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'Partly Alive': Scientists Revive Cells in Brains From Dead Pigs (nytimes.com)

In a study that raises profound questions about the line between life and death, researchers have restored some cellular activity to brains removed from slaughtered pigs. From a report: The brains did not regain anything resembling consciousness: There were no signs indicating coordinated electrical signaling, necessary for higher functions like awareness and intelligence. But in an experimental treatment, blood vessels in the pigs' brains began functioning, flowing with a blood substitute, and certain brain cells regained metabolic activity, even responding to drugs [Editor's note: the link may be paywalled; alternative source]. When the researchers tested slices of treated brain tissue, they discovered electrical activity in some neurons.

The work is very preliminary and has no immediate implications for treatment of brain injuries in humans. But the idea that parts of the brain may be recoverable after death, as conventionally defined, contradicts everything medical science believes about the organ and poses metaphysical riddles. "We had clear lines between 'this is alive' and 'this is dead,'" said Nita A. Farahany, a bioethicist and law professor at Duke University. "How do we now think about this middle category of 'partly alive'? We didn't think it could exist." For decades, doctors and grieving family members have wondered if it might ever be possible to restore function to a person who suffered extensive brain injury because of a severe stroke or heart attack. Were these brains really beyond salvage?

70 of 128 comments (clear)

  1. Great, let's make pig zombies now by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    That can only end well.

    1. Re: Great, let's make pig zombies now by Type44Q · · Score: 3, Funny

      They're past that; they're making Presidents now. ;)

    2. Re: Great, let's make pig zombies now by ememisya · · Score: 1

      Partly alive may be an overstatement. Let's not forget we have brain cells in more organs than just the brain. I don't think consciousness was a concern at all here, that's more philosophical. I have no idea what I'm talking about but this looks like it could be useful with space injuries, or saving drowning victims and things of that sort from the abstract. Plus if we wanted to make zombie animals sheep sound like a better choice to start with.

    3. Re: Great, let's make pig zombies now by turbidostato · · Score: 1

      Whoo-hoo-hoo, look who knows so much... There's a big difference between mostly dead and all dead. Mostly dead is slightly alive. With all dead, well, with all dead there's usually only one thing you can do: go through his clothes and look for loose change.

    4. Re: Great, let's make pig zombies now by ememisya · · Score: 1

      Glad to be of service.

  2. Do you want zombies? by Dracolytch · · Score: 5, Funny

    Because that's how you get zombies.

    --
    This sig has been enciphered with a one-time pad. It could say almost anything.
    1. Re:Do you want zombies? by mykepredko · · Score: 1

      Arghh. You beat me to it.

  3. Miracle Max was on to something! by rcderp · · Score: 5, Informative

    So the pigs are "mostly dead"! There's a big difference between mostly dead and all dead. Mostly dead is slightly alive.

    1. Re:Miracle Max was on to something! by Lab+Rat+Jason · · Score: 1

      I came here to say... "All you can do is go through his pockets and look for loose change."

      --
      Which has more power: the hammer, or the anvil?
    2. Re:Miracle Max was on to something! by BringsApples · · Score: 1

      "thdead"

      --
      Politics; n. : A religion whereby man is god.
    3. Re:Miracle Max was on to something! by i.r.id10t · · Score: 1

      Well, actually it is a pig. So like bacon and pork loin and ribs and ham and ....

      Of course, if it were a sheep then you could make yourself a nice MLT - mutton lettuce and tomato - where the mutton is all nice and crisp and ...

      --
      Don't blame me, I voted for Kodos
    4. Re:Miracle Max was on to something! by dgatwood · · Score: 1

      Of course, if it were a sheep then you could make yourself a nice MLT - mutton lettuce and tomato - where the mutton is all nice and crisp and ...

      ... then bring it back to life.

      Inconceivable!

      --

      Check out my sci-fi/humor trilogy at PatriotsBooks.

    5. Re:Miracle Max was on to something! by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

      Inconceivable!

      You using that word....

      I do not think it means what you think it means....

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  4. I see a sci-fi movie on the horizon by raftpeople · · Score: 1

    Let's re-animate his brain to help solve the murder mystery

    1. Re:I see a sci-fi movie on the horizon by Zak3056 · · Score: 2
      --
      What part of "shall not be infringed" is so hard to understand?
    2. Re:I see a sci-fi movie on the horizon by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

      I remember one that I saw as a kid where they had a pilots brain kept alive in a jar

      In real life, he would just have to go back to his job at Allegiant.

    3. Re:I see a sci-fi movie on the horizon by chuckugly · · Score: 1

      That's one thing that survived the transformation into a video series. Some other things ... not as much.

  5. Re:Technology available at the time by PPH · · Score: 1

    Be careful what you wish for.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  6. Chemical machine by Gilgaron · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Is this surprising to non-biologists? Cells are like machines made of chemicals. You can run electrical current through a dead frog to make its leg jump... until it finishes breaking down. Doesn't mean you could 'repair' the frog back to life.

    1. Re:Chemical machine by alvinrod · · Score: 1

      Assuming that you could repair it back to regular state, would we still consider it dead to begin with at that point? Death implies a kind of terminal state from which one cannot return.

      A lot of cells in a dead body can function fine or be revived and repaired and continue to function fine, or we wouldn't have organ transplants. Unfortunately the brain passes the point or repair relatively quickly. We even have the term brain dead to refer to those kinds of edge cases.

      But if we did develop the ability to reanimate a corpse within some amount of time, we'd stop referring to fresh corpses as dead people, since they aren't quite beyond repair yet.

    2. Re:Chemical machine by Kjella · · Score: 1

      Is this surprising to non-biologists? Cells are like machines made of chemicals. You can run electrical current through a dead frog to make its leg jump... until it finishes breaking down. Doesn't mean you could 'repair' the frog back to life.

      But is the machine broken or is it stopped? How much of us survive death, for example I have a bunch of memories chemically stored in my brain. Could you read them from my dead brain? Can you read out my neural patterns and build a machine that thinks like me? Basically, how much of "me" actually dies when the synapses stop firing? And yes, technically what would it take to "reboot" me like am I the running state of the machine or can "I" mostly reboot like I've been in a deep coma? These questions are still very much unanswered.

      --
      Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
    3. Re:Chemical machine by Gilgaron · · Score: 1

      So... if you're very recently brain dead some of cells may still work but enough of them are gone that the connections between them - where your memories are stored - have degraded and are also gone. You could probably flip some bits on a hard drive platter by hand, but if it is rusting in the open air it'll never spin up again. If we got some sci-fi nano tech and could repair the individual cells somehow, your neuron net is going to end up reformatted because those connections are fairly tenuous.

    4. Re:Chemical machine by thereddaikon · · Score: 4, Insightful

      We have been consistently pushing back the line at which someone is well and truly "dead" for quite some time. It used to be that if someone's heart stopped that was it. But then we learned how to restart hearts. Then it became an issue of starting it fast enough. The window of time to resuscitate someone has gotten larger and larger over the last few decades to the point where someone can be "dead" for minutes at a time and can still come back. It logically follows that as time goes on that window will get bigger and bigger and we will be able to repair greater and greater damage. Just the other day we found it is possible for hearts to repair after damage from a heart attack. Previously that was thought impossible. Who knows, maybe some day we will get to the point where most causes of death can be reversed.

    5. Re:Chemical machine by swillden · · Score: 1

      So... if you're very recently brain dead some of cells may still work but enough of them are gone that the connections between them - where your memories are stored - have degraded and are also gone.

      Have they really? Do axons and dendrites break down that quickly? I suspect that the structural elements actually stay intact for some time, until other processes (drying out, decay, etc.) start to disrupt them. I'm only guessing here, I have no actual knowledge. Do you? If so, could you elaborate on what breaks down and how?

      --
      Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.
    6. Re:Chemical machine by ElizabethGreene · · Score: 1

      Cryonicists have been banking on this for decades. They* have a not-entirely unreasonable faith that scientific progress will keep pushing that line far beyond where it is today.

      * I am one of them. I'm a life-insurance funded member of the Cryonics institute.

    7. Re:Chemical machine by locater16 · · Score: 1

      This isn't a surprise to biologists either, the person quoted is a law professor, not an actual biologist.

      The very medical definition of "dead" has been argued over by doctors for decades. Is it heart death, brain death, but people occasionally seem to come back from "brain death" so how dead does the brain have to be? The article isn't written for people with in depth knowledge of chemistry or biology or etc. It's written to shock and clickbait people that aren't that. "What's dead really like, is dead actually dead? The answer may shock you!!!"

    8. Re:Chemical machine by Gilgaron · · Score: 1

      To put it succinctly, it isn't the protein/lipid structure that is doing it, which would be more stable, but the ions and chemokines bound to the right spots on the cell surfaces. That's why your brain function can be affected by drugs rather than just the way the neurons grow.

    9. Re:Chemical machine by the_povinator · · Score: 1

      Only thing is, when they bring you back, you'll be alive.. but you won't be *the same*. See what happened to the Mountain in Game of Thrones!

      --
      The .sig is dead, and I believe I had a hand in killing it.
  7. Who said biology was digital -- or magic? by Rick+Schumann · · Score: 1

    I remember when I was a kid going to the Exploratorium in San Francisco, and among other wondrous things, seeing a crickets' leg connected to a couple electrodes. You had a control for frequency and another for amplitude of the signal being sent through the electrodes to the cricket leg, and as you 'tuned' it, you'd make the let twitch in various ways. Very much a dead cricket-leg, but it was still capable of contracting the muscles, given the right stimumlus. Why should brain cells be any different? I'm not saying you can necessarily restore a previously-dead brain to full functioning, but what they describe in this article? Why not. Biology is just applied physics and applied chemistry after all, it's not like there's 'magic' involved. Besides which: 'magic' is just 'science' you don't understand yet.

    1. Re:Who said biology was digital -- or magic? by Zak3056 · · Score: 3, Informative

      Why not. Biology is just applied physics and applied chemistry after all

      Chemistry is actually just applied physics. Obligatory XKCD.

      --
      What part of "shall not be infringed" is so hard to understand?
    2. Re:Who said biology was digital -- or magic? by Rick+Schumann · · Score: 1

      (Applied mathematics) ..oh, sorry, didn't see you all way over there.

      ..yeah yeah I know.

  8. Have scientists not seen zombie movies ? by drnb · · Score: 1

    Have scientists not seen zombie movies? Because this sort of stuff is often what we see in the opening scenes before something unexpected happens and the zombie apocalypse results. Time to guy buy some 22LR and breakfree I suppose.

    1. Re:Have scientists not seen zombie movies ? by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

      Head shots. .22LR is a lot lighter than 00 buck. You can carry a lot more of it. Though I'd want both, there are times when a shotgun sends the right message.

      Yeah, but I don't wanna depend on rim fire ammo for my life.

      I"m going 9mm and 45 for handguns, and .556 I think for rifle (let's hit them longer distance if possible)...and of course 12ga for shotguns.

      I think I"ll go .308 for when you really wanna reach out and "touch someone".

      There are some better calibers, but then again, when the zombie apocalypse hits...I'll try to stick with the most prolific calibers of ammo out there, easier to scavenge for supply if you have to....

      But if you really, really have to be quiet....22lr with a silencer is about as close to "movie quiet" as you can get, so I"d have one around, and like you said, easy to carry a LOT of it.

      But, I'd not bet my life on rimfire, I'd have more reliable centerfire stuff always.

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    2. Re:Have scientists not seen zombie movies ? by drnb · · Score: 1

      By reducing your ammo count to a small fraction in a zombie environment you are betting your life. And by using louder ammo you are further betting your life. Seems riskier than losing the time it takes to manually cycle a 10/22. Plus there is the time/mobility you lose carrying all that weight. ;-)

    3. Re:Have scientists not seen zombie movies ? by BranMan · · Score: 1

      Forget the "Barbie" guns - stick with something that packs a punch. Put 'em down, don't tickle 'em.

      (See Under a Graveyard Sky for the reference)

  9. Abby Normal Bacon by Quake1v1 · · Score: 1

    I heard the strangest music in the dumb waiter and I just followed it down. Call it...a Lunch!

  10. Look who knows so much... by dfn5 · · Score: 1

    This pig is only mostly dead.

    --
    -- Thou hast strayed far from the path of the Avatar.
  11. Why not? by lamer01 · · Score: 1

    Why can't we?

    1. Re:Why not? by religionofpeas · · Score: 1

      In theory you could, just like you could rebuild a bombed city by piecing the debris together.

  12. It's not a new state.... by Comboman · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It's not a new state between life and death; it's a new state between death and decomposition. Cells, tissues and organs have a "life" of their own and can continue "living" after the organism dies given the right conditions (as organ transplants prove).

    --
    Support Right To Repair Legislation.
    1. Re:It's not a new state.... by swillden · · Score: 1

      's not a new state between life and death; it's a new state between death and decomposition.

      Even if it can actually be returned life? What if your brain could be restarted but you were left only partially intact, with significant deficits... as is the case for many stroke victims. We consider them to be alive, and to be the "original person" in most senses.

      --
      Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.
    2. Re:It's not a new state.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Even if it can actually be returned life? What if your brain could be restarted but you were left only partially intact, with significant deficits... as is the case for many stroke victims. We consider them to be alive, and to be the "original person" in most senses.

      But what if they come back evil?

    3. Re:It's not a new state.... by Matheus · · Score: 1

      Glass half full version: What if this or a future version of this process enables us to more fully restore said stroke victims so they have fewer or even no deficits?

      Let's just say I don't want to be in the beta trial but version 2.0 or 3.0 could be pretty spectacular assuming we survive version 1.3 creating zombies...

  13. When asked for a comment by Hentai007 · · Score: 1

    the lead Scientist stated

    "I was classed as a madman, a charlatan, outlawed in the world of science which had previously honored me as a genius. Now, here in this forsaken jungle hell, I have proved that I am alright!"

  14. The mind is not in the neurons by theCat · · Score: 1

    The mind is in the microtubules. And those, are stable molecules. If they can get the cells to work again then they will find the mind mostly intact.

    Is my expectation.

    I think they suspect this, also, which is why they are digging around in dead brains.

    I leave it to the reader to guess where all this goes after they find the mind intact.

    --
    =^..^= all your rodent are belong to us
    1. Re:The mind is not in the neurons by quanminoan · · Score: 1

      The microtubule "theory" has no substance.

  15. Wrong definition of death by biff-mo · · Score: 1

    They're confused with the definition of death. In my opinion, the best definition comes from cyronics: Information Theoretic Death.

    http://www.merkle.com/definiti...

    WRT these pig brains, they're experiencing iscemic damage that may result in infodeath, but it's a slide into that vs a singular moment of death. Of course some cells still work, only 4 hours passed from loss of blood flow.

  16. An explanation for NDE's? by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

    We think we know definitively when brain death occurs, but what if some consciousness survives for a time after that? You could be conscious of people around you talking about your death, be they surgeons or bystanders. If unusual circumstances, such as having your supposedly dead body fished out of very cold water, lead you your revival, that consciousness could be the near-death experience that some people live to tell about.

  17. Cryonicists have been saying this for decades by Ungrounded+Lightning · · Score: 1

    There NEVER were clear lines! Jeez! ... Aliveness always has been a gradient!

    Cryonicists have been saying things like this for decades, even before the first confirmed cases of resuscitation of heart attack victims, or of drowning victims and the discovery of the "mammalian diving reflex", (which, when the back of the neck is cold when oxygen runs out, causes the metering valves in the blood vessels to stick OPEN, allowing the brain to revive if circulation is restored as much as a half hour later.)

    One catchphrase: "Death is not a state. It is a prognosis." What that means is that, with current technology, you don't have the ability to restore the person to what is recognized as life before the body deteriorates into "information theoretical death" - when there is no longer the necessary information encoded in the corpse to make it possible for any conceivable technology to restore, or recreate, a living body exhibiting the pre-event personality.

    --
    Bantam Dominique roosters crow a four-note song. Once you've heard it as "Happy BIRTHday" you can't NOT hear it that way
  18. Correction: Face, not back of neck: by Ungrounded+Lightning · · Score: 1

    I said: ... the discovery of the "mammalian diving reflex", (which, when the back of the neck is cold when oxygen runs out, causes the metering valves in the blood vessels to stick OPEN, allowing the brain to revive if circulation is restored as much as a half hour later.)

    Oops! Wikipeida is your friend:

    The diving reflex is triggered specifically by chilling and wetting the nostrils and face while breath-holding,[2][7] and is sustained via neural processing originating in the carotid chemoreceptors.

    --
    Bantam Dominique roosters crow a four-note song. Once you've heard it as "Happy BIRTHday" you can't NOT hear it that way
  19. One step closer by The-Ixian · · Score: 1

    We are now one step closer to immortal heads in jars...

    --
    My eyes reflect the stars and a smile lights up my face.
    1. Re:One step closer by biff-mo · · Score: 1

      We've been there for five decades. The jars are insulated, the liquid is nitrogen.

  20. Scary by AVryhof · · Score: 1

    I was hoping the pig was just dead.... but noooo. They had to reanimate the brain of a pig that had been slaughtered. Let's revive the brain for a bit so it can feel the phantom pain of a missing, body. We're either working toward Zombies or Necromancy. I think we should stop in either case. On the other hand, it would be nice to be able to revive dead portions of the brain... but what if the brain damage is really just to protect the rest of the being?

  21. Trump by fluffernutter · · Score: 1

    Now all Trump has to do is get these babies on the voters list and they'll be as good as any Republican voter!

    --
    Laws are rules for the court, but merely a bottom bar to hit for life. Think beyond laws in your actions always.
  22. They are grunting for the fjords by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 1

    They are ex-pigs.

    Now they have the souls of crows inhabiting them, and they are not friendly.

    --
    -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
  23. Metaphysics and religion confuses people by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 5, Interesting

    People are all messed up in how they think about this because we are so misguided by metaphysics and religion. Consciousness is not a real thing. "You" are a story that your brain tells itself. The way your brain and body actually work have little to do with that story.

    Nobody would blink an eye at restarting a machine after it was long idle and rotted parts were repaired. But when they consider it happening to a human being, they get tripped up in metaphysical stuff that isn't real.

    1. Re:Metaphysics and religion confuses people by Shaitan · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Consciousness exists because I can perceive myself. It is as simple as that. "We" may or may not exist, I perceive others and they seem to be self-aware like me but that could well be a self-reinforcing delusion.

      The big issue that stands in the way of your assertion is our inability to actually create anything with even a minimal sense of self. We can build abstraction on top of systems and complex ordered systems so that those pieces come out in ways that match the "code" for desired outcomes. We have made some level of progress toward making that behave in a way that shifts around pieces semi-autonomously toward some result. The problem is that everything we build is merely a logical abstraction on top of something and given meaning by our own consciousness and not innate to the actual medium.

      '"You" are a story that your brain tells itself.'

      There simply is no direct evidence to support this claim. We can't even successfully model it at this point, let alone prove that the observer is manifested by the medium rather than the medium being a tool of the observer. Sure we can alter perceptions to some extent via physical processes but we can also do that with a broken scale, fake image, or any number of blatantly external mechanisms. It is very easy to forget that science is an applied philosophic model which provides results we perceive as useful but it is just a model. Just as geometry is useful even though there aren't really any circles, points, lines, or squares... those are just ideas we made up and then ran with.

    2. Re:Metaphysics and religion confuses people by Jeremi · · Score: 1

      Nobody would blink an eye at restarting a machine after it was long idle and rotted parts were repaired. But when they consider it happening to a human being, they get tripped up in metaphysical stuff that isn't real.

      The metaphysical stuff doesn't bother me (since, like you, I think everything is implemented entirely via physical processes); rather it's the physical stuff. Any biological body that has been "dead" for more than a short while is going to be physically deteriorated to the point where you really wouldn't want to inhabit it any more.

      --


      I don't care if it's 90,000 hectares. That lake was not my doing.
    3. Re:Metaphysics and religion confuses people by lurcher · · Score: 1

      So you do agree that its possible to live again after being dead, its just a matter of arguing about the duration of the "short while"

      And of course blood transfusions would like to have a word.

  24. We already know "mostly dead" people by AnalogDiehard · · Score: 1

    They are serving in Congress right now.

    --
    Eternity: will that be smoking, or non-smoking? I Corinthians 6:9-10
  25. Will this work on politicians? by The+Snazster · · Score: 1

    Or is too little too late for them?

  26. Re:Secrets Revealed at Last by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

    This is amazing. After a breakthrough like this, we may be on the verge of finally understanding how the electoral college works!

    Apparently WE missed taking or paying attention to civics class, did we?

    You know, in this day in age of google and everything online, you needn't even take a formal class, get online and look it up.

    Its simple and was a brilliant way to get all the various states to unite under banner and allow a what was supposed to be a limited Federal Govt. over them.

    It is important to remember that one VERY important word in the name of our country, the United STATES of America. It is managed at the state level, since each one has its own geographical and cultural needs and wants.

    --
    Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  27. In the eventually sense? Probably not. by Shaitan · · Score: 1

    This will go through lots of phases, including (a very long while from this) we'll be able to reanimate the cells but find that their former electrical state is too degraded to recover the person. Eventually through some laborious side channel technique we'll be able to recover that state. Some day you'll be able to do it and upload an entire graveyard of consciousnesses onto the galactic quanta-net just by thinking about a code word that is information entangled to a chain of sequences that unfold into the solution.

    In the meantime, seriously you made meat twitch again. You didn't bring complex multi-cellular life back to life, you brought individual cells into some minimal form of reanimation. Given we can do that all day long with bacteria it shouldn't surprise anyone.

  28. Rifle, mags, 500 rounds ammo - 10 pounds by drnb · · Score: 1

    Is 22LR good enough for zombies? I'm thinking double aught buck.

    The movies also teach that cardio is important, so I'm thinking a ten pound budget on rifle, five 10 round magazines, and 500 rounds of ammunition. Oh, the movies also teach about noise, so less noise too. :-)

  29. Zombie bacon, eh? by stevent1965 · · Score: 1

    -Obligatory zombie comment- -Reasoned scientific response- -ZOMG!- -sigh- -Rational scientific observation- -ZOMG bacon!- -Wait, what?- -ZOMG bacon!- -OMG! ZOMG bacon!- -I know, right?- -Zombie BLT?- -Braaaiiiinnnnssss- -Braaaiiiinnnnnsssss- (Top that, George Romero! :) )

  30. Welcome to the party! by vilhuber · · Score: 1

    Every time I see this headline I read "Party Alive"...

    1. Re:Welcome to the party! by vilhuber · · Score: 1

      Then, when I get it (again), I think "Does that mean he's just MOSTLY dead?"

  31. Reanimator by SunTzuWarmaster · · Score: 1

    We already have a number of stories describing this phenomenon:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    Also, I recommend my favorite tag for this story: "whatcouldpossiblygowrong"

  32. This could explain by vandamme · · Score: 1

    ... Flat Earth YouTube videos.

  33. Because nobody else has posted this yet... by McFortner · · Score: 1

    "I'm getting better!

    "No, you're not. You'll be stone dead in a moment."

    --
    Beware of Sales Reps bearing gifts.