I read this forum and I see the influence of Star Trek. If the Rare Earth Hypothesis is true, then alien visitation is a bad omen for us. In Star Trek, the federation is a society of abundance and consist of 150 worlds. They have no need for another planet and can simply apply the Prime Directive whenever they come across a planet with primitive inhabitants. However, in a rare earth universe, habitable planets like ours might be a one in a million (or billion) and an alien species can't just altuistically leave us be. Our scientific knowledge to date tells that any one habitable is only habitable for a limited time since the aging of the star will eventually decimated the planet. An interstellar species might be frantically looking for an Earth type planet to resettle. Interstellar invasion will take decade if not centuries to accomplish for a variety of reasons. First, the species is not quite adapted to living on Earth and must be genetically engineered first. Such engineering would take generations to accomplish and may require borrowing adaptations from our genetic code which would take years of study. Second, the visitors up to this point are the just the initial scouts. Larger ships would be required to transport the total population. However, a larger ship would require more energy to move thorugh space and may be traveling much slower than the scouts. So, the invasion force just hasn't gotten here yet! If aliens have visited us, then I am worried.
You can't use the word perplexing and simple to describe the same thing! A simple way to allow business PC buyers to downgrade is the OEM sells the computer with free dos (making sure the hardware is compatible with XP). There done! Microsoft does not need to get involve with the sale of the hardware. They can deal directly with the customer when it comes time to renew the licensing agreement.
One should acknowledge that the decision does not allow a price floor to be set amongst competitors in the same market. From the article, the decision allows prices floors to be set as part of the agreement between manufacturers and distributors. The impact may be visible in scenarios where a manufacturer sells its wares though its own direct sales channel and a retail channel. Prices for a specific product will reach parity amoungst all possible sellers. A retailer like Newegg may have to sell some of its wares at higher prices. However, those prices are still regulated by market pressures. If the price floor is above the equilibrium price, the manufacturer stocks are going to go up. In addition, the decision does allow the lower courts to hear complaints about price flooring on a case by case basis. So, the decision is not as damaging as it might seem at first.
I am a little uncomfortable with government policy leaning too pro business especially in the courts. Even the decision on campaign finance reform is a little disconcerting. That couple with the Republican block on pro labor laws shows a conservative disregard of the majority will in favor of businesses.
I just don't have the disposable income to be a Apple product tester. I do want a device that allows me to combine all the little device in my pocket to one little device. Also, iPhone would also allow me to leave my laptop at home more often. I sure hope it survives a couple of generations till I can afford to buy one.
Does you calculations indicate the time it take to move Venus to 1 au or the time it would take to collect enough energy off the Sun to begin moving Venus. If it is the latter, we would have need a storage for much energy. Currently, our most effecient storage of energy is the litium ion battery (5.8e5 J/kg energy density). To store that much energy off the sun, we would need a lithium ion battery with a mass of 104e24 kg or about as massive as Neptune. You would have more trouble manipulating that mass than Venus (mass(Neptune)=20*mass(Venus)). I will leave you to calculate the mass of the solar cell to collect the energy. No, a better source of energy would be converting the mass equivalent to a small moon into energy. Matter/antimatter reaction would be the most effiecient route.
The how is conceptually possible but, probably realistically impossible to pull off. According to General Relativity, matter distorts the geometry of space in such a way that other matter is compelled to move towards the center of mass. The planets stay in orbit only because their tangential velocity moves them away from the sun the same distance that distortion pulls them towards the sun. A similar distortion in space would have to be create at right angles to vector of gravitational force between the Sun and Venus. Calculating the size of that distortion or the energy it would take to create it is beyond my understanding of GR. We currently have no concept of how to articfially distort space. However, we do have a hypothetical concept of microblack hole. We could feasibly use that to speed the planet up. The problem with is the size and lifetime of that black-hole(s). If it is too big, then it could affect Earth's orbit. We would need a succesion of small short-life black holes to inch the speed up slowly. We would need to slow the planet down quick enough so that it didn't collide with Earth. Also, we could use them to increase the rotational velocity of the planet so its days are more Earth-like.
I agree with your comments. I think Microsoft is more concern with Window becoming a secondary program. The sale of Windows is not the only source of revenue MS derives from Windows. Microsoft built a largely anti-consumer DRM system into Vista so that MS can licensed the use of DRM tools and formats to content providers. The success of MS DRM because is tied directly to its monopoly. If MS home versions are just a VM, then Apple iTunes takes precedence. Microsoft only allows the business versions because it is not likely that it will be used for content. The Ultimate version is a low volume/high margin product. So, it wouldn't make much of a dent to MS DRM goals.
Ok. You want to move venus from.7 AU to 1 AU. Well, lets take a look at the the energy requirements to pull off such a feat.
Step1-Change the orbit: The safest method would be simply to increase the orbital velocity of the planet. Venus is moving at 35,000 m/s. Increasing that by 1% would require 0.3X10^30 J of energy. E=1/2mv^2.
Step 2- we would need to stabilized the orbit when reaches Venus 1AU. We would have to slow the planet to 30,000 m/s (v=sqrt(G*M(sun)/r) or Earths orbital velocity). That would require 60X10^30 J.
To accelerate the space shuttle to Gliese 581 at 0.5c, we would only need 3X1^22 J (KE=mc^2/sqrt(1- (v/c)^2) -mc^2; m= 2X10^6 kg). For all the energy we would expend moving Venus to a suitable orbit, we could send 20X10^8 Space shuttles to Gliese 581. At 6 person per shuttle, we can transport 12 billion people to Gliese in 40 years. Since there is only 6 billion of us, I vote for interstellar travel and let Venus continue roasting.
I didn't factor in energy waste and assume 100% efficiency in the process.
I will call this irony.I have no other word at the moment because I am not privy to the decision makers at MS. I run Mac OSX and I just want the Basic version in Parallells. Aero, I have Aqua. Sidebar- I have Dashboard. Security- I have obscurity. I just want basic windows compatibility and nothing else. Moreover, since I am running one OS already, I want the version with smallest footprint to dedicate more resources to that pesky program that has no OS X port.
OSX has more vulnerabilities than XP or Vista. Where do you get that number? Please publish the links to at least 3 source of said number. I am just curious. This being slashdot and all. I am befuddled how so many haven't mastered citing a reference.
I understand the importance of standards in designing a web page. I have seen the ugliness of trying to render a page built for IE in Safari. I don't see the direct correlation of revenue produce by distributing a web browser and my usage of it. The things are given away for free. What is all the static about Apple releasing Safari for Windows. It just another browser!. The diversity of web browser market is necessary to promote open standards. I am generally happy about Apple releasing Safari for Windows for two reasons. First, a Safari version for Windows means I don't have to pay for Leopard to get the latest version. More importantly, Windows Safari will increase the userbase of Safari consequently making Safari harder to ignore when designing a webpage.
I don't see any other good reason to use Firewire today.
Target Disk Mode (TDM). If you need to move file between you laptop and desktop, you start one mac in TDM by pressing "T". Connect it to the other via firewire and the hard drive appears on the desktop. Transfer to your heart's content without any further configuration. I have always found the PC way (ethernet, flash, or cd) to be really clumsy.
On the other hand, if you search the Windows side first, you'll quickly discover machines that -- in features and price -- fit in between the Mac SKUs. And in those niches, they represent very good values. So there's one answer to the question of whether Macs or Windows represent a better value: If one of those "in between" PCs suits your needs best, you'd be paying an unnecessary premium to get a Mac instead.
He is referring to you genius. -1 redundant, RTFA, and actually comprehend it.
This review is much belated given that the current version of OSX is going to be retired in October. I agree about the upgradeabilty concerns. Apple has a terrible record on point. One example is the absolute headache to upgrade ram on an after market mini. However, the design of those low end systems makes up for that deficiency. The mini and the imac are compact and unobtusive that free up space on the desk. The ports are plentiful yet concise and easy to use which simplies setup of the computer and adding periphereals later on. Moreover, plently peripherals exist that can be used with OSX. There are scanners, printers, cameras, mp3 player, dvd drives, hard drives, and flash drives. What specific peripheral does not work? As with freeware, the need is purely subjective. So call "freeware" is really not that free on windows. It is usually accompanied with spyware or advertisement which I personally could do without. Moreover, I could count the open source software I use with my pinky finger. It is SAMBA and comes built into the OS.
Wow you were able to keep that straight in your head. I am still trying to figure out what the hell is going. It all went supernatural in the second half of season 3 and lost me.
I was referring more to hobbyists and possibly students who may frequent the site as evident by the fact that the story got posted in the first place. Somebody had enough interest to read it and submit it. I did in fact take the time to read a scientific paper detailing the how the measurement was made and what laws were used to infer the planets characteristics. I can tell that I would not understand half as much as I did if I didn't have a degree in physics. In any rate, there is a disconnect in this modern age that is certainly not helped by either the education system or the media. It is pretty benign in the case of exoplanet discoveries but it dangerous in other places. My point is that forums like Slashdot can help to educate more people about many different issues when others means are not available. If you think that such a request is unfeasible, what is your solution to the disconnect?
You didn't answer how accurate that was. I did some checking and the error in that method is 20-30% and the stars have to be main sequence. Overall, I wanted to point out the disconnect at the level of the laymen that makes it difficult for them to weigh the conclusions by experts in the field. Your solution was for the laymen to go read a book. However, that solution can be flawed if one does not have the time or the background to find out for himself. In this age, the level of scientific knowledge is too immense for there to be many renaissance persons. Thus, forums like Slashdot might serve better inform those concerned layman by having experts discuss the methodology and veracity of the conclusions. Outside of astronomy, such internet forums might be critical to the future of democracies where such conclusions as "Iraq has WMD's" can be weighed before action is supported.
I would point out that this may lead us to understand the true foundation of morality and the laws that govern us everday. Moreover, as the article stated, it might give us clues as to why some neglect that morality when committing horrendous acts with any empathy at all.
No, the lack of altruism may have the inverse effect. Species survive and not inviduals. Altruism can theoretically improve the surivability of the group by preserving diversity. Indivdiual who lack altruistic tendacies can actually hurt the group by tying up resources and thus reducing the genetic variability of the group. That makes the group more vulnerable to extinction events such those caused by plagues.
You joke but that may be right and very interesting. I know of many females who don't experience orgasms at every sexual encounter yet are still satisifed by the sexual experience. I think that satisfaction is genuine and not just being the women feigning to be affable (in some of these case they are happily married).
I have questions about the methodolgy employed these discoveries. How much can we really know about these planets? For instance take the wobble method, we can infer the orbital period from the wobble (periodic changes in the star's spectrum). However, we still have some difficulty with the size of the planet and its orbital radius. First, if we are using Kepler's Third Law (P^2=4pi^2*OR^3/(G(M+m)), we would need know the mass of the star. What are the methods for determining that and how accurate are they? Then, we need to know either orbital radius or the mass of the planet to get the rest of the picture. Maybe the mass can be infer by the amplitdue of the wobble, but how is that calibrated? What if there are more than one planet (our system has 8 with four big ones)? How will the other planets affect the wobble? What about normal periodic solar activity like sunspots producing periodic changes in the spectrum that we are inferring as being cause by the wobble? (Our star spectrum changes every 11 years which is also the period of Jupiter). How accurate is the transit method? This being slashdot and all, we might better benefit if those with knowledge discuss the details behind these exoplanet "discoveries".
Who elects these idiots?. Email is free! I suggest that senatorial prospects started submitting their resumes for election or taking at least take a iq test.
Want to tax the internet? Please meet these requirements first:
Rich- Develop better ways to tax those that control 90% of nation's wealth
Accountability- Stop giving President Bush a blank check. The man couldn't manage a lemonade stand. Watch every dime he spends like a hawk! Pinch the quarter till the eagle screams!
Remove the Pork!- Stop building bridges to nowhere.
Cutback the military- The military is absolute supreme leader in wasting money. I am "shocked and awed" by their how adept they are at wasting money. Some admiral get his newly designed toy aircraft carrier and yet we can't keep rats out of Walter Reed. I have one word: Oversight.
Once that is accomplished. Tax the internet in this order
Porn and gambling- I might get modded troll with this crowd, but if you haven't figure out how to get porn for free, then you need to be taxed. Moreover, taxing vice is an easy sell. Think cigarette taxes.
Tax internet commerce if you want, but only if a state tax hasn't been collected first.
Forget email! Have have your kid explain the internet to you before you come up with any other bright ideas.
Slashdot Mirror
I read this forum and I see the influence of Star Trek. If the Rare Earth Hypothesis is true, then alien visitation is a bad omen for us. In Star Trek, the federation is a society of abundance and consist of 150 worlds. They have no need for another planet and can simply apply the Prime Directive whenever they come across a planet with primitive inhabitants. However, in a rare earth universe, habitable planets like ours might be a one in a million (or billion) and an alien species can't just altuistically leave us be. Our scientific knowledge to date tells that any one habitable is only habitable for a limited time since the aging of the star will eventually decimated the planet. An interstellar species might be frantically looking for an Earth type planet to resettle. Interstellar invasion will take decade if not centuries to accomplish for a variety of reasons. First, the species is not quite adapted to living on Earth and must be genetically engineered first. Such engineering would take generations to accomplish and may require borrowing adaptations from our genetic code which would take years of study. Second, the visitors up to this point are the just the initial scouts. Larger ships would be required to transport the total population. However, a larger ship would require more energy to move thorugh space and may be traveling much slower than the scouts. So, the invasion force just hasn't gotten here yet! If aliens have visited us, then I am worried.
They are trying to worm their way in to every possible aspect of getting your money.
How is that different from any other corporation? Pick and choose your own poison and let others do the same.
You can't use the word perplexing and simple to describe the same thing! A simple way to allow business PC buyers to downgrade is the OEM sells the computer with free dos (making sure the hardware is compatible with XP). There done! Microsoft does not need to get involve with the sale of the hardware. They can deal directly with the customer when it comes time to renew the licensing agreement.
One should acknowledge that the decision does not allow a price floor to be set amongst competitors in the same market. From the article, the decision allows prices floors to be set as part of the agreement between manufacturers and distributors. The impact may be visible in scenarios where a manufacturer sells its wares though its own direct sales channel and a retail channel. Prices for a specific product will reach parity amoungst all possible sellers. A retailer like Newegg may have to sell some of its wares at higher prices. However, those prices are still regulated by market pressures. If the price floor is above the equilibrium price, the manufacturer stocks are going to go up. In addition, the decision does allow the lower courts to hear complaints about price flooring on a case by case basis. So, the decision is not as damaging as it might seem at first.
I am a little uncomfortable with government policy leaning too pro business especially in the courts. Even the decision on campaign finance reform is a little disconcerting. That couple with the Republican block on pro labor laws shows a conservative disregard of the majority will in favor of businesses.
.I just don't have the disposable income to be a Apple product tester. I do want a device that allows me to combine all the little device in my pocket to one little device. Also, iPhone would also allow me to leave my laptop at home more often. I sure hope it survives a couple of generations till I can afford to buy one.
Does you calculations indicate the time it take to move Venus to 1 au or the time it would take to collect enough energy off the Sun to begin moving Venus. If it is the latter, we would have need a storage for much energy. Currently, our most effecient storage of energy is the litium ion battery (5.8e5 J/kg energy density). To store that much energy off the sun, we would need a lithium ion battery with a mass of 104e24 kg or about as massive as Neptune. You would have more trouble manipulating that mass than Venus (mass(Neptune)=20*mass(Venus)). I will leave you to calculate the mass of the solar cell to collect the energy. No, a better source of energy would be converting the mass equivalent to a small moon into energy. Matter/antimatter reaction would be the most effiecient route.
The how is conceptually possible but, probably realistically impossible to pull off. According to General Relativity, matter distorts the geometry of space in such a way that other matter is compelled to move towards the center of mass. The planets stay in orbit only because their tangential velocity moves them away from the sun the same distance that distortion pulls them towards the sun. A similar distortion in space would have to be create at right angles to vector of gravitational force between the Sun and Venus. Calculating the size of that distortion or the energy it would take to create it is beyond my understanding of GR. We currently have no concept of how to articfially distort space. However, we do have a hypothetical concept of microblack hole. We could feasibly use that to speed the planet up. The problem with is the size and lifetime of that black-hole(s). If it is too big, then it could affect Earth's orbit. We would need a succesion of small short-life black holes to inch the speed up slowly. We would need to slow the planet down quick enough so that it didn't collide with Earth. Also, we could use them to increase the rotational velocity of the planet so its days are more Earth-like.
I agree with your comments. I think Microsoft is more concern with Window becoming a secondary program. The sale of Windows is not the only source of revenue MS derives from Windows. Microsoft built a largely anti-consumer DRM system into Vista so that MS can licensed the use of DRM tools and formats to content providers. The success of MS DRM because is tied directly to its monopoly. If MS home versions are just a VM, then Apple iTunes takes precedence. Microsoft only allows the business versions because it is not likely that it will be used for content. The Ultimate version is a low volume/high margin product. So, it wouldn't make much of a dent to MS DRM goals.
Ok. You want to move venus from .7 AU to 1 AU. Well, lets take a look at the the energy requirements to pull off such a feat.
Step1-Change the orbit: The safest method would be simply to increase the orbital velocity of the planet. Venus is moving at 35,000 m/s. Increasing that by 1% would require 0.3X10^30 J of energy. E=1/2mv^2.
Step 2- we would need to stabilized the orbit when reaches Venus 1AU. We would have to slow the planet to 30,000 m/s (v=sqrt(G*M(sun)/r) or Earths orbital velocity). That would require 60X10^30 J.
To accelerate the space shuttle to Gliese 581 at 0.5c, we would only need 3X1^22 J (KE=mc^2/sqrt(1- (v/c)^2) -mc^2; m= 2X10^6 kg). For all the energy we would expend moving Venus to a suitable orbit, we could send 20X10^8 Space shuttles to Gliese 581. At 6 person per shuttle, we can transport 12 billion people to Gliese in 40 years. Since there is only 6 billion of us, I vote for interstellar travel and let Venus continue roasting.
I didn't factor in energy waste and assume 100% efficiency in the process.
The magnetosphere is suppose to protect the atmosphere from being blown away by the solar wind.
I will call this irony.I have no other word at the moment because I am not privy to the decision makers at MS. I run Mac OSX and I just want the Basic version in Parallells. Aero, I have Aqua. Sidebar- I have Dashboard. Security- I have obscurity. I just want basic windows compatibility and nothing else. Moreover, since I am running one OS already, I want the version with smallest footprint to dedicate more resources to that pesky program that has no OS X port.
OSX has more vulnerabilities than XP or Vista. Where do you get that number? Please publish the links to at least 3 source of said number. I am just curious. This being slashdot and all. I am befuddled how so many haven't mastered citing a reference.
I understand the importance of standards in designing a web page. I have seen the ugliness of trying to render a page built for IE in Safari. I don't see the direct correlation of revenue produce by distributing a web browser and my usage of it. The things are given away for free. What is all the static about Apple releasing Safari for Windows. It just another browser!. The diversity of web browser market is necessary to promote open standards. I am generally happy about Apple releasing Safari for Windows for two reasons. First, a Safari version for Windows means I don't have to pay for Leopard to get the latest version. More importantly, Windows Safari will increase the userbase of Safari consequently making Safari harder to ignore when designing a webpage.
I don't see any other good reason to use Firewire today.
Target Disk Mode (TDM). If you need to move file between you laptop and desktop, you start one mac in TDM by pressing "T". Connect it to the other via firewire and the hard drive appears on the desktop. Transfer to your heart's content without any further configuration. I have always found the PC way (ethernet, flash, or cd) to be really clumsy.
From the article
On the other hand, if you search the Windows side first, you'll quickly discover machines that -- in features and price -- fit in between the Mac SKUs. And in those niches, they represent very good values. So there's one answer to the question of whether Macs or Windows represent a better value: If one of those "in between" PCs suits your needs best, you'd be paying an unnecessary premium to get a Mac instead.
He is referring to you genius. -1 redundant, RTFA, and actually comprehend it.
This review is much belated given that the current version of OSX is going to be retired in October. I agree about the upgradeabilty concerns. Apple has a terrible record on point. One example is the absolute headache to upgrade ram on an after market mini. However, the design of those low end systems makes up for that deficiency. The mini and the imac are compact and unobtusive that free up space on the desk. The ports are plentiful yet concise and easy to use which simplies setup of the computer and adding periphereals later on. Moreover, plently peripherals exist that can be used with OSX. There are scanners, printers, cameras, mp3 player, dvd drives, hard drives, and flash drives. What specific peripheral does not work? As with freeware, the need is purely subjective. So call "freeware" is really not that free on windows. It is usually accompanied with spyware or advertisement which I personally could do without. Moreover, I could count the open source software I use with my pinky finger. It is SAMBA and comes built into the OS.
Wow you were able to keep that straight in your head. I am still trying to figure out what the hell is going. It all went supernatural in the second half of season 3 and lost me.
I was referring more to hobbyists and possibly students who may frequent the site as evident by the fact that the story got posted in the first place. Somebody had enough interest to read it and submit it. I did in fact take the time to read a scientific paper detailing the how the measurement was made and what laws were used to infer the planets characteristics. I can tell that I would not understand half as much as I did if I didn't have a degree in physics. In any rate, there is a disconnect in this modern age that is certainly not helped by either the education system or the media. It is pretty benign in the case of exoplanet discoveries but it dangerous in other places. My point is that forums like Slashdot can help to educate more people about many different issues when others means are not available. If you think that such a request is unfeasible, what is your solution to the disconnect?
You didn't answer how accurate that was. I did some checking and the error in that method is 20-30% and the stars have to be main sequence. Overall, I wanted to point out the disconnect at the level of the laymen that makes it difficult for them to weigh the conclusions by experts in the field. Your solution was for the laymen to go read a book. However, that solution can be flawed if one does not have the time or the background to find out for himself. In this age, the level of scientific knowledge is too immense for there to be many renaissance persons. Thus, forums like Slashdot might serve better inform those concerned layman by having experts discuss the methodology and veracity of the conclusions. Outside of astronomy, such internet forums might be critical to the future of democracies where such conclusions as "Iraq has WMD's" can be weighed before action is supported.
I would point out that this may lead us to understand the true foundation of morality and the laws that govern us everday. Moreover, as the article stated, it might give us clues as to why some neglect that morality when committing horrendous acts with any empathy at all.
No, the lack of altruism may have the inverse effect. Species survive and not inviduals. Altruism can theoretically improve the surivability of the group by preserving diversity. Indivdiual who lack altruistic tendacies can actually hurt the group by tying up resources and thus reducing the genetic variability of the group. That makes the group more vulnerable to extinction events such those caused by plagues.
You joke but that may be right and very interesting. I know of many females who don't experience orgasms at every sexual encounter yet are still satisifed by the sexual experience. I think that satisfaction is genuine and not just being the women feigning to be affable (in some of these case they are happily married).
I have questions about the methodolgy employed these discoveries. How much can we really know about these planets? For instance take the wobble method, we can infer the orbital period from the wobble (periodic changes in the star's spectrum). However, we still have some difficulty with the size of the planet and its orbital radius. First, if we are using Kepler's Third Law (P^2=4pi^2*OR^3/(G(M+m)), we would need know the mass of the star. What are the methods for determining that and how accurate are they? Then, we need to know either orbital radius or the mass of the planet to get the rest of the picture. Maybe the mass can be infer by the amplitdue of the wobble, but how is that calibrated? What if there are more than one planet (our system has 8 with four big ones)? How will the other planets affect the wobble? What about normal periodic solar activity like sunspots producing periodic changes in the spectrum that we are inferring as being cause by the wobble? (Our star spectrum changes every 11 years which is also the period of Jupiter). How accurate is the transit method? This being slashdot and all, we might better benefit if those with knowledge discuss the details behind these exoplanet "discoveries".
Ah Slashdot, pedantry at its best.
not quite "nowhere to be found" When you select the notebook or desktop, you see an option for "open source pc"
Where do I begin?
One senator is even predicting taxes on e-mail.
Who elects these idiots?. Email is free! I suggest that senatorial prospects started submitting their resumes for election or taking at least take a iq test.
Want to tax the internet? Please meet these requirements first:
Rich- Develop better ways to tax those that control 90% of nation's wealth
Accountability- Stop giving President Bush a blank check. The man couldn't manage a lemonade stand. Watch every dime he spends like a hawk! Pinch the quarter till the eagle screams!
Remove the Pork!- Stop building bridges to nowhere.
Cutback the military- The military is absolute supreme leader in wasting money. I am "shocked and awed" by their how adept they are at wasting money. Some admiral get his newly designed toy aircraft carrier and yet we can't keep rats out of Walter Reed. I have one word: Oversight.
Once that is accomplished. Tax the internet in this order
Porn and gambling- I might get modded troll with this crowd, but if you haven't figure out how to get porn for free, then you need to be taxed. Moreover, taxing vice is an easy sell. Think cigarette taxes.
Tax internet commerce if you want, but only if a state tax hasn't been collected first.
Forget email! Have have your kid explain the internet to you before you come up with any other bright ideas.