Slashdot Mirror
Paper Stronger Than Cast Iron
TaeKwonDood writes "All paper is made of cellulose, which at the nanoscale level is quite strong, but paper processing makes large, fragile fibers that break easily. Researchers in Sweden have have come up with a manufacturing process that keeps the fibers small, resulting in 'nanopaper' with over 1.6 times the tensile strength of cast iron (214 megapascals vs. 130 mPa). And since cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet, it's cheap to use compared to other exotic, expensive-to-produce options — such as carbon nanotubes."
It's strong enough to build a ship out of... as long as you don't get it wet.
When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
Coming next summer, the Epic battle between Robert Downy Jr. as Iron Man, and an unknown antagonists who goes by the mysterious PAPER MAN! /attempt at humor
Or treatable to be fire-resistant?
I can see a lot of uses for it even if it isn't. But I can see some fairly awe-inspiring ones if it's possible.
Chas - The one, the only.
THANK GOD!!!
> 214 megapascals vs. 130 mPa
214 megapascal (singular, it's a unit) is about 1.6*10^9 more than 130 millipascal. Use your units properly.
the final piece of the puzzle falls into place and the product to make my composting underwear becomes a reality
It's just like irony but stronger
My UID is prime... is yours?
Perfect for government documents and voting machine audit results. :)
RECYCLE YOUR NANOPAPER!!! We need to get Mr. T to rap about this.
This is hardly surprising given that the source for most paper is wood, and wood has the highest tensile strength of any building material known to man based either on weight or cross sectional area.
Not a lot of our building techniques rely primarily on tensile strength, most rely on spanning gaps with weight bearing members. But if you have to hang something heavy, Wood is your friend.
Tensile strength does come into play on collapsing structures, as weight bearing members are removed, and buildings end up hanging from their walls or rafters. Firefighters really dislike entering steel framed buildings, when fighting active fires because steel softens and collapses without warning, where as wood groans and snaps and gives ample warning that it is about to collapse.
Sig Battery depleted. Reverting to safe mode.
But... cast iron has the tensile strength on the order of concrete. Which is to say, not much at all. Good job guys, you've shown that paper is about as strong as... paper! How did this get published?
This is going to mess up so many games of Paper, Rock, and Scissors.
1 megapascal - singular
214 megapascals - plural - there are 214 of them
You do not pluralize when using a symbol, such as mPa, but you do pluralize when written out.
Wait, so paper beats scissors now?
Kids! Bringing about Armageddon can be dangerous. Do not attempt it in your home!
Cast iron does not have much tensile strength. Looks like they cherry-picked something to compare it to that sounded impressive.
With the paper there is the advantage that small particle sizes dramaticly increase strength.
I can't wait to make chinese stars outta this stuff. Brings a whole new meaning to the word papercut.
Fantastic!
Yeah, they tried that one on me when someone claimed that the pen was mightier then the sword.
Tm
Support TBI Research: http://www.raisinhope.org
because of Super Paper Cut...
paper cuts from this stuff?
So I guess we're gonna hafta rewrite the rulez for da ol' game.
wood has the highest tensile strength of any building material known to man based either on weight or cross sectional area.
No, steel does. That's why I-beams are steel, not wood. It's also why the cables in suspension bridges are steel, not wood poles.
Not a lot of our building techniques rely primarily on tensile strength, most rely on spanning gaps with weight bearing members.
And what determines how well you can span a gap? A combination of compressive and tensile strength. You need to revise your beam bending...
Tensile strength does come into play on collapsing structures, as weight bearing members are removed, and buildings end up hanging from their walls or rafters.
So what does some in to play? Probably a mixture of tensile and compressive strength, depending on what is failing and why.
SJW n. One who posts facts.
Great, just what I need - newspapers that groan and snap when I try to read them.
I would tend to think that "214 megapascals vs. 130 mPa" would be a bit more than 1.6 times bigger, say something in the magnitude of 1e9.
"wahts woring iwth my tyoping?"
apparently the nanobonds are more porous... would be nice to see some comparison statistics on the physical properties between nanopaper and regular paper per square inch say.
Walk with Music;
it's "*badum-psht*"
So I guess this new paper always wins in "rock, scissors, paper"?
I am anarch of all I survey.
Icebike wrote
>...wood has the highest tensile strength of any building material known to man based either on weight or cross sectional area.
I Think your estimate of wood is much too high. Wikipedia's article of tensile strength http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength lists pine wood at 40 MPa I know there are some woods that are significantly stronger but still.
For comparison some other tensile strengths listed in MPa are:
Cast Iron 200
structural steel 400
steel piano wire 2500
Concrete 3
HDPE plastic 37
Aluminum Aloy 455
Glass 4710
Carbon fiber 5650
Carbon nanotubes 63000
Not a lot of our building techniques rely primarily on tensile strength, most rely on spanning gaps with weight bearing members. But if you have to hang something heavy, Wood is your friend.
Tensile strength does come into play on collapsing structures, as weight bearing members are removed, and buildings end up hanging from their walls or rafters. Firefighters really dislike entering steel framed buildings, when fighting active fires because steel softens and collapses without warning, where as wood groans and snaps and gives ample warning that it is about to collapse. well I think the theory is that steel and concrete are very poor fuels, high compression strength and fairly tolerant to insect attacks.
Stop thinking buildings. Think vehicles.
We have 5000 lb shells to tow our important asses about. Cut that weight and you save gas. ($)
Plus a bullet proof paper airplane has got to be worth a few kudos.
Could be the invention of the year, unless mcdonalds comes up with a healthy big mac.
coolcalt
There's already health concerns and risk with other nano technologies, what about paper? I'm around printers all day long and see a great deal of paper dust. What if there were made up of nano particles and got into the respiratory system of people?
Ah, the solution to the problem of the dog eating your homework.
I wonder if the high mechanical strength of this paper translates to good stable archival properties as well... physical records are still important for some things, and cheaper archival quality materials would be a Good Thing.
...a space elevator we can wrap fish in!
Cast Iron is fairly brittle and a lousy comparison for tensile strength.
I wonder if this could be used in the construction of body armor. Paper armor was employed in medieval Japan, and it'd be interesting to see a resurgence. Being paper, it should be fabulously lightweight; I wonder how it stacks up against ballistic impacts...
Fear the penguin.
Some wood is a lot stronger (even some types of pine) and have tensile strengths upwards of 130.
I think what the gp was trying to say is by weight it may (depending on wood type) have a higher tensile strength.
It's one of the reasons we are so interested in kevlar and spider silk and carbon nanotubes for various things... lighter for similar strength of created object - regardless of it's tensile strength for the same size object.
StarTrekPhase2 - The Five Year Mission Continues!
Do they leave shields instead of scrolls?
Someone hates these cans.
Mod parent -1 Incorrect
...and termites dont eat steel.
"To err is human, to mod Funny divine."
Phucking kick ass! A board made of card!
> No, steel does. That's why I-beams are steel, not
> wood. It's also why the cables in suspension
> bridges are steel, not wood poles.
The same weight of wood would be stronger.
Some respect has to be paid to longevity. Who would use wood suspension cables in termite country?
There are also problems of attaching wood to other objects. Hard to weld wood you know.
Sig Battery depleted. Reverting to safe mode.
Like Paper Construction Cranes?
signature is pants
Cuz Paper beats Rock!
Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
Even when adjusting for weight, the tensile strength of wood isn't so great compared to S-glass or carbon fiber. And when adjusting for cross sectional area, the tensile strength of wood fares even worse because it has a lot of air in its pores.
-- Other Slashdot Users
The same weight of wood would be stronger.
But not the same cross-sectional size.
Use paper knife to cut iron sheets?
capacha: emitting
would ine ply be good enough...?
Wow, a real live paper airplane :)
reddit?
GENERATION 26: The first time you see this, copy it into your sig on any forum and add 1 to the generation.
Ever tried writing on iron? Not as easy... and folding it to put it in your pocket tends to be difficult.
On another note, mPa? Really? 214 megapascals vs 130 MILLIpascals? Ever heard of SI? That lack of capitalization causes problems. : )
(it's from TFS, guys)
What day is it? Could you please tell me?
rj
i think everyone is still here, just the numbers of morons grows more and more every day
"let's make technology accessible" they said...
So it isn't actually the pen that's mightier than the sword, it's what you use it on.
I've calculated my velocity with such exquisite precision that I have no idea where I am.
Given climatic changes I think we may want to think this one over.
:-).
.. aaaagh!
:-)
I can see someone building a skyscraper, only for the whole thing to fall over because someone has an aiming problem in an urinoir midlevel. And God help you if you want to redo the wallpaper
No! Don't us a steame
Joking aside, interesting development. Puts the final nail into the paperless office.
No! Aaargh! I'll stop making bad jokes now!
Insert
"Ever tried writing on iron? Not as easy... and folding it to put it in your pocket tends to be difficult."
However, if you etch a piece of metal, you can use it as a stamp to create numerous copies of the etching, and when you hit severe writers block, its much easier to kill yourself with a piece of tin than paper cuts.
I would guess the application of interest is shipping boxes and so forth. If you want things well-protected, increasingly important in a shipping industry that uses more robots and conveyor belts and fewer human hands every day, you need strong boxes. Probably even a modest increase in the strength of cardboard would be quite helpful, as it would reduce the fraction of the weight of a shipment that is boxing.
/. editor to know something about materials science and/or economics? I would not.
It all depends, really, on whether the processing needed to create "super" paper doesn't cost more than the savings you might enjoy in lower shipping costs per unit weight of product. The fact mentioned in the summary that the original material (wood) is cheap seems quite unimportant.* Steel come essentially from dirt and rock, which is cheap, too. It's the processing that costs.
--------------
* But would I expect a
so the saying "Windows is as secure as a wet matchbox" could mean slightly less now?
The only conclusion I can come to is that I am superman
Touche! I'll remember this the next time I'm trying to kill myself with the object I'm writing on. : )
What day is it? Could you please tell me?
And they laughed when I made papier-mâché throwing stars. I'll show them! I am the Paper Ninja (played by Matthew Lillard), and I've just come from OfficeMax!
Oh it's far worse than that. These days, big real-estate developers often skimp on paying for a nice sealant topcoat of plastic grass or concrete, which means exposing the public to potential sources of invisibly fine air-borne nanoparticles containing silicates, sulfates and other nonvolatile chemical compounds, particularly if it's windy and the unsealed areas are exposed to radiation in the 400-700 nm range.
Apparently Superman didn't take simple physics at school otherwise he would know what tensile strength meant...
Cast iron has about zilch tensile strength. So I want to award a big fat DUH there.
Excuse me, but please get off my Pennisetum Clandestinum, eh!
I'd be interested to know how this stuff stands up to shear: a lot of materials are very strong in one way but incredibly weak in another. Ever try tearing a piece of paper in half by grabbing the two ends and pulling straight apart? It's a lot harder than you would think, but you can easily tear that same piece of paper with two fingers of each hand by applying shear.
The submitter made a leap in logic. Just because "cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet" doesn't mean this finished product is "cheap to use". Silicone is cheap to use, but we don't have 1 GB L1 Caches, do we? The production costs involved with making this product aren't mentioned, only that potentially they could be cheaper. But that would require some work and some luck. This is still only a potential and requires more than just cellulose:
Also, current (semi)practical carbon nanotube material has tensile strength up to 6x what is cited in this article and at the microscopic level is closer to 300x (63 gigapascals according to the all powerful wiki gods).
Wood doesn't have an exceptionally high tensile strength. Douglas fir, for example, which is the main wood used for house building in the Western U.S. and is fairly strong for a softwood has a tensile strength of 14-22 ksi (1 ksi=1000 lb/in^2). A cheap plain carbon steel should have a yield strength of around 30ksi and an ultimate tensile strength of around 50ksi although with heat treatment and rolling you can get yield strengths of nearly double that quite easily.
Further, in most materials the tensile strength is the same as or very close to the compressive strength (the most important exception being concrete which has a high compressive strength and a tensile strength of approximately 0).
If you do any analysis of "spanning gaps with weight bearing members" you'll find that one side of the member is loaded in tension and the other is in compression and the tensile strength is of critical importance.
I like my beverages with warning labels!
So WTF am I supposed to do with my scissors, stapler, hole puncher and shredder? This might not be such a great progression in technology after all.
That would be measured in m^2/s^2, not pascals.
If it's loaded in pure tension, you're right, wood is stronger per unit weight. However one thing that you have be careful of with wood beams is that wood has a very low shear strength which makes beams fail at much lower loads than you would expect from the tensile strength alone. It also isn't very strong in tension across the grain which limits your design freedom.
I like my beverages with warning labels!
lets make iron industri from paper than
Think about paper cuts of the past.
Phear my L33t paper plane.
©God
Paper-Volvo! Bork Bork.
Or, inversely proportional to the number of pirates.
This makes me wonder, could it be that pirates feed on morons? We will never probably know now pirates are all gone...
:(){
This comparison is highly suspicuous. You do not use cast iron for anything that needs tensile strenght, as it breaks too easily. Wrought iron is a whole different matter and is what is used in construction of cars, ships, girders, and the like. Cast iron in the shape of a pice of paper could easily broken by hand without tools.
It seems aluminum alloy has about twice the tensile strength of cast iron. Ever tried to rip tinfoil? Not that difficult.
Side note: mPA is milipascals, not megapascals.
Most ACs are not even worth the keystrokes to insult them. Be generically insulted by this and ignored otherwise.
...Jules Verne wrote about a heavier-than-air airship that was made from paper, treated with glue and pressed into shape. the resulting material was "as strong as the best steels, and much lighter", to quote the author.
the novel is called Robur-le-Conquerant (Robur the Conqueror) (1886)
Note that this is modern paper. Ancient chinese paper was manufactured differently, and kept the fibres largely intact. It was strong enough that there were paper armours manufactured, which could stop an arrow.
Industrial production of paper used a different process, was a ton cheaper, and thus drove the ancient methods to extinction.
Assorted stuff I do sometimes: Lemuria.org
Note that carbon nanotubes might cause cancer. I wonder how this paper fibers that are threated will be in the health department. Paper sounds fine, but that is the same what they thought of asbestos.
Shorter fibres: isn't that what happens to paper after multiple recyclings? I wonder if this is what to do with the recycled conventional paper that's no longer good enough evn for newsprint.
Paper airlines have cheap fares but don't fly in rain.
... all I can think of is "PAPER CUTS!!!"
I do not believe in karma. "Funny"=-6. Do good and forbid evil. Yours, Oft-Offtopic Flamebaiting Troll.
I can't think of anything else but japanese and origamis after I read this arcticle.
Look no further.. than mah bawls! Beeyotch.
Imagine the horror as some crafty (get it?) terrorist folds a lethal throwing star or blade in the airplane toilet!
In soviet russia, paper cut you!
I say it will be a nice turnabout. Usually I groan and snap when I read newspapers.
I just wonder... how come this wasn't invented in Soviet Russia?
Ignore this signature. By order.
Scissors and rocks cower in fear all around the world.
Eek!
Well of course he didn't.
Had he taken any physics, he would know he couldn't fly. Tell me, then, what would have happened to Metropolis?
Ignore this signature. By order.
Wood I beams are becoming popular replacinc solid joists in flooring
Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
Anyone who has ever used a public toilet in Sweden would know that this has been in development for some time.
Dear Will, the plums were poisoned. -- Cheese Club
Not only that, but steel is also slightly less flammable than wood (or paper).
paper cut!
Maybe we can require all governmental writing on it and it would be safe from the shredders!
Ever tried writing on iron? - Yes thank you ... it's quite easy engineers do it all the time with pencils and pens .... the only downside is that being dark it can be hard to get contrast ...
Puteulanus fenestra mortis
A whole next generation of children will now have to alter the age old game.
Must we now call it Paper, Rock, Scissors?
Please think of the children!!
With asbestos fibers, carbon fibers implicated in lung problems it's possible that these fibers will also cause problems.
Deleted
Paper cuts! 8-O
-=- 4ntifa -=-
You mean a bit like swallows?/
African or european swallows?
Note that the HDPE plastic is the material currently most practical for the purpose the article promotes - "grocery bags that can hold a few liters of milk without tearing".
What is with the "cast iron" comparison anyway? Or for that matter, what use are these numbers anyway? can you imagine how fragile an aluminum foil grocery bag would be, if less than a tenth (37/455) as thick as a HDPE plastic grocery bag?
Okay, you wank so much you must be smwhatever (you know, the famous journal/*pedia off-jerker)
I haven't seen anyone mention this...but I think making furniture out of it would be awesome...
Imagine lifting that heavy couch upstairs...now it would just be bulky!
"Only one thing, is impossible for god: to find any sense in any copyright law on the planet." Mark Twain
In many situations, it is difficult or next to impossible to get the stresses in a structure to be compatible with the grain structure of the wood.
Timber structures have to be heavily engineered to ensure the stresses occur with the proper orientation to the grain. This often makes them too expensive in comparison to steel.
One of our competitors trademarked the term "hypothesis". From now on, we will call them "boneheaded ideas".
Everyone knows paper covers rock.
Wrapping candy bars, USB drives and CD's to make them UTTERLY un-openable.
If this is Wikipedia data, Wikipedia needs to move to the 21st century.
To put the different tensile properties into context, the list has HDPE (high density polyethylene) at 37 MPa - but if you spin it into crystalline fibers you get 3250 MPa from the same chemical structure, a change of two orders of magnitude.
So the fact that you can do something similar to cellulose is not all that surprising.
I'm aging rapidly, I bought a new game and had no idea if my machine was good for it.
Douglas Fir is 1ksi in tension parallel to the grain per the American Forest and Paper Association's National Design Specification. Dense select structural southern yellow pine (a very expensive timber) is 1.65ksi, about as strong as you're going to get out of wood. Standard mild steel is ASTM A36 steel and according to the specification, yields at 36ksi and fractures at 58ksi.
.8 pounds per foot for a nominal 2x4 shape.
I would clarify your statement about isotropic behavior. For most metals isotropic is the norm, though cast iron, the yardstick in TFA is a notable exception, being stronger in compression than in tension. Cementitious mixtures like concrete, asphalt and masonry are notorious for being anisotropic and used compression-only when used without some sort of tensile reinforcing. Polymer-based stuff, like cellulose-based materials, are anisotropic - it depends on which way the fibers are oriented in relation to the forces.
Steel is very ductile, so you can make shapes with very slender elements. This is why you can have cold-formed steel studs doing the same job as 2x4 timber studs. The weight difference between the two is small - steel at 1.0 pounds per foot versus wood at
The paper in the TFA has a tensile capacity of 31ksi. That's pretty strong stuff. I can see it used in tensioned-fabric structures like the Dresden Train Station or in temporary enclosures.
Why does my coffee mug smell like trout?
For all the people who think Slashdotters aren't self-righteous enough!
Because in Soviet Russia, nanopaper invent YOU!
APK quotes people (including myself) without context and should not be trusted. Just thought you should know.
>>Not a lot of our building techniques rely primarily on tensile strength, most rely on spanning gaps with weight bearing members.
Erm... what kind of stress do you think 'spanning gaps' will produce? Tensile strength is very important in the middle 2/3 of a horizontal structural member like a floor joist. You have some shear stress at the ends, but that pales in comparison to the tensile forces placed on the joist in the middle. There is no such thing as 'bending' strength. Bending is a compound stress that includes compressive and tensile stresses. If you load a horizontal beam, the top of the beam will try to compress, and the bottom of the beam will try to stretch. In wood and most materials, the compressive and shear strength is orders of magnitude greater than the tensile strength, which is why it is so important. I can virtually guarantee that you will not find cases of structural failure in wood-frame buildings due to shear stress before tensile stress causes damage.
Be careful with you stresses- many of them are compound stresses that reuse the basic ones. Torsion, for example, is simply shear stress perpendicular to the axis of rotation. And so on.
-b
No offense, but I've stopped responding to AC's.
Finally! I'll get some respect with this new paper when I get a paper cut! I can say: "Hey buddy, don't you know this paper is stronger than cast iron! I could have lost my whole finger!"
"Meaningless!, Meaningless!" says the Teacher. "Utterly meaningless!"
Sounds like it could be used to make the strongest and most absorbent paper towels ever.
Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
That's what happens when Paper Mario gets a power mushroom.
alias possession='chmod 666 satan && ls
with a large paper bar.
cast iron doesn't have any tensile strength to speak of. That's why they don't use it in structural applications. It is made of coarse grains of metal held together a bit loosely. That also makes it very brittle.
You can make lampposts and garden furniture out of it, but not much else nowadays. They use it for table-saw tops and machinery, since those same properties (granular structure) that make it brittle, also enable it to absorb vibrations very well.
Hasan
Well, if you're a Precolumbian Lamanite, you might write it on plates of gold.
Cf. Book of Mormon.
Hasan
my scissors!
Invenio via vel creo
But what about this?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(TV_series)
214 megapascals vs. 130mPa is 1646x the tensile strength. Of course, they probably meant 130MPa.
The troll with karma.
If you could see through objects (like that hot chick's sweater) would you be paying attention to tensile strength?
They may say it's stronger than cast iron, but i bet it isn't as good at repelling elves and faeries!
This Space Intentionally Left Blank
Tony Stark will be helpless once he's swaddled in reams of Shareholders' proposals and Warrants investigating his options-back dating schemes.... He'll have to go for a Presidential pardon.
While many people have been great in pointing out the shortcomings in the comparison with cast iron, why anyone would even possibly care about the tensile strength of paper is beyond me as a materials scientist. How many times do you hold a piece of paper at both ends and just try to pull it apart? Tensile strength is probably the worst way to classify paper. The best measure in my mind would be either fracture toughness or shear strength. Since paper is usually used in applications where it is very thin, it is subject to various punctures, tears, and rips. The fracture toughness in the presence of these defects is much more interesting with respect to potential applications. The other possibility would be testing mode III shear strength (aka tearing). Since this is the mode by which probably 90% of all paper products fail, either intentionally or unintentionally, this would seem to be a more true measure of a paper's strength.
Another thing many of you seem to neglect is cost. In case you haven't heard, let me be the first to tell you that to reduce/eliminate defects in materials, even a material as abundant as cellulose, is ridiculously expensive because of the processing costs. So don't think supermarkets are going to be upgrading to this stuff to pack your groceries, and really, I would be surprised if this is anything more than an academic stepping stone.
For the love of reading comprehension!
They've been making breakfast-cereal "waxed" liner bags out of this for years.
.. samurai sword still cut this thing??
TOP DSLR Cameras Reviews of the top DSLRs
Ignoring the tensile strength discussion raging on for the moment. The real problem with using paper as a construction material is what happens when it gets wet. Paper would quickly soak up the water and then the building would collapse in a wet pile of pulp. Similar to OSB when it gets wet and starts swelling but in a more spectacular manner as all that paper just falls to the ground.
And as others have pointed out such a material would be prone to insect damage unlike concrete and steel.
Of course maybe the idea is to combine this with another article about building lighter cars to improve performance instead of changing out the powertrain. But then your car would tend to swell and fall apart in a rain to say nothing of the crash worthiness of such a vehicle. But then most cars don't survive a 10 mile an hour hit anymore either.
Wood is a better tactile beam; nobody wants to hear about morning steel.
Duh... steel weighs more than wood?
Or will shopping bags made of this stuff outlast plastic ones in the landfill?
the penis mightier...
Expose wood to heat and it gets stronger before it gets weaker. Expose steel to heat, and it just starts getting weaker, because heating steel removes work hardening. As has been mentioned elsewhere, the relative failure modes of each have their appeal; wood gives signs that it's about to fail, steel just goes.
"You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
...my paper shredder has a Hemi.
"If it's got a switch... it's my bitch!!"
Try "Ironwood", a colloquial name for some hardwood timbers. While working as a structural engineer I designed and supervised the strengthening of an older building to resist the earthquake forces. To install the steel diagonal bracing in the roof we had to drill bolts through the Ironwood beams. The contractor had to use a diamond drill designed for concrete as nothing else worked. Interestingly, the beams were hand shaped as you could see the marks from the tool used. Obviously the old builders (circa 1890) found them harder to work with also.
The weathers here - Wish you were beautiful
Somebody figured out how to synthesize the kind of glue that barnacles and mollusks make for plywood use. It's waterproof and non-toxic. Combine that with this super-strong fiber, and I might actually buy 'particle board' furniture again.
Oh, and 'prior art', bitches.
My God, it's Full of Source!
OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
How horrible a papercut from this would be. You could behead a waterbuffalo with this paper.
The Gospel according to lolcat
Paper coverings work great on Models, and would be awesome to build a plane with if we could scale it.
Me, a Stronger piece of paper could "become" the models instead of EP/EPP that we use now!
How much is your data worth? Back it up now.
I couldnt find Ironwood listed sadly. Especially since there are so many different species with different properties (finding the one that is used for building isn't very easy).
I did have a cane made of it that I picked up in Jamaica a while back (dunno what happened to it).
I seem to recall a tale about it being used to make bearings at one time as well - but that could just be an "old wives tale"
Some species are so hard (and more dense than water) that metal working tools (saws, drills, etc) are actually used to process the wood (instead of using conventional wood tools).
StarTrekPhase2 - The Five Year Mission Continues!
Born from the toxic soup formed by the chemicals that leeched out of paper mash during recycling - it's Paper Ninja
You will not build the albatross. You cannot make bullet proof paper planes. Get out of the Aerogel crowd; the stuff has uses but making it the silver bullet to end all problems is stupid.
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woohoo! bridges made of glass! I like being able to see the water below the car.
Moot
So, paper beats scissors, now?
Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.
One step closer to super-light bicycles with paper frames!
There is no sig.