The only benefit 24-bit and 192kHz has is for mastering when you want to lose as little quality and introduce as little aliasing as possible.
One advantage of a higher sampling rate is that it makes the 'brick wall' anti-aliasing filter in playback equipment much more performant and easier to implement. By using 44.1 KHz sampling rate, the brick wall filter in a CD player is expected to pass 20KHz perfectly and with no phase distortion while simultaneously and perfectly rejecting anything above 22.05 kHz - that's a tall order. By using 192 kHz, it's relatively straightforward to design a simple filter with dead-flat performance in attenuation and phase out past 20 kHz but eliminate the alias products at 96kHz and above by 100+ dB.
The rate of orbital decay is highly dependent on the surface area to mass ratio of the object. Typical debris has little mass and a lot of surface area, so it decays very rapidly when compared to a satellite or other massive object. This PDF explains it well, and you can look at TLEfiles to get a feel for actual decay terms.
The EGRS-3 Sat launched in 1965 is still orbiting in an 894 x 927 km orbit. TIROS-1 was launched into a 693 km x 750 km orbit in 1960, and is still merrily orbiting away 51 years later at 638 x 672 km.
The oldest sat still in orbit is Vanguard-1. It was launched into a rather elliptical orbit with the perigee near 650 km, but only massed 1kg!
I'm not sure it would need a date/time stamp for each reading since they're periodic. It might want to keep a single last-read date (or the last-cleared date) so you can calculate the date/time of the readings. Also, I doubt it keeps a floating point representation of the number. A/D converters usually deal in a fixed number of bits, so a 10 bit A/D would be able to store 0-1023, which is a little better than 0.1% resolution. For IOPs in the range of 0-50mmHg (0=eyeball deflated, 50=bugging), that's 0.05mmHg - that's likely sufficient resolution since the normal range is 10-20mmHg and the day/night variance is on the order of 3-6 mmHg.
Given those parameters, the date/time stamp could be as small as 20 bits if you only store DOY hhmm in raw form (DOY=day of year; no need for the year if you know you can only store a week's worth of data). In fact, you could likely get away with storing the day of week + hhmm. The number of samples returned would tell you whether you went a day over or had it read out 1 day after being cleared. Each sample would be 10 bits, so you're talking about 20 + 672 * 10 bits/week - that's 6740 bits/week or about 843 bytes/week. Even if you chose to 'waste' bits and make all of the values multiples of 8 bits you're still only talking 10776 bits/week = 1347 bytes/week.
At that data rate I'm surprised they chose 'normal' radio readout - using an RFID-like system where the radio gets its power from the interrogating field would help with power consumption.
I wonder if a tiny bit of e-paper could be modulated with less power than a 60GHz radio? Reflective readout, that's the ticket!
I absolutely agree. I chose the Brother MFC-9840CDW because it supports OS X and Windows equally well. I was a big HP fan until they chose to tie their fortunes to the Windows star. I think they may find that the Windows star might turn out to be a black hole.
I did the same thing - my Pet Club card is in the name "Harry Effeau" (Hairy eff-U, but pronounced eff-o if asked). I have others as "Flemi Oisterhocker", "Lou Steuhl", "Chip Failure", etc. I love getting mail addressed to "Mr. Oisterhocker".
Don't forget that towers reuse frequencies, and a handset at any significant altitude can/will interfere with towers farther away than what would usually be within range. It used to be murder in the analog days, but is still an issue today.
Talk to an engineer - they could develop non-flashing LED bulbs for you when you're in your home. Also, ask your doctor about whether having DC-driven, moderately bright white LEDs on glasses shining into your eyes to swamp the 120 Hz flicker around you would help. If they were really high-tech they could sense the external flicker and only pulse in the gaps (out of phase), so to speak. You might also test if a particular LED color better dampens the flicker.
Good luck - it sounds like a very unpleasant condition to have.
Yeah I agree about not being worried. They were in long, black (IIRC) containers on the back of a semi trailer. I was more worried about being crushed if they rolled off the truck than anything else. I know that new fuel rods are essentially inert - uranium is an alpha emitter.
I was on I-64 eastbound, east of Charlottesville when I passed them.
I mean, I am pretty sure should have way better antennas than most of ham radio users. If so, what is the need for the ham operators?
The quality of one's antenna does not play into this - the satellite is in a very low orbit so signal strength is high.
What hams offer that NASA does not have is a globally-distributed receiver network. Because the sat is in such a low orbit its radio footprint is pretty small. NASA may have enormous antennas at a few spots around the globe, but there are millions of hams all around the world with the proper equipment to receive the AX.25 packets.
Placing the reactor deep underwater could boost efficiency in a couple of ways. The much lower inlet temperature would allow for higher Carnot efficiency, and placing the reactor and primary/secondary loops in a high ambient pressure environment would allow higher absolute pressure (and therefore higher non-boiling working temperature) inside the loops. That's a good thing in a PWR.
Believe it or not, you're chancing it every day with things that could take out a whole city block (e.g. liquid chlorine) while you're worrying about something that would be ugly but that they'd just direct traffic around.
Funny you should mention that. I make a point to note all of the placards I see on the highway and look them up in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Just this morning I passed a tanker of isopropyl acetate (placard 1220) - fairly nasty stuff according to the guide.
The worst thing I've seen on the road were reinforced small tanks of the CX blister agent (a chemical weapon, placard 2811) and a rail car of chlorine (placard 1017). What the CX was doing on the highway I have no idea.
I've also seen casks of reactor fuel heading from the Areva plant in Lynchburg, Va presumably to one of the reactors in Surry or North Anna. I was a lot less concerned over the nuclear fuel that I was the CX.
Some of the more dangerous entries in the guidebook (check out Oxygen Difluoride, placard 2190) have initial isolation distances for large spills of 1000m - that's 3280 ft or.62 MILES in all directions. Draw a circle of radius 1000m centered on your downtown and see how many people that is. You must also protect people downwind at night for 11 km (7+ miles) for large or small spills and 11km during the day for large spills.
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The only benefit 24-bit and 192kHz has is for mastering when you want to lose as little quality and introduce as little aliasing as possible.
One advantage of a higher sampling rate is that it makes the 'brick wall' anti-aliasing filter in playback equipment much more performant and easier to implement. By using 44.1 KHz sampling rate, the brick wall filter in a CD player is expected to pass 20KHz perfectly and with no phase distortion while simultaneously and perfectly rejecting anything above 22.05 kHz - that's a tall order. By using 192 kHz, it's relatively straightforward to design a simple filter with dead-flat performance in attenuation and phase out past 20 kHz but eliminate the alias products at 96kHz and above by 100+ dB.
The rate of orbital decay is highly dependent on the surface area to mass ratio of the object. Typical debris has little mass and a lot of surface area, so it decays very rapidly when compared to a satellite or other massive object. This PDF explains it well, and you can look at TLE files to get a feel for actual decay terms.
The EGRS-3 Sat launched in 1965 is still orbiting in an 894 x 927 km orbit. TIROS-1 was launched into a 693 km x 750 km orbit in 1960, and is still merrily orbiting away 51 years later at 638 x 672 km.
The oldest sat still in orbit is Vanguard-1. It was launched into a rather elliptical orbit with the perigee near 650 km, but only massed 1kg!
I'm not sure it would need a date/time stamp for each reading since they're periodic. It might want to keep a single last-read date (or the last-cleared date) so you can calculate the date/time of the readings. Also, I doubt it keeps a floating point representation of the number. A/D converters usually deal in a fixed number of bits, so a 10 bit A/D would be able to store 0-1023, which is a little better than 0.1% resolution. For IOPs in the range of 0-50mmHg (0=eyeball deflated, 50=bugging), that's 0.05mmHg - that's likely sufficient resolution since the normal range is 10-20mmHg and the day/night variance is on the order of 3-6 mmHg.
Given those parameters, the date/time stamp could be as small as 20 bits if you only store DOY hhmm in raw form (DOY=day of year; no need for the year if you know you can only store a week's worth of data). In fact, you could likely get away with storing the day of week + hhmm. The number of samples returned would tell you whether you went a day over or had it read out 1 day after being cleared. Each sample would be 10 bits, so you're talking about 20 + 672 * 10 bits/week - that's 6740 bits/week or about 843 bytes/week. Even if you chose to 'waste' bits and make all of the values multiples of 8 bits you're still only talking 10776 bits/week = 1347 bytes/week.
At that data rate I'm surprised they chose 'normal' radio readout - using an RFID-like system where the radio gets its power from the interrogating field would help with power consumption.
I wonder if a tiny bit of e-paper could be modulated with less power than a 60GHz radio? Reflective readout, that's the ticket!
Real hard-core sysadmins don't use perl, they use sed, awk, grep, cut, etc.
Y7Xi7....This is clearly 1337 for "Why Transmit It" (Y TX iT), or possibly "Why, Transmit It!"
That's clearly a perl script.
Hamas has always sounded to me like a Spanish verb that needs conjugation: hamo, hamas, hama, hamamos, hamais, haman.
I absolutely agree. I chose the Brother MFC-9840CDW because it supports OS X and Windows equally well. I was a big HP fan until they chose to tie their fortunes to the Windows star. I think they may find that the Windows star might turn out to be a black hole.
I did the same thing - my Pet Club card is in the name "Harry Effeau" (Hairy eff-U, but pronounced eff-o if asked). I have others as "Flemi Oisterhocker", "Lou Steuhl", "Chip Failure", etc. I love getting mail addressed to "Mr. Oisterhocker".
Trivia: The USSR is the only country to have fired a weapon in space (that we know of). They ... included a small calibre cannon which was test fired.
Say what??? A few nukes in outer space don't count??? There were 10 that were near/above 100km.
As soon as there's an app for subvocal recognition.
Don't forget that towers reuse frequencies, and a handset at any significant altitude can/will interfere with towers farther away than what would usually be within range. It used to be murder in the analog days, but is still an issue today.
Humans need it to be about (we can tolerate slight variations) 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon and traces of others.
Actually we only need O2 at a partial pressure of about 3 psi. The absolute lower limit is around 2.32 psi, and spacesuits operate around 4.3 psi with elevated O2 content. There are plenty of other gases available if you must dilute pure O2 to prevent O2 toxicity. Many have more issues that nitrogen at elevated pressure, but probably fewer/none at reduced pressure.
Planktonic relationships are impossible to maintain for very long. Sooner or later someone wants more.
Talk to an engineer - they could develop non-flashing LED bulbs for you when you're in your home. Also, ask your doctor about whether having DC-driven, moderately bright white LEDs on glasses shining into your eyes to swamp the 120 Hz flicker around you would help. If they were really high-tech they could sense the external flicker and only pulse in the gaps (out of phase), so to speak. You might also test if a particular LED color better dampens the flicker.
Good luck - it sounds like a very unpleasant condition to have.
What's a "j, bla, sociali, mus"?
I'd say sage goes better with the "Other, Other White Meat".
A restaurant near me has 'Child Spaghetti' on the menu, so tomato sauce must go well with child.
In which boxed set does Han Solo shoot first?
867-5309, of course. Her name is Jenny, and she's a Blondie. Her father was Tommy Tutone.
The same kind^H^H^H^H as the Chicago mob, in fact.
FTFY.
Don't be lyin' to Parliament! George Clinton will kick your behind!
And here I was thinking they were a couple of 'whoas' shy of "Do You Know the Way to San Jose?"
Yeah I agree about not being worried. They were in long, black (IIRC) containers on the back of a semi trailer. I was more worried about being crushed if they rolled off the truck than anything else. I know that new fuel rods are essentially inert - uranium is an alpha emitter.
I was on I-64 eastbound, east of Charlottesville when I passed them.
I mean, I am pretty sure should have way better antennas than most of ham radio users. If so, what is the need for the ham operators?
The quality of one's antenna does not play into this - the satellite is in a very low orbit so signal strength is high.
What hams offer that NASA does not have is a globally-distributed receiver network. Because the sat is in such a low orbit its radio footprint is pretty small. NASA may have enormous antennas at a few spots around the globe, but there are millions of hams all around the world with the proper equipment to receive the AX.25 packets.
Placing the reactor deep underwater could boost efficiency in a couple of ways. The much lower inlet temperature would allow for higher Carnot efficiency, and placing the reactor and primary/secondary loops in a high ambient pressure environment would allow higher absolute pressure (and therefore higher non-boiling working temperature) inside the loops. That's a good thing in a PWR.
Believe it or not, you're chancing it every day with things that could take out a whole city block (e.g. liquid chlorine) while you're worrying about something that would be ugly but that they'd just direct traffic around.
Funny you should mention that. I make a point to note all of the placards I see on the highway and look them up in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Just this morning I passed a tanker of isopropyl acetate (placard 1220) - fairly nasty stuff according to the guide.
The worst thing I've seen on the road were reinforced small tanks of the CX blister agent (a chemical weapon, placard 2811) and a rail car of chlorine (placard 1017). What the CX was doing on the highway I have no idea.
I've also seen casks of reactor fuel heading from the Areva plant in Lynchburg, Va presumably to one of the reactors in Surry or North Anna. I was a lot less concerned over the nuclear fuel that I was the CX.
Some of the more dangerous entries in the guidebook (check out Oxygen Difluoride, placard 2190) have initial isolation distances for large spills of 1000m - that's 3280 ft or .62 MILES in all directions. Draw a circle of radius 1000m centered on your downtown and see how many people that is. You must also protect people downwind at night for 11 km (7+ miles) for large or small spills and 11km during the day for large spills.