘↑] ↗↕↔↓m ↖↓↓↔v ↗↕↕→Q ↘↓↘↓y →↖↕↗M →↑↗↔I ←↖↓←l ↗↘↗↗M ↓↔↕↘p ←↔←↑e ↔↗↘→| ↘↓↘↖n ↕↕↕↔O ↓↑↑↔\ ↖↗↓↓T ←↓←↘n →↖↕←D ↗←↕↕o ↗↓→←| ↓→↗↓e ↗←↕↑H ↘↘↗↘K ↖→↓↖R ←↕↓←c ↖→↗↕z ↖↗↕↖q ↖↖←↘a ↖↕←→\ →↘↕↔e ↖←→↑c ↑←↘↓i ↘→←↑h ↑→↕↔F ↖↔→↖A ↘↑↗→\ ↘↓↔↖T ↓→←↓} ↓↗↘↗\ ↗↕↔↓} ↘←↘↗e ↑↓←↘m ↘↑↓↔b ←←↗↘r →↓→↘~ ↘↔↗↕w ↖↗↕← ↓↖↕↔q ↘↓↘↕s ←↖↗↖^ →↓→↓P ↗←←→i ↖↘↘↘B ↖↖→↘M ↗↔↑↖[ ←↗↓↑n ←↓↗→ ↓↗↑↕n ↘→↖←~ ←↘↓↗\ ↕↑←↑s ↑↑↔↗] ↕↕↖↕E →↖↗↘w ↓↑↑←@ ↘↔↘↗j ↑↓←→c ↑→↘↖l ←↓↑↓d →↗←→b ↖↕→↘J ↕↖↕↖} ←↑↗→[ ↕↕↘←m ↖↕↖←A ↔↔↕→~ ↗↓←←M ←↕↕↔M ↔↔↘↕q ↔→↑↗n ↓→→↓[ ↗↗↖↖\ ↖←↔→z ↔↖↓↖| ↖←↘↔~ ↘↕↓←n ↔→←↔h ←↖↗←s ↘←↔↕H ↔↔↗↑y ←↖↗↕d ↓↓↑↗r ↔↖↔↓@ ↓↔↗↔G ↘↔↔↓e ↘↘↘↕u ↘↑↘↔o ↑↓←→g ↓↘↖←M ↘←↑↖m ←↖→→K ←↘↕↕ ↕↗→↑l ←↑→↖Z ↗↕↗↕R ←↕→↘[ ↑↘←↘X ↑↕↘↘z ←←↘↕b ↕↓↓←B ↔→↑←| ↖↘↓→Z ←↓↑↘A ↕↑↘↓T ↖←↗→a →↕↕→\ ↔↓↑←A ↖←←↕g ↔←↓←e ↖↑↗↔C ←→←↑@ ↗←↑↕^ ↖←↔←\ ↕→↑→K ↔↕↗↔D ↖↓←↕z ↑↕↗↗u ↑↖↓↔Y ←←→↔Q ↔↕↓↘S ↔←↑↓g ↗←↑↗{ ↓↑↘↖\ →←↖↔C ↔→↓→` ↘↘↖↖y ↕↗↔↑C ←↗↕↔g ↕↘↕→l ↑↔↗←\ ↖↕↗↗N ↔↔→↘_ ↔↔↗↑q ↘↑→↘] ↑←↓↗x ↖↕↔→J ↗←←↗f ↕↓↓↔w ↖↕↕→L ↔↓↔↖Y ↓→↖↖o ↓↔↘↔N ↖↓→↑k ↖→↗↔P ↗↖→↗P ↗↑←←[ ↘→↘↕] →↔↔↘a ↓↑↔↑R ↖→↑↗c ↗↕↑↖F ↑↗→↖~ ↕↗↗↕H ←↓↘↕a ↕←←↘^ ↓↔←↖_ →↖↘↗\ ↕↑←↗@ ←↖↘↔v ↓↕↘→R ↓↖←←@ →↔↕↗A →↓→←_ ↘↓←←P ↑↑→↕c ↘↕↕↓n ←↕↗→t ↔←↕↕Q ↘↔↕←t ↓↗↕↑f ↗↗↑↘U ↗↑↖↘P ↓↓←↘~ ←↗↑↕R ↕↔↖→~ ↗↓↘↘P ↕↑↑←` ↗↖→→L ↑↔↗↕K ↑↖↑↖Q ↕↕↑→t ↕→←↓@ ↖↑↑↕p ↕↖↘↑D ↗↓→←Y ↘↓↔→[ ↔↖↘↑l ↖↔↔↖C ←→↔↘a ↗↔→→A ↘↑↑→| ↖↘←↔i ↗↗↑↕C
Here's a link to an informational page put together by the government of Burundi, so that you can learn more about that country.
Years of involvement in the Open Sores movement have left my fingers capable only of producing buggy, amateurish, code, and of plugging up my ears when people point out the flaws in it. For this reason, I regret that I cannot be of service to your most highly esteemed anus.
for more gay orgies.