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Birth of the Moon: a Runaway Nuclear Reaction?

An anonymous reader writes "How the Moon arose has long stumped scientists. Now Dutch geophysicists argue that it was created not by a massive collision 4.5 billion years ago, but by a runaway nuclear reaction deep inside the young Earth."

77 of 355 comments (clear)

  1. Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mnslinky · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Wouldn't there be evidence of this on the surface somewhere? I know the crust has shifted considerably, but that's a *lot* of material to suddenly vacate.

    1. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Fallen+Kell · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If it happened during the time that the earth was mostly molten, then no, there would be on evidence...

      --
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    2. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by psyklopz · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The pacific ocean is a big, empty space.

    3. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Goaway · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Others mentioned the Earth being molten, but even as it is now, the Earth is plastic enough that if you removed a big enough chunk, the rest of the planet would flow and deform until it was spherical again.

    4. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by moteyalpha · · Score: 4, Informative

      There is a remnant of a naturally occurring reactor that operated in southern Africa 2 billion years ago so I suppose it is possible, however many other odd things are also possible. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021016.html

    5. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Dystopian+Rebel · · Score: 5, Funny

      The article is slashdotted but it is possible that when this happened there was no solid surface yet to leave traces of this.

      No, I think the article was slashdotted today.

      The server in flames may leave traces on the floor and walls of the server room, but we'll have to wait for a "Best Way For Bright Child To Clean Server Room?" post to Ask Slashdot to confirm.

      --
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    6. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 2, Interesting

      That's what George Darwin said, but no. There's not enough evacuated volume there. Think about it: the Pacific is huge, but not very deep on planetary scales. Volume-wise, you're off by orders of magnitude. (I don't believe Darwin knew the depth of the ocean, so he's off the hook.)

    7. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Everyone who has replied so far makes fair points, but misses the biggest point: the Moon is over 4 billion years old. There are virtually no rocks on the Earth's surface that even approach its age. That means that the ENTIRE Earth's surface has been replaced and reshaped in the interim. Things haven't just "shifted considerably", we've got a totally different surface. Any scar from that period is long, long since erased. And hole as deep as the Moon has long since filled in since the Earth is still very much a fluid over these timescales.

    8. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by afidel · · Score: 4, Informative

      Correct, the total volume of the oceans is ~1.3*10^6 km^3, the volume of the moon is ~2.2*10^10 km^3 so it's not even close.

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    9. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by afidel · · Score: 3, Informative

      Doh, make that ~1.3*10^9 for the oceans, stupid online references using the european definition of billion. Still makes it off by more than an order of magnitude.

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    10. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hobbit · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Dude, the European definition of billion is a thousand million, just like in the USA.

      You might be thinking of the UK, which used to call that a milliard, but even the UK has been with the program since the 1970s.

      --
      "Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something" - Plato
    11. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I'm not sure I agree - The moon has an ungodly amount of angular momentum. I'm having trouble coming up with a method whereby a section of object a leaves object a, and then has enough thrust perpendicular to the direction of object a to get up to it's 1km/s orbital velocity.

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    12. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Futile+Rhetoric · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Europe counts more languages than one, and "milliard" or something similar to it means a "thousand million" in all but one, which itself is influenced by the US bastardisation of the term and is closer to being the 51st state than a part of Europe, really.

    13. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by adrianwn · · Score: 4, Informative

      Dude, the European definition of billion is a thousand million, just like in the USA.

      Huh? Where?! In German, French, Spanish and Italian, the word "billion" (resp. the words similiar to it) always means 10e12.

    14. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Kagura · · Score: 3, Informative

      Correct, the total volume of the oceans is ~1.3*10^6 km^3, the volume of the moon is ~2.2*10^10 km^3 so it's not even close.

      Not to mention, according to the Giant Impact Hypothesis, the iron core of the mars-size body that struck the earth sunk down and was mostly absorbed into the earth's core. The moon has far less iron in its core than most other bodies in the solar system. Consider also that tectonic plates have been moving for billions of years and have formed more than a dozen different "super-continents" over time in various configurations. There's no way the Pacific ocean is a gouge from the moon-making.

    15. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Smidge207 · · Score: 4, Funny

      People like you are what makes arseholes like Bevets cry at night and hold themselves...you with your "science" and "evidence." Bah! A pox on you!

      =Smidge=

      --
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    16. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Klaus_1250 · · Score: 3, Informative

      Should have Googled for posting. Nearly all European countries use the Long Scale, some use the Short Scale but with milliard. In fact, the UK is the only European country to do it differently (why doesn't that surprise me, the bloody bastards still drive on the wrong side of the road too). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scales

      --
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    17. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You don't have to super-heat them at all, that's my point. The Earth is a fluid even today. Over timescales of billions of years, any wound would have been erased.

    18. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by IndustrialComplex · · Score: 3, Informative

      I believe the mathematical term for its shape is a "prolate sphereoid."

      Oblate spheroid.

      Still, both you and the OP have the right idea, the earth would 'quickly' reform into a near spherical shape. It is the largest of the non-gas planets and would probably reform the fastest as opposed to smaller bodies like Mercury, or Pluto.

      A good example would be Mimas. It had an impact so massive that the crater looks to be about 20% of the side facing us. I'd wager that an impact like that scaled up and applied to the Earth would quickly be erased (by non environmental factors) on a scale of 1 billion years. Smaller craters would likely be visible for far longer than those that would actually crack the planet to the mantle.

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    19. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by maxume · · Score: 2, Interesting

      In a molten scenario, center of mass a would have ejected center of mass b, and then the countless fragments would have spent a bunch of time coalescing.

      It's been a long time since I have though about it, and I'm no expert, but I think that the Sun could have spent some time pulling on the moon, making the orbit both more in plane with the orbit of the Earth (the Earth is pulling too...), and faster, so not all of the momentum necessarily had to come from the explosion/ejection (tilting the plane of the orbit of the moon would, I think, lower the overall momentum of the Earth-moon system, but increase the momentum of the moon itself).

      --
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    20. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by d3ac0n · · Score: 4, Informative

      Keep in mind too, that the continental crust material is made up of significantly YOUNGER and lighter rock than the deeper crust. Most of the continents are made of (comparatively) light granite, limestone, sandstone, shale and loose aggregates of all stones. However, the lower crust and the deep ocean crust are made primarily from heavy Basalt.

      So the idea that continents formed in the way they did due to the ejection of moon material is incorrect. Not only was the earth likely still a molten ball at that point, but the continents are made from material that did not even exist on earth until well AFTER the earth had solidified.

      --
      Official Heretic from the "Church of Global Warming". Proven right thanks to whistle blowers. AGW = Flat Earth Theory
    21. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by 2short · · Score: 2, Funny

      "I believe the mathematical term for its shape is a 'prolate sphereoid.'

      Oblate spheroid."

      Just to descend completely into pedantry: "Geoid". Which is a total cop out of a term, but you're allowed to cop out and make up new terms if your name is Gauss.

      A Spherical estimation is good enough for most purposes. Elipsoid or oblate spheroid estimations are better, but as soon as you're looking at scales where they're better, you note that the flattening of the earth is not symetrical; the South pole is significantly flatter than the North (because Antarctica is heavy.)

    22. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by kanweg · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Hm, I don't think that a thrust is necessary, because you may think of the moon too much as a satellite. Think of the earth and moon as a double-planet.

      The scenario: The pre-earth is rotating around its axis and has a centre of gravity. Now there is the explosion. Newton does its action-reaction thing and hence the new earth and moon move away from the center of gravity. Conservation of momentum requires that everything keeps spinning around the centre of gravity.

      That 1 km/s orbital velocity is about the same as its orbital velocity around the centre of gravity. But the earth has an orbital velocity around that centre of gravity too and given its much higher mass, that speed is much lower. So, you may ignore that in practice, but in reality it is there.

      Bert

    23. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 4, Interesting

      The sun's gravity accelerates things near the Earth by 0.006 m/sec^2. Two objects close enough to be meaningfully gravitationally linked while orbiting the sun in the Earth's orbit will have a maximum differential acceleration of maybe a thousandth of that. So to get to 1000m/s takes 5 years.

      So this essentially posits that an explosion had enough force to blown the planet apart, and send the pieces into space, but not to escape velocity (11.2 km/s) but instead to a velocity just short of that (11.19 km/s or so), so that the moon goes flying away for 2.5 years but 2.5 years later comes back and settles into a nice, circular orbit.

      That would be hard to accomplish on purpose - saying an accident did it is beyond belief.

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    24. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by adisakp · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I'm assuming that if the moon was made from a fairly large amounts of ejected matter, that it would have formed from a gradual gravitational aquisition of the mass. Those other moons and planets that form this way have pretty large angular momentum.

      Also important to note, the moon is pretty much tidally locked (the same side always faces the earth). It's inconceivable that Earth's gravitational field did not play an extremely key role in the current angular momentum of the moon. For more information, read the section Tidal Coupling in the Earth-Moon System in the linked article.

    25. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Thuktun · · Score: 2, Funny

      So when the server melted down from the Slashdot effect, was there a runaway reaction that caused a smaller, satellite server to be ejected?

    26. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MooUK · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You've given up reading, but not commenting?

    27. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jc42 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      A Spherical estimation is good enough for most purposes.

      True, at least by the old engineer's rule of thumb that only three places are significant for practical purposes.

      But there are some situations where it's not good enough. One is if you're dealing with the orbits of satellites. To the satellites, the Earth is decidedly lumpy, enough so to affect orbits on a time scale of weeks or months.

      A fun case I ran across some years ago was a geography trivia question: Name the three "highest points on Earth", and for each, give the definition of "highest point" that it satisfies.

      The only answer that most people know is Mount Everest, which is the point that's the highest above the local "geoid" (which is the extension of "sea level" to handle areas far from the closest open ocean).

      Some people know another answer: Mauna Kea, which is the point that's the highest above the mean level of the surrounding land. Everest rises some 3,000 m above the surrounding land, the Tibetan Plateau, Mauna Kea rises from the bottom of the central Pacific Ocean, and it's a much taller pile of rock than Everest. Its peak is more than 10 km above its base.

      Hardly anyone can even guess the third answer. It turns out to be Mount Chimborazo, which is on the equator in Ecuador, and is the point that's farthest from the Earth's center. It's a good-size volcano that rises some 2,500 m above the surrounding land, but its peak is estimated at 6,384.4 km above the Earth's center, several km higher than the peaks of Everest or Mauna Kea.

      All of these "highest point" claims are mentioned in the wikipedia articles about them (which is where I checked the numbers). And you could probably find them reasonably quickly by googling for that phrase, though I haven't tried it. I also wonder if there are other definitions of "highest point" that have different answers.

      (And Chimborazo is one of the answers to another trivia question that's fun in "global warming" discussions: What are the two places where there are glaciers on the equator? So far, nobody I've asked this one has got either answer right, though some people get close to the other answer. Both places' glaciers are retreating rapidly, and are predicted to disappear in a few decades.)

      --
      Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
    28. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by digitig · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Yes it is -- it's akin to trying to draw strong conclusions from the weak anthropic principle. How many "trials" have there been in the history of the whole universe? On an astronomical scale, rare events are relatively common, if you see what I mean. Since the presence and nature of our moon appears to be a great benefit to the development of advanced life forms, it's hardly surprising at all that we happen to be on one of the (possibly very many) planets with a moon like ours.

      --
      Quidnam Latine loqui modo coepi?
    29. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hkgroove · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Tidal Forces, also, it could act as a blocker for rogue material headed Earth's way. Jupiter is also extremely important in deflecting comets and debris also keeping the asteroids at bay. But at the same time, Jupiter is most likely responsible for the belt.

      http://www.astronomytoday.com/astronomy/earthmoon.html

      http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astrobio_jupiter_030122-1.html

    30. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Gyga · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The moon gave humans a goal in our space programs (which have spawned numerous advances). Do you think we would have been as willing to attempt to land on Mars right away without trying out the moon first?

      --
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    31. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by bishiraver · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, without the moon we wouldn't have eclipses. And without eclipses, we wouldn't have superpowered superhumans fighting to save the world. By saving a cheerleader.

    32. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jc42 · · Score: 3, Informative

      ... Kilimanjaro ...

      That's how most people get it wrong. Kilimanjaro does have glaciers, but it's two degrees south of the equator. It's Mount Kenya (aka Kirinyaga) that has glaciers right on the equator. Kilimanjaro is the more famous of the two, of course, and that's probably why most people guess that it's the answer. If you want to see the glaciers on either of them, you should probably plan your visit for the next decade or so, because the glaciers are shrinking fast. And wouldn't you love to have a photo of yourself standing on a glacier, right on the equator?

      It's funny that when asked where the two glaciers on the equator are found, most people don't even think of South America. But the Andes are the only significant mountain range that crosses the equator. (Unless you consider the Rift Valley in Africa to be a mountain range. ;-)

      --
      Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
  2. stupid scientists by circletimessquare · · Score: 4, Funny

    the moon is made of cheese

    clearly, the young earth was lactose intolerant, and ejected it for that reason

    the problem is all infants can digest lactose, and lose the lactase enzyme ability later in life if they don't have the right genes

    but all theories have holes in them

    like swiss cheese!

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
  3. Runaway Nuclear Reaction... by bytethese · · Score: 5, Funny

    Check. Dutch Scientists, Check. Thought that the moon was caused by a Cosmic Dutch Oven, Priceless.

  4. Comment removed by account_deleted · · Score: 4, Funny

    Comment removed based on user account deletion

  5. Sanitation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    So Earth basically got a bad case of gas, had an accident and now has its own turd in orbit.

    1. Re:Sanitation by Missing_dc · · Score: 2, Funny

      Just goes to show that some shit follows you forever.

      --
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  6. Impactors all the way by squoozer · · Score: 3, Insightful

    While it's certainly an interesting idea I can't see it being right (but I've only read the first page, the site seems to have collapsed). My problem with it is simple that the impactor idea seems to fit all the data so well I think it's unlikley to be wrong.

    I wonder though if this could perhaps be tested. The huge explosion theory could well have left old rocks away from the explosion site untouched. The impactor would have melted the whole planet. If we find even one rock old than the impact date we have our answer.

    --
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    1. Re:Impactors all the way by Canazza · · Score: 5, Interesting

      We may never *know* for certain. We can have hypothesis after hypothesis, and although the giant impact fits the data nicely, and is unlikely to be wrong, the only way we'll really challenge that is by having other ideas. What really throws this theory out for me however (And I admit, I can't view the page, it's been /.ed) was that most of Earth's fissle material is in the crust, not the core. So any 'deep explosion' would have to have been in the crust or mantle, not the center.

      --
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    2. Re:Impactors all the way by mcgrew · · Score: 4, Interesting

      My problem with it is simple that the impactor idea seems to fit all the data so well I think it's unlikley to be wrong.

      Further on they say that the impactor theory doesn't exactly fit the data. I'd blockquote, but I'm stuck on page three, I think we slashdotted it.

      They give several reasons; one is that the object would have had to hit at a precise angle to become the moon and not completely vaporize the earth. Another is that the object would have had to have been formed very near the earth; they calculate from the moon rocks it would have had to be between Venus' and Mars' orbits.

    3. Re:Impactors all the way by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 5, Informative

      > it would have had to be between Venus' and Mars' orbits.

      They quote this as a problem?!

      The baseline assumption is that the impactor formed in the Earth's trojans, which fixes this "complaint" perfectly. Unlike Jupiter (for instance), the Earth's trojans are not entirely stable, and any large objects placed in it will drift back and forth. This explains a VERY large number of data points:

      1) it explains geological makeup perfectly
      2) it explains why the impact angle was grazing
      3) it explains why the Moon formed so long after the Earth

      See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis

      Maury

    4. Re:Impactors all the way by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Informative

      For the first point, it's not all that unlikely. (I don't know of any simulations that show that the impact would destroy the Earth, but you do need a specific range of impact angles to blow material off into orbit.) Remember, there were numerous collisions in that epoch, even between fairly large objects.

      As to the second point, I call BS. The moon isn't made of the original material of the impactor. If the authors say it is, they're showing that they don't understand the theory that they're deriding. The Moon is made (principally) of the Earth's mantle. That's why the giant impact theory is so appealing, it explains the compositional similarities.

      (That said, I seem to recall simulation work from about a decade ago that indicated that ALL the terrestrial planets had more or less the same composition since the planetesimals would be well-mixed in this region.)

    5. Re:Impactors all the way by Red+Flayer · · Score: 3, Insightful

      What really throws this theory out for me however (And I admit, I can't view the page, it's been /.ed) was that most of Earth's fissle material is in the crust, not the core.

      That may be a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem. Maybe the fissile material in the core was exhausted in the runaway reaction, or in later reactions within the core (perhaps critical T&P exist in the core)... this seems plausible to me if, as with the crust, materials in the core were isolated and concentrated via geologic processes.

      It's also possible that the geological processes that occured over the past 4 Bn years have caused the fissile materials to accumulate in the crust instead of the core.

      --
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  7. Collision Theory by tchiseen · · Score: 3, Funny

    I thought that a number of scientists had run simulations explaining the earth/moon systems creation via a collision. I even saw it on TV on a special narrated by Tony Robbins, so it MUST be true!

  8. The Moon! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    The Moon is a secret Italian conspiracy to spy on, undermine, infiltrate, and subvert America. That's why it is always in OUR sky -- ever wondered about that? How come Mexicans and Chinese don't get the Moon? Because they are in league with the nefarious Italians against our Great Fatherland.

    1. Re:The Moon! by Maxwell'sSilverLART · · Score: 2, Funny

      How come Mexicans [...] don't get the Moon?

      If that's no moon (pun intended), then wtf is in the sky then?

      A space station!

      --
      Moderate drunk! It's more fun that way!
  9. Not possible by Waffle+Iron · · Score: 4, Funny

    We all know that if there were a nuclear catastrophe of this magnitude, then the whole planet would be hurled through space at such speed that each week we would encounter a new alien race, group of outcasts, or supernatural being. Seeing as the earth is still in its stable orbit around the sun, we can conclude that this must not have happened.

    1. Re:Not possible by Twisted+Willie · · Score: 4, Funny

      Unless ofcourse, as some might argue, this has already happened.

  10. Or maybe by eclectro · · Score: 2, Funny

    It was caused by aliens driving 737's and dropping nukes into volcanoes.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
    1. Re:Or maybe by Sockatume · · Score: 3, Funny

      That's just a deranged fantasy. Now, if you were talking about DC-10s...

      --
      No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
    2. Re:Or maybe by xpuppykickerx · · Score: 5, Funny

      Actually they used DC-8. The 737 didn't come out til like 10 million years later!

    3. Re:Or maybe by Cazekiel · · Score: 2, Funny

      HAIL XENU

      --
      You want to know how to help your kids? LEAVE THEM THE F*&K ALONE. --George Carlin
  11. It's a long but interesting article by mcgrew · · Score: 4, Informative

    I'm on page three. I had to look up a couple of things of wikipedia so far. I hadn't heard the word Petrology before; it's the study of rocks.

    The term "georeactor" seemed self-explanatory but I looked it up anyway, and was glad I did.

    Natural nuclear reactors
    In the 1970s, geochemists documented the existence of naturally-occurring slow fission reactors in uranium-bearing geologic formations at Oklo in Gabon, Africa. The Oklo natural nuclear fission reactors operated approximately 1.5 to 2.0 billion years ago, when the natural occurrence of the uranium-235 isotope (required for the fission chain-reaction) was much higher.

    [edit] Planetary fission reactors
    Large, gaseous planets, such as Jupiter or Saturn, radiate more energy into space than they receive from the Sun. (In the case of Jupiter, the radiated energy is almost twice the received energy.) The source of this energy was originally attributed to gravitational contraction, since gravitational potential energy conversion into heat seemed to be the heat source of sufficient magnitude to account for the quantity of energy released. In 1992, J. Marvin Herndon postulated that the excess energy could be explained by the existence of a central nuclear reactor. High-density fissile elements (i.e. uranium) would be concentrated at the core and could undergo sustained nuclear fission chain reactions. Herndon demonstrated the feasibility of a planetocentric nuclear reactor using Fermi's nuclear reactor theory, calculations similar to those used in nuclear-reactor design.

    [edit] The georeactor
    Herndon subsequently realized that the calculations also permitted the existence of a similar reactor at the Earth's core. Herndon's calculations depend on certain unconventional assumptions regarding the composition of the core, in particular the oxidation state of uranium and the likelihood of its precipitating to the center. He justifies these assumptions by comparison with the composition of enstatite chondrite meteorites, which do have the necessary highly reduced oxidation states and are the only chondrite meteorites which have sufficient iron metal-alloy to match the composition of the Earth with its massive core.

    Herndon argues that the georeactor is the energy source for the Earth's magnetic field, and that variations in the strength and direction of the field can be explained by natural variations in the operation of the georeactor.

    [edit] Generalization to planetary magnetic fields
    Currently active internally generated magnetic fields have been detected in six planets (Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and in one satellite (Jupiter's moon Ganymede). Magnetized surface areas of Mars and the Moon indicate the former existence of internally generated magnetic fields in those bodies.

    As Mr. Spock would say, "fascinating." My thanks to the story submitter.

  12. Space 1999 got it wrong... by OldeTimeGeek · · Score: 3, Funny

    ...but not completely. The nuclear waste that caused the moon to be torn away were stored HERE! A cautionary tale?

  13. Teach the hypothetical controversy! by 0xdeadbeef · · Score: 4, Funny

    If the moon were real, it would have been created by God. Clearly a large ball of rock is the sign of an intelligent Creator, if it were there.

    1. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by MikeBabcock · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Christian-minded skepticism would sound a lot less idiotic (no offense to those of you who can't stand that), and something like:

      Why do we think this might have happened? Because it might be possible. Do we have any proof of it? None whatsoever. Does it seem likely or probable? Not enough data. Could the moon have been spontaneously created by an infinitely powerful being instead? Sure.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    2. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 5, Informative

      Just to be fair to everyone here, there will be a variety of Christian-minded skepticism. To lump them all into one bunch is pretty dishonest.

      We have group #1 that is going to claim the literalist nonsense. These are the folks that built the creationist fantasy tourist trap where children frolick with dinos in the displays.

      We have group #2 that is probably going to take the approach you mentioned to various degrees. Some may say it could have been spontaneously created, but that is no reason to not investigate, we don't have a lot of good information yet. The other end will lean towards the idea that we haven't found any information yet and thus it must be spontaneously created. This is the realm of curable ignorance on one side and pseudoscience nonsense on the other.

      Then we will have the final group, that thankfully has gained at least some traction. The group that will say "Sure God created it...and a runaway nuclear reaction or massive impact are two possible methods that the universe played out that caused it to be created...let's go figure it out." Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, there are indeed quite a few very intelligent people that also hold religious beliefs and don't let those religious beliefs muddy up the science. Francis Collins and Ken Miller are two examples that jump to mind. (In fact, if you haven't seen Ken Miller's video on the ID/Dover trial business, it's about 2hrs, but it is an amazing lecture.)

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    3. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Actually it is don't eat meat during the week, but you can eat fish on friday. That specific piece is more related to fasting and overriding your bodies natural desires. Which religious or not, our bodies natural desires are frequently pretty animalistic so any practice devoded to temporarily overriding those desires is admirable. (Christianity is hardly the only group to do that for those reasons). The specific foods thing in this case is symbolism and the knowledge that if you don't get the right foods you will still die or do bad damage to your body.

      That said, your point is exactly what drives me totally batshit about fundamentalists. If you examine almost any of "God's rules" in a historical context they are pretty simple. The majority of them are involved in health and wellness and the proper functioning of society. Don't steal, don't murder, don't be a dick were the jist of the big ones on the stone tablet story. Most of the rest like "don't eat these things, homo's are bad, etc" are nothing more than ancient medicine. Disease was punishment by God for offending him, so things that you did that were likely to get you diseased were clearly against God's will. Not properly preparing food (namely piggies) made you sick. Playing around the back door of other people and animals was a really good way to get E.Coli and a whole variety of other nasty bacteria and the like. God's "purpose" in these cases was to serve as the superstition that would keep us alive until we found ways to combat those things naturally. Cook your fucking meat, wear a rubber, wash your damned hands, get your shots, etc. Most of the sexual rules regarding monogamy and the like were there because spouse swapping/stealing and uncertain lineage would undermine the fabric of their society. So even back then the whole "Will of God" business was nothing more than science with a funny name. The laws came from direct observation of the evidence presented. And lo and behold, most of them were correct. We eventually found the causes for those diseases, we have learned how societies structure themselves and interact, and so on.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    4. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Hillgiant · · Score: 2

      Problem is, there is no way scientifically differentiate between "The universe is billions of years old" and "The universe appears billions of years old because God created it that way"

      Not true. You can differentiate between the two. The tool you require is Occam's razor.

      What you are proposing is nothing more than religion's version to brain in a vat.

      --
      -
  14. Nuclear Reactor by heavygravity · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Can't get to the article, but - if you haven't heard of this before, it's pretty cool: the Oklo Natural Fission Reactor in Gabon. And while you're at it, you can read about how this natural reactor has scientists rethinking how constant the fine structure constant really is.

    --
    Cuban Music MP3's - cuband.com
  15. LHC by mevets · · Score: 3, Funny

    version 0.9 ?

  16. From TFA by mcgrew · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I know you're joking, but

    In a major breakthrough reported in the U.S. journal Science in 2005, Earth scientists Maud Boyet and Richard Carlson of the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC, concluded that both a partition between the Earth's mantle and core, and another within the mantle, formed within 30 million years of the planet being born.

    This internal partition isolated the lower mantle, the D''-layer, from the rest of the mantle. Boyet and Carlson arrived at their conclusion by investigating the rare earth elements samarium (Sm) and neodymium (Nd). Samarium-146 is a radioactive element that decays relatively speedily, with a half-life of 103 million years, to neodymium-142.

    At present hardly any samarium-146 is left on Earth. Theoretically, terrestrial rock should contain just as much neodymium as the primordial material from which the Earth was formed - samples of which sometimes still reach the Earth in meteorites.

    But the researchers discovered something odd. Rock from the Earth's mantle contains more neodymium than these meteorites. The only conceivable explanation is that samarium was distributed unevenly throughout the planet, because the overall concentration should be equal to that in meteorites.

    But where can this neodymium-poor rock be? Not in the Earth's core, because neither samarium nor neodymium can bond chemically to iron. That only leaves the D''-layer. This chunky boundary layer between core and mantle must be low in neodymium.

    Boyet and Carlson discovered that the Moon has a peculiarity too: rocks that are just as rich in neodymium as the Earth's mantle. This makes the impact hypothesis very improbable indeed, according to van Westrenen.

    "Considering that at this giant impact 4.5 billion years ago the Earth's core and Theia's core fused, it is most improbable that isolated layers deep within the planet survived the impact. Yet this is what the data from Carlson and Boyet suggest."

    Carlson was candid about this over the telephone: "Our data show a strong similarity between terrestrial and lunar rock, but there is no good explanation for that at all."

    How the impact with Theia took place, and how the D''-layer survived this impact while the Earth's core fused with the core of the impactor, is beyond Carlson's comprehension as well.

  17. Loony, totally Loony by Ancient_Hacker · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I can't get to TFA, but it seems mighty unlikely to have that much fissile material just so happen to gather together, and not be poisoned by cadmium, boron, lead, or other neutron absorbers, and have it stay together and not have a negative temperature coefficient slowing it down, and not form bubbles and geysers and other instabilities, and have it push asymmetrically in one direction, for many hours (cf: speed of sound). Wayaaay too many things to believe before breakfast.

  18. Doesn't Make Sense to Me by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Insightful

    As noted, the site is Slashdotted so I can't read it straight up. That said, this doesn't make sense to me. A large explosion on the Earth's surface wouldn't launch material into Earth orbit unless it were launched at a very precise angle (probably nearly horizontal). The authors (based on previous comments) complain that the Giant Impact hypothesis requires a finely-tuned impact angle, but what about their model? I'd expect an explosion to blow material almost radially outward. To posit that you'd get the finely-tuned launch angle from their model seems much more of a stretch than that an impact should strike a glancing blow (especially when we don't know how many similarly-sized impactors hit with the wrong conditions and were simply absorbed).

    Also, note that you need to loft a lot more material than just the Moon's mass to make the Moon. it's not an efficient process, a lot (most?) of the material rains back down on the Earth. It has to, it starts out in an orbit that intersects the Earth after all.

    1. Re:Doesn't Make Sense to Me by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Not sure if the article addressed this, but another point is that you'd have to assemble the fissionable material very carefully since you need to get it super-critical, but not have any of it blow too early, before you have enough. It's the classic bomb-making problem, only without anyone to supervise it.

  19. That's no moon! by Wolfger · · Score: 4, Funny

    Oh, wait... it is. Nevermind.

  20. Slashdotted. Mirror here. by elzbal · · Score: 3, Informative

    Slashdotted due to runaway nuclear reaction. Mirror here: Birth of the Moon: a Runaway Nuclear Reaction?

    (Or should that be a runaway Slashdot reaction?)

  21. That's no moon... by Arancaytar · · Score: 4, Funny

    It's the mother of all core dumps!

  22. How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Alien54 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Just how much crust there is is often misunderstood.

    Example: imagine a model of the earth where 1 mm = 1 mile. (or you can use 1mm = 1 km, if you like)

    The earth is 7926.28 miles (12756.1 km) in diameter.

    At this scale, you can make out significant mountain ranges, etc. The Atmosphere would be 4 or 5 inches deep. The crust is an inch or 2 thick.

    And the Earth itself is more than 8 yards across. That inch or two of crust is sitting on a chewy molten insides. (check volcano flows, etc.)

    The Earth is really a molten droplet spinning in space with the thinnest external layer where life has happened to accumulate, like the layer of tarnish on a coin.

    --
    "It is a greater offense to steal men's labor, than their clothes"
    1. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Pearson · · Score: 4, Informative

      The example I remember from school is that if the earth were an apple, the crust would be as thin as the skin of the apple. And we've never been able to drill all the way through even that "thin" skin.

      --
      I...I'm attacking the darkness!
  23. Yucca Mountain will get it right? by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 3, Funny

    So, as soon Yucca Mountain gets tanked up, the Earth might get another moon?

    That would be cool!

    Less so, if you live in what used to be Nevada.

    Ah, the joys of Space 1999 Physics! Truly worthy of an Ig Nobel!

    --
    Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
  24. Ha! by LunarEffect · · Score: 2, Funny

    It appears we were STANDING on the weapon of mass destruction all along!

  25. Robert Heinlein, "Blowups Happen" by dpbsmith · · Score: 4, Interesting

    It's really not the same at all, but the article did call this story immediately to mind.

    "Blowups Happen" is a classic 1940s SF story about a future in which society is total dependent on nuclear power plants. The engineering theory behind them shows that they are intrinsically safe and cannot blow up like a bomb. Then someone discovers that there is a false assumption in the equations and that, in fact they can blow up like bombs.

    Meanwhile, an expert in the theory of lunar formation has concluded the lunar craters cannot have been formed by meteor impact, because of the "rays." There had to have been enough energy to "crack an entire planet." The only possible explanation, he says, is that the Moon was once an inhabited planet with an atmosphere and that "Here at Tycho was located their main power plant, and here at Copernicus and Kepler, on islands of the middle of the great oceans, were secondary power stations."

    In other words, not only can they blow up like bombs, but that is what reduced the Moon to its present airless, lifeless, cratered and cracked state.

    As I say, that's a completely different theory from the one being discussed. Nevertheless, I would bet a nickel that at least one of the authors of that article had read "Blowups Happen."

  26. my group by crhylove · · Score: 2

    You forgot my group which realizes that all three of those groups believe ancient fairy tales and are horrifically full of shit.

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNf-P_5u_Hw

    --
    I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
  27. Whichever God Wins... We Lose by Dogtanian · · Score: 2, Funny

    In fact, the UK is the only European country to do it differently (why doesn't that surprise me, the bloody bastards still drive on the wrong side of the road too).

    Yeah, well that's why you were occupied by the Germans during WWII and we weren't. It's damn hard to steer a left-hand-drive tank on the wrong side of the road.

    Although perhaps the 22 miles of water helped as well ;)

    --
    "Slashdot - News and Chat Sites Deviant". (Click "homepage" link above for details).
    1. Re:Whichever God Wins... We Lose by clone53421 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yeah, well that's why you were occupied by the Germans during WWII and we weren't. It's damn hard to steer a left-hand-drive tank on the wrong side of the road.

      You don't. You steer it wherever you please, and everyone else moves the hell out of your way. :p

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.