It is not an easy task to have a power supply that regulates over such a large range to use the full amount of energy stored in these capacitors. You are lucky to use a big fraction of the storage capacity.
I have had much the same thought every time the substitution of capacitors for batteries comes up. Switching power supplies designed for large input voltage ranges often are limited to a 1:2 or 1:4 ratio of input voltage. Wide input ranges have significant costs in efficiency and power density. The semiconductor switches have to support both high voltage and high current where in a more limited input voltage design, they could deliver far more power.
The good news is that for a capacitor, the available energy is the square of the voltage so discharge down to 1/4 of the voltage returns most of the energy anyway. It is still however a much larger range than a battery would require.
State of the art in available IGBTs is 3500 to 4000 volts peak but the switching converter is still going to be much more complicated and expensive than one for supporting the relatively modest 340 volts or so associated with a battery pack. The higher voltage will not require just a change in scale.
I mock any government relying on brittle security measures including my own. Despite the nature of India's security problems, they have adopted a strategy that relies too much on cooperation from their enemies. Their current course will only delay without otherwise ameliorating an intractable terrorist enemy. To be fair however, their society is probably not amenable to strong civil defense.
The case of New York is particularly interesting because premeditated policy decisions may have exported crime to surrounding areas:
In some places, the phenomenon is hard to detect, but there may be a simple reason: in cities with tight housing markets, Section 8 recipients generally can't afford to live within the city limits, and sometimes they even move to different states. New York, where the rate of violent crime has plummeted, appears to have pushed many of its poor out to New Jersey, where violent crime has increased in nearby cities and suburbs. Washington, D.C., has exported some of its crime to surrounding counties in Maryland and Virginia.
I am firmly on the CCW side but even I do not believe that is a general solution to high crime rates. It is very effective given the cost but the total effect is relatively small. It is cost effective enough anyway that the best analysis I have seen show that states implementing shall issue CCW laws would benefit even if they payed to arm the CCW holders at thousands of dollars each every year. Most states of course charge a significant amount for licensing.
You make it sound awfully high-minded and artfully constructed. It looks to me more like a crude political compromise to get Rhode Island, Delaware and Georgia to sign on to this Constitution thing without feeling like Virginia and New York were going to completely trample them.
My understanding is that the ratification of the Constitution was even cruder than commonly appreciated. Wasn't a blockade enforced against Rhode Island to force them into ratifying?
Plurality is just about the worst system for selection based on consensus though. We do have balkanization but elections using plurality hide it by ultimately preventing alternative candidates from even being considered. We split the vote all of the time. How many of our elections come down to selecting the lesser evil? Plurality is NOT consensus building. Just look to Hammas or Governor Schwarzenegger for plurality at its best.
I do not have any problems with the electoral college and the founders had good reason for it but they had no way to know or understand the problems with plurality voting. The theory necessary to understand it was developed decades too late.
My guess is that the front right corner of the car would be the best place to put the outlet or charging station. Parking in the US is usually off of the right side or the front of the car. For the circuit, I would run a 240 volt with neutral at 30 amps which should cover most configurations without undue cost and should be available in any house.
remember man in the middle? if you record all traffic, you ARE the man in the middle
Only recording all of the traffic between two parties is not sufficient to be the man in the middle because the two parties have the option of exchanging public keys and then continuing with an encrypted session. Without breaking the encryption algorithm used, a third party relying only on complete interception of all traffic will have insufficient information to generate the encryption key.
What the third party needs is to intercept and substitute traffic such that both parties can be impersonated. This is what certificate authorities and other forms of authentication prevent.
I was just reading the AMD documentation on the Phenom. The part I found interesting was that Phenom uses the same 144 bit ECC code in both ganged and unganged mode. In the later case, the ECC code is used across two 72 bit transfers from the same channel which optionally can be bitwise interleaved. 4 bit chipkill correction is lost in this case but detection still works.
UDP is not any less filterable than TCP. To even make this argument, the reasoning is so contorted as to be silly. In either case, one uses a router to inspect packets and decide what to do with them. ISPs will simply go as deep through the envelopes as they like; they already do. With that knowledge they will do whatever is allowed by law. At present, almost anything is. If they abuse that power too foolishly, then it will start to be taken away from them.
UDP has the advantage of being immune to the RST man-in-the-middle attack making it more difficult and expensive for the ISP to interfere with it because the attacking system has to be inline with the connection to do the filtering. IPSEC protected TCP also has this advantage but is problematical where an end to end connection is not available.
"Missouri authorities said there was no state law under which Drew could be charged. But federal prosecutors in California claimed jurisdiction because MySpace is based in Beverly Hills. "
Wanna know the real reason why we haven't been visited by ET? Poor little ET's species wasn't any more disciplined than we have been, they had their own Peak Oil event on their planet, and got trapped on their little rock for lack of energy to finish the exodus.
I was also under the impression that Mote Prime was short of fossil fuels and radioactives.
Arachnophobia is the most common phobia, certainly in the western world. It's certainly not innate. Babies show no fear of spider at all. We pick arachnophobia up from our parents and from those around us, and it's easy to see why. When people around you, and almost everyone you see in contemporary media displays arachnophobia, it's hard not to be arachnophobic. Hollywood's use of spiders, and spider like creatures, as stock horror objects is actually a self perpetuating.
Classification of a behavior as innate or learned is an oversimplification. In many cases, there is a genetic predisposition to learning a specific behavior which must be nurtured to become active:
Wild-born monkeys are afraid of snakes. They're so scared of snakes that they will cower in the back of the cage screaming rather than reach across a plastic model snake to get at a peanut when they're very hungry. Captive-born monkeys are not afraid of snakes; they happily reach across the model snake to get at a peanut. So what's going on here? That means that fear of snakes must be learned. But how on earth do you learn fear of snakes? The conventional classical conditioning wouldn't work very well, would it, because either you have a bad experience with a snake to learn from, in which case you're dead, or you don't have a bad experience, in which case you don't learn that snakes are frightening. So how are you going to end up acquiring a fear of snakes? It seems an absurd thing to acquire. She argues that what's happening is that there is a program for fear of snakes, an instinct if you like, but that that instinct needs to be socially triggered--in some sense triggered by a vicarious experience, by observing another monkey having a fear of snakes. So she set up an experiment in which she videotaped the wild-born monkey reacting with fear to a snake, and she then showed this video to a captive-born monkey, which immediately acquired a fear of snakes and was not then prepared to reach across even a model snake to get a peanut. She now doctors the video, so that it has the same monkey reacting in the same way in the background, but the bottom half of the screen now instead of having a snake has a flower. Again, the captive-born monkey has never seen a flower, so after it sees a monkey reacting with extreme fear to this new thing called a flower it should just as easily learn a fear of flowers. But it doesn't. It just learns that some monkeys are crazy.
No transformers in every device SIGNIFICANTLY reduces the heat load, also makes the racks creepy-quiet.
DC powered data centers still have the transformers. What they lack is the extra rectification or power factor correction step in the distributed line power supplies.
Since all of the power is ultimately still being turned into heat, the increased power supply efficiency only has a small effect on cooling requirements.
I have to agree with Lonewolf666. I have been agonizing over going with AMD over Intel but the ECC issue is a deal breaker. It is only supported on Intel's more expensive and older motherboards. DDR3 in combination with ECC is not supported at all ruling out anything recent and an FB-DIMM solution would be more expensive yet.
All of AMD's recent processors have really nice support (note 1) for non-registered ECC DDR2 with the caveat that not all systems have support in BIOS for it. Gigibyte motherboards supporting embedded graphics (780G and 790G) do not while similar Asus ones do.
My current system is an old P4 2.4C and 875P chipset with 2 GBytes of ECC DDR and my system before that is an HX chipset with 1 GByte of ECC SDRAM that now does home server duty.
As for how necessary ECC is . . . there are a couple of papers available online that discuss measured soft error rates versus density and memory size. Below 1 GByte it is not much of a concern but with large arrays it can become a limiting factor in data and system reliability. My fuzzy recollection is that errors could be daily for an 8 GByte memory array. For a majority of systems running games and media applications there is of course no issue.
Note 1: AMD Barcelonas support a variety of ECC modes including scrubbing and chipkill while the Intel systems I considered only support correction on read.
In your linked example, filtering is largely handled by the two inductors L2 and L3, just behind the rectifier. The ferrite bead (L1) provides some extra filtering of induced noise as well. C1 is essentially an archaic safety device, and unnecessary, as notebook power supplies are invariably class 2 devices, though it may be providing some filtering, depending on the impedance of the circuit. The value seems too high for that, though --.33 uF is well into the audio range as a filter, unless I'm misreading the circuit.
This is a somewhat odd power supply, anyway. In particular, the ripple current filter (C2) is on the primary side of the transformer, and has no bleeder resistor. It would be much safer, and a bit cheaper, to filter the transformer secondary. Maybe the switch coupling requires the DC supply to be filtered, though, I'm not intimately familiar with switch-mode supplies.
That is a pretty standard offline switching regulator using a flyback topology. If it did not have C2, there would be an additional power factor correction switching stage to generate a relatively constant 370 volts DC for the main isolated flyback regulator based around T1. C1 filters differential noise while L2 and L3 filter common mode noise and if designed with high leakage inductance, filter differential noise as well. L2 has a much smaller inductance and is wired in series with L3 because L3's resonate frequency will be too low for good high frequency performance.
Seriously, Slashdot, pointing to an article that contains a link to the 80 MB TIFF image at full resolution. Feeling a bit sadistic today, are we? Oh well, I'm rather early so I clicked it nonetheless. Feeling like a bit of a egocentric sadist myself today.
At least it would explain the flash located near Munich, Germany.
Slashdot Mirror
The capacitor design may not support the high rate of discharge required to make full use of its capacity in that type of application.
I have had much the same thought every time the substitution of capacitors for batteries comes up. Switching power supplies designed for large input voltage ranges often are limited to a 1:2 or 1:4 ratio of input voltage. Wide input ranges have significant costs in efficiency and power density. The semiconductor switches have to support both high voltage and high current where in a more limited input voltage design, they could deliver far more power.
The good news is that for a capacitor, the available energy is the square of the voltage so discharge down to 1/4 of the voltage returns most of the energy anyway. It is still however a much larger range than a battery would require.
State of the art in available IGBTs is 3500 to 4000 volts peak but the switching converter is still going to be much more complicated and expensive than one for supporting the relatively modest 340 volts or so associated with a battery pack. The higher voltage will not require just a change in scale.
ink + dilute hydrofluoric acid
Maybe he works for a hard drive manufacturer or, even worse, in marketing.
I mock any government relying on brittle security measures including my own. Despite the nature of India's security problems, they have adopted a strategy that relies too much on cooperation from their enemies. Their current course will only delay without otherwise ameliorating an intractable terrorist enemy. To be fair however, their society is probably not amenable to strong civil defense.
The case of New York is particularly interesting because premeditated policy decisions may have exported crime to surrounding areas:
My understanding is that the ratification of the Constitution was even cruder than commonly appreciated. Wasn't a blockade enforced against Rhode Island to force them into ratifying?
Plurality is just about the worst system for selection based on consensus though. We do have balkanization but elections using plurality hide it by ultimately preventing alternative candidates from even being considered. We split the vote all of the time. How many of our elections come down to selecting the lesser evil? Plurality is NOT consensus building. Just look to Hammas or Governor Schwarzenegger for plurality at its best.
I do not have any problems with the electoral college and the founders had good reason for it but they had no way to know or understand the problems with plurality voting. The theory necessary to understand it was developed decades too late.
My guess is that the front right corner of the car would be the best place to put the outlet or charging station. Parking in the US is usually off of the right side or the front of the car. For the circuit, I would run a 240 volt with neutral at 30 amps which should cover most configurations without undue cost and should be available in any house.
remember man in the middle? if you record all traffic, you ARE the man in the middle
Only recording all of the traffic between two parties is not sufficient to be the man in the middle because the two parties have the option of exchanging public keys and then continuing with an encrypted session. Without breaking the encryption algorithm used, a third party relying only on complete interception of all traffic will have insufficient information to generate the encryption key.
What the third party needs is to intercept and substitute traffic such that both parties can be impersonated. This is what certificate authorities and other forms of authentication prevent.
Why would he? I am sure it is a great idea now that he will be President and the Democrats have a majority in congress:
http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/12/04/feinstein/
Unfortunately, I am 3 of the users since I now have 3 IPv6 subnets allocated to me.
I was just reading the AMD documentation on the Phenom. The part I found interesting was that Phenom uses the same 144 bit ECC code in both ganged and unganged mode. In the later case, the ECC code is used across two 72 bit transfers from the same channel which optionally can be bitwise interleaved. 4 bit chipkill correction is lost in this case but detection still works.
Sign EXtend for converting a number stored in twos compliment format to a larger data size.
Unfortunately, Windows lacks native SCTP support unlike Linux or BSD.
UDP has the advantage of being immune to the RST man-in-the-middle attack making it more difficult and expensive for the ISP to interfere with it because the attacking system has to be inline with the connection to do the filtering. IPSEC protected TCP also has this advantage but is problematical where an end to end connection is not available.
"Missouri authorities said there was no state law under which Drew could be charged. But federal prosecutors in California claimed jurisdiction because MySpace is based in Beverly Hills. "
Missouri corrected this deficiency this year.
I was also under the impression that Mote Prime was short of fossil fuels and radioactives.
Classification of a behavior as innate or learned is an oversimplification. In many cases, there is a genetic predisposition to learning a specific behavior which must be nurtured to become active:
Wild-born monkeys are afraid of snakes. They're so scared of snakes that they will cower in the back of the cage screaming rather than reach across a plastic model snake to get at a peanut when they're very hungry. Captive-born monkeys are not afraid of snakes; they happily reach across the model snake to get at a peanut. So what's going on here? That means that fear of snakes must be learned. But how on earth do you learn fear of snakes? The conventional classical conditioning wouldn't work very well, would it, because either you have a bad experience with a snake to learn from, in which case you're dead, or you don't have a bad experience, in which case you don't learn that snakes are frightening. So how are you going to end up acquiring a fear of snakes? It seems an absurd thing to acquire. She argues that what's happening is that there is a program for fear of snakes, an instinct if you like, but that that instinct needs to be socially triggered--in some sense triggered by a vicarious experience, by observing another monkey having a fear of snakes. So she set up an experiment in which she videotaped the wild-born monkey reacting with fear to a snake, and she then showed this video to a captive-born monkey, which immediately acquired a fear of snakes and was not then prepared to reach across even a model snake to get a peanut. She now doctors the video, so that it has the same monkey reacting in the same way in the background, but the bottom half of the screen now instead of having a snake has a flower. Again, the captive-born monkey has never seen a flower, so after it sees a monkey reacting with extreme fear to this new thing called a flower it should just as easily learn a fear of flowers. But it doesn't. It just learns that some monkeys are crazy.
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/ridley03/ridley_p5.html
First rule in government spending: why build one when you can have two at twice the price?
DC powered data centers still have the transformers. What they lack is the extra rectification or power factor correction step in the distributed line power supplies.
Since all of the power is ultimately still being turned into heat, the increased power supply efficiency only has a small effect on cooling requirements.
I have to agree with Lonewolf666. I have been agonizing over going with AMD over Intel but the ECC issue is a deal breaker. It is only supported on Intel's more expensive and older motherboards. DDR3 in combination with ECC is not supported at all ruling out anything recent and an FB-DIMM solution would be more expensive yet.
All of AMD's recent processors have really nice support (note 1) for non-registered ECC DDR2 with the caveat that not all systems have support in BIOS for it. Gigibyte motherboards supporting embedded graphics (780G and 790G) do not while similar Asus ones do.
My current system is an old P4 2.4C and 875P chipset with 2 GBytes of ECC DDR and my system before that is an HX chipset with 1 GByte of ECC SDRAM that now does home server duty.
As for how necessary ECC is . . . there are a couple of papers available online that discuss measured soft error rates versus density and memory size. Below 1 GByte it is not much of a concern but with large arrays it can become a limiting factor in data and system reliability. My fuzzy recollection is that errors could be daily for an 8 GByte memory array. For a majority of systems running games and media applications there is of course no issue.
Note 1: AMD Barcelonas support a variety of ECC modes including scrubbing and chipkill while the Intel systems I considered only support correction on read.
That is a pretty standard offline switching regulator using a flyback topology. If it did not have C2, there would be an additional power factor correction switching stage to generate a relatively constant 370 volts DC for the main isolated flyback regulator based around T1. C1 filters differential noise while L2 and L3 filter common mode noise and if designed with high leakage inductance, filter differential noise as well. L2 has a much smaller inductance and is wired in series with L3 because L3's resonate frequency will be too low for good high frequency performance.
He's back. And this time, he's mad. No more Mr. passive resistance.
At least it would explain the flash located near Munich, Germany.