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U.S. Pressures ISPs on Data Retention
packetmon writes "According to Wired's Declan McCullagh 'In a private meeting with industry representatives, Gonzales, Mueller and other senior members of the Justice Department said Internet service providers should retain subscriber information and network data for two years ... A more extensive mandate would require companies to keep track of e-mail messages sent, Web pages visited and perhaps even instant-messaging correspondents.'"
that's a lot of data... I wonder how many hard drives it would take to keep that much. besides, it would be so much data that it would be really had to sort through it all in order to try and prevent any crimes (I'm assuming this is an anti-terrorist thing - as most crazy freedom reducing laws these days are)... all this would do is after someone had blown themselves up and you knew who they were you could say "so in this instance "flower" meant bomb... but because of the cellular nature of these groups we're no closer to stopping any other attack"
*''I can't believe it's not a hyperlink.''
Rather than put all of the onus on spying on the population on third parties, such as telcos, credit card companies, ISPs and airlines, why not just implement the solution in 1984. You just install two-way TVs in everyone's homes and offices. That way you can efficiently monitor what everyone is doing in a centralised fashion. The data would be recorded for later playback if needed. As a safeguard, officials would only be able to examine the recordings if they obtained a court order (unless, of course, the President decided it was necessary to the fight against terror to waive the requirement for a court order). After all, if you are not doing anything wrong, why object to such a system?
I don't know wheter to mod you insightful or funny. So i'll reply instead and it won't be my problem.
Not to mention that all that extra has to be pored through. The FBI had gotten information on a case from homeland security, unfortunately they did not parse it down and the FBI agents lamented that they spent a majority of time chasing down pizza deliverys instead of spending more time on the actual case.
Image the uproar when (not if) a cracker gets into the database and abuses all that information.
The information gathered from users can also be used(abused) for blackmailing.
You might be asked to testify against someone, if not then well your employer and spouse might accidently find out about your surfing habits.
All in all, this sounds like a lose-lose situation for almost all involved.
As long as the government is willing the pay to keep all this data then i don't see why not...
Oh wait, no you want ISPs to pay? HAHAHAHA
"I will reach out personally to the CEOs of the leading service providers and to other industry leaders," Gonzales said. "Record retention by Internet service providers consistent with the legitimate privacy rights of Americans is an issue that must be addressed."
Privacy rights and citizen-snooping mix worse than water and oil.
Is this not exactly the sort of problem public key cryptography is well-suited to combatting?
could take a really long time assuming the goverment could even find working tape drives for your backup media. And using striping only RAIT, because backing up that volume of data needs the speed, means you need lots of tape drives and all the tapes better be good. Message to goverment: Be careful what you ask for. You just may get it.
Sadly I'm not American, but this seems like the sort of thing that would be pretty early on in the list of rights you guys have - freedom of speech, not incriminate yourselfs in court etc - so is there any possibility that you could have a new amendment - the right to have private communication with people without having to tell - or without the carrier having to tell - the government? It sounds a bit much to me.
Also, from a technical point of view, why isn't Linux and other Open Source software using encryption by default? If emails are hard to encrypt as a matter of course, perhaps it's time for another system which handles messages strongly encrypted. I've heard about TOR from the EFF, and I remember the short-lived Triangle Boy system - it really sounds like this sort of thing needs to be made up and running sooner rather than later.
It's lifted from the TFA but I guess this is supposed to mean 'instant messaging correspondence' (...in addition to logging the correspondents)?
Based on logs i've seen of similar information 2 years of logs would easilly be 26 gbs for a single person. That's just a conservitive number for the types that check their email a few times a week and look at the Lost forums every now and then.
Multiply that by 100s of thousands of users and you're looking at warehouses full of tapes and/or hard drives. That's if you're conservitive.
I'm sure the ISPs wouldn't mind - as long as the government provides the data storage center and pipe to the same. I just don't want to be the poor sucker that's expected to develop an algorithm to efficiently search the steaming pile of crap that results from that sort of requirement.
Just because you're paranoid doesn't mean there isn't an invisible demon about to eat your face
I wonder if they have some privacy issues about the content of their private meetings showing up on the internet?
are we sure this story isn't just to distract us from the AT&T + NSA snooping headlines? if they need to ask ISP's to retain all this data, then surely the NSA isn't doing what everything thinks they are doing.
Donald Ray Moore Jr. (mindrape)
Suspected Terrorist
Friends don't help friends install M$ junk.
The cost of freedom and rights is paid not just on the battlefields of the wars we fight, but in our everyday lives. When we become so weak that we cannot accept that cost, then we cannot have rights and freedoms.
In Massachusetts, USA, we now have State Police on television, threatening the citizens of the State over seatbelt use. In the mad desire to save the last life, our government and police oppress and threaten not murderers or rapists, not armed robbers or burglars, but citizens commuting to work, mothers doing shopping, and old people on the way to bingo.
You can be sure that the requirement to hold all ISP information on individuals will extend from 2 years to 5 to 10. Then there will be a lifetime requirement on all communication by an individual.
They justify these incroachments on rights and freedoms by saying they are fighting crime and saving lives. We have to be strong enough to accept the consequences of our freedom to chose in our lives and tell them we are not mere cells in the body of society. We must tell them that we are not all "uncaught criminals" who must be monitored and spied upon by the government for our own good. We must tell them to go to hell.
E Proelio Veritas.
...between ISPs and their users, the users said they would jump ship the moment they thought their ISPs were helping to spy/keep tabs on them. The users also read a statement into the record proposing that the Justice Department, quote, "go fuck themselves", and, further, that the DOJ heads would, quote, "hit the bricks as soon as we have fired their elected masters".
"A great democracy must be progressive or it will soon cease to be a great democracy." --Theodore Roosevelt
How do you plea?
Autonomous Retard -- Is your camp safe? UnsafeCamp.com
... harddisk and other mass storage companies.
:)
If nobody listens when we object on privacy grounds, at least object on environmental grounds... how many kw is it going to take to power the systems to record this data?
Oh well... at least somebody is backing up my data, even if it's not me
(Not that i'm in the US, but i'm sure my government can't be far behind)
"Even if they implemented the system, and figured they did have enough space to store it all, couldn't everybody just start sending and receiving garbage 24 hours a day in order to clog the system."
We have that already. It's called spam.
People can only have one of the following, not BOTH!
FREEDOM
or
SECURITY
Which of these do you choose? Which is more important to you and your life?
If you choose the second, something is definitely wrong with you! Do you really want to become a slave?
If you don't wear it, the cops have a legit reason to pull you over.
Your argument that this law is just because I can negatively affect others through non-use of a seatbelt is a bit reaching, don't you think?
Blar.
... and rrchive it all to paper tape and regularly dump it on NSA's doorstep.
I get 3 million trackback spams a month. They can have those if they want them.
What will happen here is once this starts to get a foothold, it will not stop advancing from the original 'reason'.
i.e. data retention under the guise 'terrorists' will slowly degrade into a state 'eye' of everything you do, and even slight regressions against the law you will be pulled up. Remember speed cameras? Now they are used to monitor road users/collect revenue, nothing to do with overspeeding much anymore.
The strange thing is, 'terrorists' would then move back to snail mail to correspond. Safe, unmonitored and secure (but a little slow).
I work at a small WISP. Wireless Internet is secondary to our primary business, so anything to do with the Internet gets put on hold when a primary job comes up. The practical result of that is, we barely have a spare minute to work on the network side of the WISP (the result is also crappy customer service, but that is a different post).
Should something like this actually happen, it would take not only a large amount of space, but for us, probably a full time person just to manage backing up the logs. For a large ISP it would take probably a couple of people or more. Not to mention the fact of the cost of the network monitoring software it would take to record all of this information.
We are already on the edge, something like this would just do us in.
But maybe that is an intended result, as having a few AT&T's that give you a straight pipe right onto their backbone, is a hell of a lot easier to monitor than a whole bunch of mom & pop ISPs who could not possibly to even begin to comply with these monitoring requirements.
Let the cry be heard: V for Vendetta
Usurper_ii
Ron Paul
Infiltrated dot Net
The Government should foot the bill for all the additional storage needed. Afterall it serves little benefit for ISPs to do this. Wonder how quickly this idea would be shelved when they realise how much it would cost to store detailed info on browsing and digital comunication...
"(I'm assuming this is an anti-terrorist thing - as most crazy freedom reducing laws these days are)"
Honestly, how many terrorists are they going to catch? How many have they caught so far? How long do you think it will take them to find other uses for your information?
If you think it's ok for them to do this to 300,000,000 + Americans just to catch 5 or 6 terrorists, you deserve everything you get.
It's not an anti-terrorist thing. It's an anti-American thing.
Never forget that.
Now just wistful memories of freedoms we used to have.
from the article;
"During Friday's meeting, Justice Department officials passed around pixellated (that is, slightly obscured) photographs of child pornography to emphasize the lurid nature of the crimes police are trying to prevent, according to one source."
Doesn't that constitute child exploitation by passing around images of children to garner emotional responses?
The parent poster is dead correct. Not being spied on and continually asked "Your papers comrade" was supposed to be one of the touchstones of American citizenship. When I was growing up, I was often told that not enduring such things and NOT TOLERATING them was one of the many things that made us better than the Russians. People used to care enough about that citizenship to even brook contemplating the traitorous ideas Gonzales and the rest of the Bush administration keep coming up with.
The people in charge right now really suck. But the lack of spine being showed by the People means they suck worse. We should be howling for these clowns' heads on platters.
This is nothing more than one more stepping stone in their quest for totalitarian rule in this country.
They are already doing it, and they know how many small ISPs would have to shut down because of the cost and complexity of doing something on this scale, if it became law. Big monopolistic-type businesses loves big government, because it puts up a large barrier for entry into the market.
Usurper_ii
Ron Paul
"I have always kind of considered it a legitimate gripe...rasing health care costs does kind of suck for other people"
Only thing I can think of is that as a society, we need to admit that life is potentially dangerous and that we shouldn't penalize individuals for actions that primarily affect themselves. You can make the same public cost argument against skydiving, bungee jumping, or just about anything other than sitting at home with the doors locked. One way to look at it may be to ask whether the person already has adequate incentives to act in a safe manner. The decision about whether to drive with a seatbelt should be left to a well-informed driver; the driver without a seatbelt is far more likely to suffer unpleasant consequences than anyone else involved. There's enough of a disincentive to leave the belt off that, should they choose to take that risk, they ought to have a good reason for doing so. (In essence, we should _educate_ people about the importance of seatbelt use, but not require it.)
The opposite case may be comparing small cars to very large SUVs. Small cars fare alright in accidents involving other small cars, but in SUV-small car accidents, the small car gets creamed while the SUV suffers little damage. The person who decides to drive the SUV improves their safety, but at everyone else's expense. The SUV owner has no incentive to maximize everyone's safety, just their own. So we should be more concerned about limiting access to SUVs, not worrying about seatbelts.
George Bush is making all of us less secure. And we have to trust him to protect our privacy? Not. Try this: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/MonitorIssues/200 5/12/MonitorIssue1275/index.cfm?pa=DDC3F905
Richard
Every normal man must be tempted at times to spit on his hands, hoist the black flag, and begin to slit throats.
This administration is doing everything it can to erode our privacy rights, take away due process and legal protections, increase governmental secrecy and decrease governmental accountability. All this ironically in the name of our saftey and freedom.
The Bush administration is eroding our privacy rights through warantless wiretapping of American Citizens phone calls, and we dont know if its only international phone calls because there has been no investigation of this, we only have the people who are violating the FISA statue's word on this. FISA was set up for exactly this purpose. Not only that, they have a database of nearly every phonecall made in America, and they are using it to monitor phonecalls made by reporters to find leaks in their own administration without warrants.
http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat?pid=83880
As for our legal protections, this administration wants to be able to detain indefinitely without trial anyone suspected of terrorism, Jose Paddilla is a American born citizen and though he will now be tried as a criminal due to the threat of his case going to the supreme court. This administration wished to detain him indefinitely without trial prior to that threat. That is scary and unprecedented. Were not talking about legal resident aliens, or people who illegal gained entry into the country, this guy was born here as a citizen and under the constitution he deserves a trial, every citizen deserves a trial, thats a fundamental right.
As for increased government secrecy and decreased accountability we have documents being reclassified under the freedom of information act, and non-compliance for freedom of informaiton act requests. Its not just security related concerns, but corrupt things like whether a power plant is up to code and is likely to have an accident, hand outs to his industrialist buddies. Another nice tidbit hidden from the public for a long time by Bush's rewritting of the Freedom of Information act is a memo from Exxon mobil to the Bush white house demonstrating the influence of oil companies on this administration's global warming policy's. All of this having nothing to do with national security but being withheld from the public just because it protects monied interests or can embarrass elected officials.
For not long after that we will have auto creation of botnets that send garbage back and forth to each other. The resulting disk space needed would bankrupt Microsoft if the botnet targets them.
Not to mention - if the email requirement happens - the saving of SPAM will lead to a collapse of the Microsofts of the world.
Or, more likely, the US of A will economically kill itself over the self imposed costs. A bankrupt US of A means even the politions won't have jobs - and the US of A will finally be rid of the plague of Congressmen and executive branch wankers!
Admittedly it would be a lot funnier if I didn't live a stone's throw from the US (I checked once, and the local transit system goes to within 300 metres of the US border... although there is no border crossing at that location). It would be funnier still if I wasn't aware that Canada's latest batch of census data is being processed by a US business, and is therefore considered property of the US government. Oh well, c'est la vie, long live rock, and all that.
...to Web 3.0, where your every click and view is tracked by Big Brother "for your own good".
never bring a twinkie to a food fight.
More email than snail mail..
what's the basis-- # of pieces of each or amount of data contained within or 3-d mass volume of actual mail?
if you mean # of pieces.. if (fer analogious example) I had to store 1000 copies of of postal mail, or 100,000 pieces of email per person-- I know which would be simpler to arrange&store... the email.. I think the comparison to postal mail is useless..
every day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
I don't think they'd be interested in checking my feed out further seeing as I would just beat off in front of it to piss them off. :)
If they want that data, each packet should be printed out and mailed to them!
I'm trying to teach myself to set people on fire with my mind... Is it hot in here?
And whether they'd like theor own logs posted for all to see!
I'm surprised that the US Govt. hasn't already told ISPs to start keeping a record of DNS requests. While easily bypassed, the average Joe Five Pack user would have no idea it could even be happening. DNS records would really make the first pass of a data mining run a ton easier than starting with something like URL requests.
"I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence or insanity but they've always worked for me" - HST
The USA/FBI has also got lawful access to the recently mandated call data retention in Europe.. So it seems USA+EURO is one big surveillance 'reich' now.. (I havent got a link but google for the newslink.)
If you don't believe me, just look at the technical specs of the device which AT&T is using for the NSA. Also look at packetmotion.com. And, from looking at the job openings at dice.com, there's at least another startup on it's way to do the same thing in this market.
Right now, they can't keep all of your packet data for two years. But they CAN keep all of your connection data, and tell not only what sites you are connecting to, but also what type of connections you have. It's pretty useful for identifying Kazaa (et. al.) types of connections.
If you don't believe me, just ask the IT staff at UC Berkeley. They actively pursue this type of snooping on both faculty and students. They, and other Universities, are a preferred testing ground, since they throw such a load at the devices.
Now, why Universities encourage outside spying on the faculty and students is beyond me. But yes, this stuff is happening right now.
The current goal for all of these companies is to preserve ALL data for at least two years. They aren't there yet, as the disk space required is extensive. But they CAN do it for shorter periods of time, if one spends the money on filers.
What's more, it will only be a matter of time before they can preserve this data for at least two years, and longer. There are companies which make use of cheap fast SATA storage for about 1/5 the cost of a NetApp filer. 50 Terabytes is affordable; in 5 years, you're looking at affordable Petabyte storage.
The point here is that the Government is ahead of the curve, as they know it's only a matter of time before the disk storage required to keep all data is afforable. So they want this snooping in there now, as it will be a lot easiler to mandate that ISP's keep ALL data once they have these hooks in place.
So please quit misleading people into thinking that there's too much data. Snooping, reporting and storing this stuff is possible now, and is only going to get easier and cheaper in the near future.
The Justice Department must be running out of hard drive space, and want the ISP's to share the cost.
Thinking about this, I have to wonder, what's stopping the feds from just fabricating the data they need to prosecute the so-called "terrorist". Most packet logging software I have seen uses text to display info or compressed packet info that makes graphs/reports. This would be very easy to manipulate to fit their needs. Combine this with judges that have no clue and you have the recipe for disaster.
I hope you aren't fat, out of shape, smoke, drink or are over-stressed. All these things cause your load on the medical system to rise.
Same principle, don't you know?h
Blar.
It will be easy at election time this year: Anyone but an incumbant!
Now say it all togather, "Anyone but an incumbant!"
MOD PARENT UP!!!
The U.S. government is becoming involved in a culture of all war, all the time, and all surveillance, all the time.
Most people don't realize that former presidents have access to CIA and NSA data. So, if voters in the U.S. elect a president who has family and friends and business associates heavily invested in oil and weapons companies, that president will be able to use the data to spy on competitors. It's not so crude as that, and a lot more sneaky, but that is the result.
U.S. Vice-president Cheney had a secret meeting with oil executives. A few months later, the price of gas rose enormously. Coincidence?
George W. Bush is the "worst president of our lifetime".
--
Taxpayer Karma: If you give money to kill people, expect your own quality of life to diminish.
I don't care how much pressure the Government puts on me. It's not going to happen. I think what's going on with AT&T and the NSA it's obvious why the Bush regime wants ISPs to do this. I can give them who was on what IP for however long with a subpeona, but that's all they're going to get out of me.
Not only is it a privacy violation, the amount of money that would be required to store that information for 2 years is staggering. I'm not spending hundreds of thousands of dollars or more and violating the trust of all of my customers just in the off chance that one of them might be doing something wrong that the government wants to get them for in 2 years.
Join the fight against an orwellian government. Encryption is still legal. Use it. Pay for email service in countries that remain neutral and free and support SSL encryption to/from their mail servers. Use desktop email encryption to protect the content of your messages and start requiring others to do so as well. Use anonymizing network tools and support their creators by donating money. Use encryption tools on your local system to encrypt entire filesystems such as TrueCrypt.
The US government needs to understand that we won't tolerate this. They need to understand that terrorists aren't idiots, and that there are plenty of ways to bypass the ISP altogether, and they will use it.
If we make their attempts to monitor the activities of the average citizen useless, they will realize that communication is a freedom that deserves the right to privacy. Our government has no business having access to our personal records and communications. This is a fight they won't win. Our government has been overrun by those who would throw out our constitution and remake it to their own liking. This being the case, we are in a civil war. You just don't realize it yet.
Just logging IP connections, i.e. a date stamp, the IP address on both ends, the port number, whether or not the packet was blocked, and the firewall rule that finally determined this, on the firewall on my little home LAN of 5 computers, 1 of which acts as a mail and web server, was cranking out roughly 1MB of log every hour at a slow time in the day, i.e. most of my LAN machines were not being used and the traffic was coming from outside.
I wonder who's going to pay for all this data retention? Oh yeah, its digital data. That's free, right?
Just be sure to wear the gold uniform when you beam down -- you know what happens when you wear the red one.
At this point, I was beginning to think that the R's went after him because they were jealous. Well, at least until I heard about the whole Dusty Foggo hookers, poker, and scotch thing. I guess the R's are just dicks.
That is all.
Fucking uninformed. The reason you haven't heard of the IRA lately is because of a very long and very hard peace process.
Its worth keeping in mind that the EU has recently passed a similar directive (covering "data retention") that obliges all EU countries to pass laws within 18 months (or 3 years, depending on the country) on data retention by ISPs.
ISPs will have to keep data for 6 to 24 months. This will exclude URLs visited, but include the name, address, IP adress etc of every user, and also the addreses they send emails to or receive emials from.
ISPs are currently negotiating with national governments on the exact wording of these laws.
Ouch!
Alex
Ah, computer dating -- it's like pimping, but you rarely have to use the phrase "upside your head" -- Bender
While still in its early stages, wouldn't something like the JAP Anonymity project undermind the entire purpose and usability of data retention? http://anon.inf.tu-dresden.de/index_en.html
..Anonym.OS http://kaos.to/cms/content/view/14/32/
Until then, consider contributing to these kinds of projects, as they soon may be the only things standing between you and governments being able to track and parse every communication you make.
Does anyone else find it ironic that some of the most "free" countries are some of the former Soviet Unions' 'client' states?
Cheers!
Strat
Progressivism (aka US 'Liberalism'): Ideas so good they need a police/surveillance-state to enforce.
The gov't collects data all day long between the endpoints. It's a ruse the make us think they need data from isp's. Liars.
The good ol democrat^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H republican^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H Government manifesto.
If the ISPs can't afford the disc space, then we'll provide it for them for free!
Then we can even spin it on them -
"We'll give you FREE hard drives if you'll just do us ONE little favor and record the data of all your customers. Simple stuff, email, transfer data, what percent was encrypted, destination IPs, peak activity times... 2 years later: Also if you want to keep those hard drives coming, we want chat logs, email logs, and you need to start blocking encrypted traffic.
Many of the comments here seem to assume that the reason behind this is prevention of terrorism, but if you RTFA you will find that the stated concern is child pornography.
Like many people, I was disgusted by the recent revelations of a "child-abuse-to-order" video pornography ring, and I was pleased to see that the perpetrators had been arrested. But I have news for Alberto Gonzales - that vast majority of instances of child abuse are not photographed. I am not an expert in this field but I suspect that for every case of a child being abused in a photograph or video there are thousands who suffer without a camera to record their abuse.
I have seen statistics (admittedly controversial) that 10% of boys and 40% of girls are sexually abused in some way before the age of sixteen. The villain here is not the video pornographer with the camera and the subscriber list of eager viewers, but the stepfather or mother's boyfriend who tucks little Jenny into bed with that "special cuddle that we don't tell Mommy about". Until the Justice Department make a serious attempt to stamp out real child abuse how can we take them seriously when they go after the minority of cases which involve photography?
We have to assume that they want the information for - well, just because they want it - and child pornography is just the pretext they are using to get it. Who's abusing the children now?
I wonder if Seagate is really behind this one
I do not own an ISP company but I as I understand the profit margins can be quite low in the business once you pay your overhead (bandwidth) etc + the tech support costs.
If they want data rentention for 2+ years, that means hiring extra staff to take care of it and buy the infrastructure to take care of it. These additional costs might cause some smaller ISPs to get out of the business. If there isn't enough money to be made, why not leave? If you charge more $$$ you're left to compete against larger companies who might not raise their fees.
Will ISPs simply keep their offices outside of the US but provide services there? How is the information going to be passed to the authorities securely? More importantly, how does one know that the data being submitted is not altered? Suppose an ISP has a customer that they don't like. The authorities ask that information be submitted about him. How would they know wether the information on that customer's records are true or unaltered?
Maybe its an attempt to further strenghten their ties with AT&T and the other backbone providers who signed onto the NSA wiretap agreements.
did this become a police state..?
Time to buy stock in foreign anonymous proxy server companies.
-- Gary Goldberg KA3ZYW 301/249-6501 AIM:OgGreeb Digital Marketing Inc., Bowie, MD
Houston Police Chief Harold Hurt suggested installation of TV cameras in homes so the police can determine who's at fault in domestic disputes.
"During Friday's meeting, Justice Department officials passed around pixellated (that is, slightly obscured) photographs of child pornography to emphasize the lurid nature of the crimes police are trying to prevent, according to one source."
If I am not mistaken, even pixellated photos of child pornography are still child pornography, so aren't the people in this meeting in possession of illigal material and should be arrested?
Good luck storing that. I'll be sure to start a Government-level storage company if that gets signed in. Then I can live in a house made of money with platinum siding.
So far there are a LOT of claims by the lobbyists, but where are the *NUMBERS* How many cases, of those how many had requests to ISPs? Of those how many went unfilfilled because data was not retained that long? In the cases that the data was there, how useful was it, really? How many times was the data wrong? Where did these numbers come from? So far I see none of this, so there is no case for, or really even against these laws on the position they, the lobbyists, are claiming!
I think we, as americans, need to pass a law that requires some 'proof in advertising' before it can be passed. Especially in cases like this where there's all this shock and awe agains the media, and trying for sensationalism like protect the children, stop the terrorists, etc.
Sad part is it won't happen. Since the majority of people just want to join in on the sensationalism and not find out the real truth behind it. Is it one case? Two? Two hundred cases that didn't get any data, that the data would've helped? Are there any law officers dealing on the boards here who can help fill any of us in on this?
To me it all sounds like a lot of hot air.
...and thought you were going to talk about Ron Jeremy.
Libertas in infinitum