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Europe's LHC To Run At Half-Energy Through 2011

quaith writes "ScienceInsider reports that Europe's Large Hadron Collider will run at half its maximum energy through 2011 and likely not at all in 2012. The previous plan was to ramp it up to 70% of maximum energy this year. Under the new plan, the LHC will run at 7 trillion electron-volts through 2011. The LHC would then shut down for a year so workers could replace all of its 10,000 interconnects with redesigned ones allowing the LHC to run at its full 14 TeV capacity in 2013. The change raises hopes at the LHC's lower-energy rival, the Tevatron Collider at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, of being extended through 2012 instead of being shut down next year. Fermilab researchers are hoping that their machine might collect enough data to beat the LHC to the discovery of the Higgs boson, a particle key to how physicists explain the origin of mass."

194 comments

  1. Half-measures by LostCluster · · Score: 4, Funny

    Does this news mean we now only have to be half afraid that they're going to create a black hole that will destroy the Earth?

    1. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Fortunately the scale is logarithmic.

      Unfortunately, it's not positively correlated.

    2. Re:Half-measures by LostCluster · · Score: 5, Funny

      I'm scared for all the half-lives at risk.

    3. Re:Half-measures by halcyon1234 · · Score: 5, Funny

      Does this news mean we now only have to be half afraid that they're going to create a black hole that will destroy the Earth?

      Nope, we need to be fully afraid that it will destroy half the world. Hopefully the other half.

    4. Re:Half-measures by mikael · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Maybe you get a Schrodinger's black hole - it may or may not be there until you open the lid.

      --
      Vintage computer adverts: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/computers-and-software-ads
    5. Re:Half-measures by vintagepc · · Score: 1

      Oh, we've opened the lid allright... just haven't looked :) Terribly appropriate physics joke... +1 for you, good sir. now, if only I actually had mod points.

      --
      Evolution - Est. 4500000000 B.C. Don't piss in the gene pool.
    6. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      > Does this news mean we now only have to be half afraid that they're going to create a black hole that will destroy the Earth?

      No, it means you can be totally at ease and 0% afraid.

      It also means they've seen the movie and don't want to go off script.

    7. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      no, it just means they'll be right on schedule for the end of the world in 2012 when they crank it up to full power.

    8. Re:Half-measures by postbigbang · · Score: 1

      We saw this coming in 2028, and needed to have them shut this down so that they'd lose a year. This alters the timeline sufficiently. If all goes well, no other adjustments will need to be backdated until 2013. Where's Shroedinger's cat, by the way?

      --
      ---- Teach Peace. It's Cheaper Than War.
    9. Re:Half-measures by rickb928 · · Score: 1

      No, the black hole will only be half as big :)

      --
      deleting the extra space after periods so i can stay relevant, yeah.
    10. Re:Half-measures by Ethanol-fueled · · Score: 0, Troll

      On an unrelated note, I have been reading about this guy called Candlejack. Apparently he is




      ....sorry about that. Some faggot dressed like a scarecrow just tried to break into my house. Shot the motherfucker and then sodomized him, gotta burn the body before the cops come.

    11. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      new fag is a new fa



      ..

    12. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      wtf?

    13. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      There's no such thing as half a hole.

    14. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh, thank God its in Europe!

    15. Re:Half-measures by NetNed · · Score: 1

      Cool. Then we get to go through the black hole, fall in love with a slave girl, save her society from the god Ra and live out our days in peace on a far away planet? So what are we waiting for? Lets fire this puppy up full throttle!

    16. Re:Half-measures by cbope · · Score: 2, Funny

      Where is Gordon Freeman when you need him?!?

    17. Re:Half-measures by qmaqdk · · Score: 2, Informative

      Maybe you get a Schrodinger's black hole - it may or may not be there until you open the lid.

      No, no, no. It's both there AND not there until you open the lid.

      --
      My UID is prime. Hah!
    18. Re:Half-measures by Petersson · · Score: 1

      Does this news mean we now only have to be half afraid that they're going to create a black hole that will destroy the Earth?

      Actually, the black hole is already existing and growing. At the moment, it sucks money only. And yes, it's called LHC.

      --
      I'm not insane. My mother had me tested.
    19. Re:Half-measures by Alphathon · · Score: 1

      Live out our days in peace? But what happens when Ras brother comes along and steals our slave girl lover and declares war on Earth?

    20. Re:Half-measures by silentcoder · · Score: 1

      Nope, be fully afraid they'll create half a black-hole. But since 50% of black-hole mass won't actually be a black-hole, we'll probably survive.

      --
      Unicode killed the ASCII-art *
    21. Re:Half-measures by markov_chain · · Score: 1

      So then we can be 3dB less afraid!

      --
      Tsunami -- You can't bring a good wave down!
    22. Re:Half-measures by omnichad · · Score: 1

      Two words: spin-off. Let the new guys deal with it.

    23. Re:Half-measures by elrous0 · · Score: 1

      No, it means that instead of having a 0% chance of discovering the Higgs Boson, they now have half that chance.

      --
      SJW: Someone who has run out of real oppression, and has to fake it.
    24. Re:Half-measures by cdpage · · Score: 1

      A Grey Hole just doesn't sound so threatening does it?

    25. Re:Half-measures by playcat · · Score: 1

      Does this news mean we now only have to be half afraid that they're going to create a black hole that will destroy the Earth?

      Nope, we need to be fully afraid that it will destroy half the world. Hopefully the other half.

      It would be nice to live in a world that's only half-sphere

    26. Re:Half-measures by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      For make graet victory!

  2. Slash Tank (British viewers: think Dragon's Den) by LostCluster · · Score: 0

    You want $5.5 Billion? And the stated goal is to learn about particles that don't apply to anything Newtonian? Excuse me... how do you expect to make this money back? No way I'm investing in this. Consider me "out".

    Announcer: "The first Slashdotter is out. Femilab needs to raise $5.5 billion from the other Slashdotters or they leave with nothing."

  3. They'll crank it up 12/21/2012 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Full power baby! Just to make sure the tinfoil hats get sucked off if the world doesnt shift/end/gain-higher-consciousness

    1. Re:They'll crank it up 12/21/2012 by Foobar+of+Borg · · Score: 1

      Full power baby! Just to make sure the tinfoil hats get sucked off if the world doesnt shift/end/gain-higher-consciousness

      This would actually be a good idea. Kind of like how Jobs and Wozniak made the original Apple computer cost $666. Fuck the fundie psychos!

  4. Baguette by garethw · · Score: 1

    Whatever happened to that bird who dropped a baguette into the reactor and caused a zillion dollars of damage?

    --
    garethw
    1. Re:Baguette by hedwards · · Score: 1

      He's been upgraded to a full sub.

    2. Re:Baguette by XPeter · · Score: 1

      Fucking birds...

      Flying into plane engines, dropping baguettes into the LHC, making family guy memes...we should exterminate them ;)

      --
      "The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has it's limits" - Albert Einstein
    3. Re:Baguette by bdwlangm · · Score: 2, Informative

      IIRC, the bird dropped its bread on something a little more innocuous sounding than a reactor. The bird escaped unharmed but lost its bread.

    4. Re:Baguette by lostmongoose · · Score: 1

      he learned where not to toast his epic bread.

    5. Re:Baguette by Sulphur · · Score: 1

      He got out through zee Window.

  5. Where is the Outrage... by DougF · · Score: 4, Interesting

    at (apparently) no one being fired for designing interconnects that only allow the LHC to run at 1/2 power? I may not be a scientist, but shouldn't a design cover the requirements? Then, to lose a year's work on top of that, and no one is getting their wrist slapped or even sued?

    --
    Impetuous! Homeric!
    1. Re:Where is the Outrage... by eclectro · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It's no one's fault really. It's just the Higgs Boson once again making sure that cern never uncovers its Cthulhu like existence.

      --
      Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
    2. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I may not be a scientist, but shouldn't a design cover the requirements?

      It is an unprecedented scientific experiment, not the some sort of business logic application coded in Java that you undoubtedly do for a living.

      Yeeesh, cover the requirements indeed.

    3. Re:Where is the Outrage... by PhreakOfTime · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I think you misunderstand how larger government woks projects are run, and why. Physics is only an ancillary benefit.

    4. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's probably time traveler sabotage, anyway.

      Or more accurately, they designed the thing as well as they could in the past, and now we're in the present and they're being conservative about the future.

      You know, to avoid blowing the damn thing up catastrophically. It doesn't take much for a quadrillion-dollar investment like that to blow itself up spectacularly.

    5. Re:Where is the Outrage... by joe_frisch · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The interconnects are rather complex superconducting devices, not simple electronic connections. It certainly would have been possible to design them with a higher safety factor, but that would have increased the cost. If that approach had been taken with all of the critical components for the machine, the overall cost would have been significantly higher. Unfortunately for a large cutting edge project on a tight budget, you need to take some technical risks. Over the next 10 years we will see if they put a reasonable safety factor on the overall design.

    6. Re:Where is the Outrage... by triorph · · Score: 1

      Could be that there was a response and that it happened in private? There's no reason why anything like this had to be public.

    7. Re:Where is the Outrage... by raddan · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Frankly, I'm a little sick of the "outrage" every time something doesn't go as planned. Since when does the universe have to play nice all the time?

      Science, by its very nature, deals with the unknown. We're at the point now where it looks like we're going to have to assemble thousands of experts, using billions of dollars to continue to make fundamental discoveries. If any of us had a road map, I assure you that we'd use it. This means that sometimes, we spend all that time and energy and hit a dead end.

      But here's the cool part: dead ends are sometimes better than confirming what we already knew. There was an interview with a theoretical physicist on the radio the other day, and the interviewer asked him what his worst fear and greatest hope for the LHC was. He said, "They're the same thing. We find out that we were completely wrong about something." This is simultaneously frightening and exhilarating, and it's what makes fundamental research so exciting.

    8. Re:Where is the Outrage... by bdwlangm · · Score: 1

      I'll be outraged when this somehow costs me something. That said, even if I was helping pay for this, what they're doing hasn't been done before (at this scale anyway). It is a high risk investment by nature. If you never want to read about things going wrong, don't read about science.

    9. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Alcohol+Fueled · · Score: 2, Funny

      I think you misunderstand how larger government woks projects are run, and why.

      Not if he's Chinese.

      --
      Ah am not a crook! (\(-__-)/)
    10. Re:Where is the Outrage... by wisty · · Score: 1

      Only fundamental research into particle physics. There are plenty of equally fundamental research areas (genetics if you are practically-minded, math if you're not) which don't require billion dollar budgets.

      Personally, I see the whole "physics is the ultimate science" as a con to graft in more grad students.

    11. Re:Where is the Outrage... by QuoteMstr · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Personally, I see the whole "physics is the ultimate science" as a con to graft in more grad students.

      The world is not a nasty, nasty, vile thing that's out to get you. Take a deep breath. Sometimes, really, people mean what they say. Sometimes they act in earnest. Sometimes there is no ulterior motive.

      Is it so difficult to let go of your cynicism for five minutes?

    12. Re:Where is the Outrage... by PhreakOfTime · · Score: 3, Funny
      alright... looks like its time to replace the batteries in my wireless keyboard.

      At least its still spelled correctly, even if it is a grammatical abomination.

    13. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Frankly, I'm a little sick of the "outrage" every time something doesn't go as planned. Since when does the universe have to play nice all the time?

      Hello? Since Obama was elected. Duh.

    14. Re:Where is the Outrage... by TheTurtlesMoves · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If you are from then US you are paying for it. The US has provided the LHC with a substantial mount of funding.

      Having said that, its a >20km super fluid helium (about 1.4K IIRC) superconducting collider with voltage and magnetic fields at the very limit of what we are capable of. The miss management part of the project was miss managing expectations. There is no way we should expect this to run as a typical engineering project with only one or two delays and cost over runs (typical in most large engineering projects).

      To give you an idea of just how far from typical engineering this is, take super fluid helium as an example. It can leak fast out of holes not much bigger than an atom. Also in the super fluid phase the thermal conductivity is insane, but one little spot thats just hot enough to get a small area just above the critical temperature (~2K) then... that area is effective thermal insulator compared to the super fluid and then you can't keep your magnets cold cus you cant get rid of parasitic thermal loads quick enough. Now lets make a connector for this stuff, and put a 10kA cable inside... We need 10 000 of em.

      We choose to do these things not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

      Ok well mainly because its bloody interesting.

      --
      The Grey Goo disaster happened 3 billion years ago. This rock is covered in self replicating machines!
    15. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The first time you do anything, you're going to make mistakes.

    16. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why is everything bioling down to money.

      It should surely be a case of whether or not this potential discovery will benefit the inhabitants of this planet in a profound way.
      If the discovery of Higgs B will change all we know about science and the universe, then it will be an evolutionary step, a first step in greater undertanding of who we are and what we are part of on a much grander scale than this rock we inhabit.

      I for one dont care about money or tax-payers dollars etc if we are on the verge of discovering something that changes everything.
      And if thats the case, it deserves the time to get it right.

      Of course the otherside of the coin is that it's all a load of bull to let scientists play around for free on our tax money. If that is the case, I truly feel sorry for us as a race, we probably dont deserve to evolve any further, as we are on the slow path to our destruction.

    17. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I see you have decided to eschew apostrophes. Beware: this is a slippery slope.

    18. Re:Where is the Outrage... by pjt33 · · Score: 1

      Looks like a perfectly reasonable NP to me ([[government woks] projects]), so although you may have pragmatic problems it's no grammatical abomination. Your missing apostrophes in the follow-up post, turning two VPs into genitive pronouns, are the real grammatical issue (and even then don't obscure understanding).

    19. Re:Where is the Outrage... by AbRASiON · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You must be an American.
      Something is broken / wrong / not flawless, maybe we should sue them!

    20. Re:Where is the Outrage... by mdwh2 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Just to add some perspective on the US cost, note that the US contribution is about $500 million - also remember the LHC has been constructed over about a 15 year period I believe, so on average that's a yearly cost of $33 million. For comparison, the US yearly military budget is over half a trillion dollars.

      Alternatively, based on estimates of the cost of the Iraq War, of $2-3 billion a week, the entire worldwide cost of the LHC over 15 years is about 3-4 weeks in Iraq...

    21. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Webcommando · · Score: 4, Funny

      OMG..The real truth is out there. This is just an excuse to have the device shut down during 2012. They didn't want to be responsible for the 2012 Mayan prophecy coming true. It make so much sense now!

      Not that I believe that sort of thing but it is the first thought that popped in my head while reading the summary.

      --
      I love the sound of distortion in the morning -- webcommando
    22. Re:Where is the Outrage... by sourcerror · · Score: 1

      What if we discover it? Will we create a parallel universe?

    23. Re:Where is the Outrage... by sourcerror · · Score: 1

      If that approach had been taken with all of the critical components for the machine, the overall cost would have been significantly higher. Unfortunately for a large cutting edge project on a tight budget, you need to take some technical risks.

      Like creating a black hole? ;)

    24. Re:Where is the Outrage... by swillden · · Score: 1

      the entire worldwide cost of the LHC over 15 years is about 3-4 weeks in Iraq...

      Yeah, but the war in Iraq is about protecting freedom, don't you get that??

      (No, I have no idea HOW the war in Iraq protects "freedom", and I'm less sure all the time that "freedom" means what I think it means, but let's not get into that).

      --
      Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.
    25. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Some of the LHC is in France - no one gets fired in France.

      The rest is in Switzerland - they're neutral, so don't like to 'take sides' on who's fault it was.

    26. Re:Where is the Outrage... by joe_frisch · · Score: 1

      Well if you want to explore new physics, almost by definition you can't be absolutely sure of what will happen. Present theories do not predict that the LHC can produce a macroscopic black hole, but of course can't rule it out with 100% certainty. The only way to be absolutely certain is to not do anything new. Its similar to deciding not to produce a faster network switch because the internet might become a vengeful hyper-intelligent AI and kill us all. You can't prove it won't happen.

      BTW: the black holes the LHC might (under existing physics) produce are not capable of absorbing other matter and for practical purposes are just a different type of sub-atomic particle.

    27. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Hurricane78 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You mean more, or less than shutting down the whole project, redesigning the interconnects, and taking a whole year to replace them?

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    28. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Frankly, I'm a little sick of the "outrage" every time something doesn't go as planned. Since when does the universe have to play nice all the time?"

      I think the outrage comes from all the hoopla and talk about how fast and soon the LHC was going to provide data and discoveries. How they were so sure, how the design was great, that power was going to be delivered. Even after the original magnets had dramatic problems, there was all sorts of PR about how fast they were getting things going again. Whether /. stories, or reading Scientific American, it's been pretty consistent that designs, countries involved, and scientists were self-congratulatory even before the thing really even got fired up for the first time.

      Some of the people involved simply didn't understand the fine line between excitement at the prospect of getting things working, and boasting.

      And I think there is also some sentiment, given how the Europeans have been boasting about how they finally surpassed the Americans in this area without paying due respect to how they got here (as is usual these days), or bad-mouthing American parts like the original magnets that had bad mounts or past efforts to get earlier projects (like the one in Texas that was cancelled a couple decades ago), that this is deserved. I'm one who agrees with the sentiment but not the overall argument, because I think anytime you put others down for a failing, before you've taken your own steps or have even *done* anything, you are setting yourself up to be put in the wrong.

      I wish them much success, but I hope "we" beat them given their attitude, because after all, we are much like them.

    29. Re:Where is the Outrage... by orient · · Score: 1

      Let me guess... you're american! You're kidding, right? They designed it, they would have to sue themselves. And if they sue somebody, would that make the Higgs boson reveal itself?

      --
      Laudele lor desigur m-ar mahni peste masura.
    30. Re:Where is the Outrage... by joe_frisch · · Score: 1

      If the LHC ramps up to full energy and luminosity over the next 10 years, it will still be a success despite a 1 year setback. If it spends the next 10 years with a continuing series of problems and shutdowns, and never gets near full performance, it will have been a failure.

    31. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Alcoholist · · Score: 1

      I'd love to be a contractor on that, tho. Keeping that finicky thing running could be a job for life.

      --
      Bibo Ergo Sum.
    32. Re:Where is the Outrage... by DerekLyons · · Score: 1

      I may not be a scientist, but shouldn't a design cover the requirements?

      It is an unprecedented scientific experiment, not the some sort of business logic application coded in Java that you undoubtedly do for a living.

      The only people who believe business applications are trivial to code as those who don't actually code business applications. I.E. those without a clue.

    33. Re:Where is the Outrage... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The only people who believe business applications are trivial to code as those who don't actually code business applications.

      Except I didn't say they were trivial did I? (you fucking idiot).

      Do you really believe coding business logic applications is comparable to the design & build of the LHC?

      Again, you're a fucking idiot.

  6. Nothing to sneeze at by ravenspear · · Score: 4, Insightful

    7 TeV is still more than 3 times Fermilab's total collision energy.

    This more conservative ramp up is probably smart given the previous problems with equipment failure on the LHC. This will allow the systems to be tested thoroughly before going to max capacity.

  7. the Source of all the risk by tepples · · Score: 4, Funny

    I'm scared for all the half-lives at risk.

    But what about all the counter-strikes and the portals?

    1. Re:the Source of all the risk by Alphathon · · Score: 1

      Portals you say...well wormholes and black holes do go hand in hand.

    2. Re:the Source of all the risk by imakemusic · · Score: 1

      Are you saying we may as well be left for dead?

      --
      Brain surgery - it's not rocket science!
    3. Re:the Source of all the risk by tepples · · Score: 1

      No, the accident left 5 dead.

    4. Re:the Source of all the risk by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh won't someone please think of the tf2's?!

    5. Re:the Source of all the risk by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      I was left for dead too :(

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
  8. Damn... by XPeter · · Score: 1

    7 TeV?

    I'll tell that to my mom, who complains about the electricity bill for my computers :D

    --
    "The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has it's limits" - Albert Einstein
    1. Re:Damn... by Entropius · · Score: 1

      That's about a microjoule.

    2. Re:Damn... by norletsk · · Score: 1

      per particle

    3. Re:Damn... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      7 TeV is about 1 microjoule, which is the energy that a 400 Watt computer would use in 3 nanoseconds.

    4. Re:Damn... by Entropius · · Score: 1

      Yup. :) And the luminosity of the LHC is 0.8 fucktons (metric) of particles per second.

    5. Re:Damn... by marcansoft · · Score: 4, Informative

      The beam energy at 7TeV is 362 megajoules. This is about the energy that you could get by maxing out a household mains connection (230V 20A) for one day, or about the energy content of 11 liters of gasoline. Quite a bit, but not huge at energy scales.

      Of course, the beauty of the LHC is that it accomplishes this energy in the form of a particle beam circling the collider at near the speed of light. This means that the power of the beam is about 4 terawatts if my math is right, so it could power about 3300 DeLorean time machines (not for very long, though). Keep in mind that this power is circling endlessly in the LHC, so it isn't being consumed - the actual electric power consumption to run the whole LHC is "only" about 120 megawatts.

    6. Re:Damn... by wizardforce · · Score: 1

      That is per particle. At full power there's over 300 MJ total in the particle beam(s).

      --
      Sigs are too short to say anything truly profound so read the above post instead.
    7. Re:Damn... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      1 TeV = 1.60217646 × 10-7 joules

    8. Re:Damn... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Actually it does consume energy when circling around. A particle accelerating causes it to emit some energy, proportionnal to the square of the acceleration.

    9. Re:Damn... by Mattskimo · · Score: 1

      That is the energy of an individual proton in the beam. The energy of the entire beam is considerably higher, what with it containing a fair number of them. 2.26*10^15 if Marcansoft is right about the 362MJ beam energy and I havn't overlooked something.

    10. Re:Damn... by blueg3 · · Score: 1

      7 TeV is about a microjoule.

    11. Re:Damn... by marcansoft · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yup, synchrotron radiation. This is significant with electron accelerators, but the LHC accelerates heavy ions where it isn't that much of a problem. The synchrotron power emitted is about 3.7kW in total.

  9. Luminosity more important than energy by Entropius · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The Big Deal about the LHC isn't just the energy. It's also that it allows for a much higher collision rate than the Tevatron. Even if you only run the thing at Tevatron energies, it's possible that it can collect as much data in a week as the Tevatron could in years.

    When the LHC guys down the hall show up tomorrow I'll have to ask them about the planned luminosity in the first year of running.

    1. Re:Luminosity more important than energy by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 4, Informative

      > much higher collision rate than the Tevatron

      About 100 times. But remember that cross section goes down with E, so the effective collision rate at high energies is just about flat. See:

      http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/general/acphys.htm

      TRIUMF still kicks in this regard.

      Maury

    2. Re:Luminosity more important than energy by The_Wilschon · · Score: 2, Informative

      Cross sections for most interesting processes go up with a large power of E (~6) at a hadron collider. This is largely due to the gluon parton distribution functions: as you go to higher proton energies, you need smaller and smaller fractions of the proton energy for heavy particle production, and at small fractions of the proton energy, there are gillions of gluons. This has the additional interesting effect that heavy particles are primarily produced at rest, because the less of the proton's energy you use (and therefore less kinetic energy for the produced heavy particle), the more gluons are available to contribute to the cross section.

      --
      SIGSEGV caught, terminating

      wait... not that kind of sig.
    3. Re:Luminosity more important than energy by craklyn · · Score: 0

      According to my professor (who is very involved in the LHC) the first LHC run will be collecting an integrated luminoscity of 1 fb^-1.

      Another professor mentioned today that by the end of the Tevatron's life (in a couple years), it will have collected 12 fb^-1. This is over it's 10-ish year life span.

      At this point, some may wonder why the LHC is unable to keep pace with the Tevatron, the old toy. These machines are very complicated, and apparently don't work nearly to maximum efficiency out of the box. Check out this plot of the amount of data collected at the tevatron versus year. The slope is rising continuously, as they improve their beam and detectors to handle more collisions:

      Tevatron Integrated Luminosity

  10. Full speed in 2013?? by Khan · · Score: 4, Funny

    Uh, HEL-LO?!! Have you guys forgotten that the world is going to end in 2012?!! I think you might want to ramp it up all the way in 2011...just in case.

    --

    "Klaatu, verada, necktie!" -Ash

    1. Re:Full speed in 2013?? by qkslvr · · Score: 1

      but that's just it - not 'likely' in 2012... in a sprint in late 2012, around say early december 2012 they'll ramp her back up and reach peak power just before xmas... proving the mayans were right....

      don't worry, black holes don't hurt. time dilation on the event horizon of a black hole keeps us from actually experiencing it. Of course voyager would be our civilizations only remaining relic...

    2. Re:Full speed in 2013?? by rockNme2349 · · Score: 1

      No, their plans will go ahead of schedule, and they will be ramping it up to full power in December of 2012.

      --
      Sewage Treatment Facilities - "Our duty is clear."
    3. Re:Full speed in 2013?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This could just be foreshadowing at it's finest. Who knows, maybe the Mayans we're off by a year.

    4. Re:Full speed in 2013?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Those hardware guys have got a lot to learn about project management.
      Need to replace 10,000 units? Just recruit 10,000 unemployed slashdotters and get 'er done before lunch.

  11. My LHC... by MindPrison · · Score: 0, Troll

    ,,,has far more energy than any woman can imagine!

    --
    What this world is coming to - is for you and me to decide.
    1. Re:My LHC... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      It brings all the boys to your yard...

  12. Maybe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It will only create a gray hole then.

  13. LHC = by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Lethargic Hoop Continental

  14. Re:Slash Tank (British viewers: think Dragon's Den by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    Well, since you ask, potential future applications include tractor beams and antigravity. Theoretically.

  15. 2012 by bigsexyjoe · · Score: 0, Redundant

    So it'll run at half energy through 2011 and finally surpass Fermilab in 2012 when the world is scheduled to end in most mythologies?

    1. Re:2012 by meringuoid · · Score: 1
      2012 when the world is scheduled to end in most mythologies?

      Most mythologies? Can you list them? I thought that only some mythologies even included an end-of-the-world scenario, and of those, almost all are wise enough not to give a date. So I'm puzzled by this claim. Can you specify which mythologies include an end of the world in 2012, so that we can see whether they form a majority?

      --
      Real Daleks don't climb stairs - they level the building.
    2. Re:2012 by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      Can you specify which mythologies include an end of the world in 2012, so that we can see whether they form a majority?

      I'm personally not aware of any mythologies which state that the world will end in 2012, only of a calendar which resets.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    3. Re:2012 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The mythology of the Gullible Moron Tribe includes predictions that the world will end then.

  16. in 2012 a mess up a Fermilab will let the cubs win by Joe+The+Dragon · · Score: 1

    in 2012 a mess up a Fermilab will let the cubs win!

  17. LHC vs Fermilab by Wolfraider · · Score: 0

    Why does Black Mesa vs Aperture Science come to mind?

  18. Re:Slash Tank (British viewers: think Dragon's Den by Mashiki · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Maybe they can claim that it has to do something with global warming and the giant sound of sucking machines, and micro-black holes will start getting the money for them.

    --
    Om, nomnomnom...
  19. Re:Slash Tank (British viewers: think Dragon's Den by biryokumaru · · Score: 3, Interesting

    And hyperdrive.

    --
    When you're afraid to download music illegally in your own home, then the terrorists have won!
  20. Breathless anticipation! by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 0, Troll

    So now we'll only know the mass of the Higgs to the 14th decimal place?

    Oh no, how shall we survive?

    Maury

  21. Guilty of low aspirations by S-100 · · Score: 0

    Hard to get all worked up about this when the people running the program don't seem to be concerned about accomplishing anything significant. Sort of like spending untold billions on a supersonic aircraft, and after all the money is spent, flying it subsonic for a year or so, and then grounding it for another year to re-wire it. If the LHC was designed properly, run the friggin' thing. If not, fix the friggin' thing. Are they more concerned with lengthening their careers or in new science? Some people paid them a lot of money, and it wasn't for their job security and pensions.

    1. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by raddan · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If the LHC was designed properly, run the friggin' thing. If not, fix the friggin' thing.

      Did you RTFA? That's exactly what they're doing. It takes time to come up with a proper fix, but while you're coming up with something, why not use the thing? Even at a fraction of its energy, the LHC is the most advanced accelerator in the world. It would be a shame to just let it sit there.

    2. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by godrik · · Score: 2, Interesting

      If the LHC was designed properly, run the friggin' thing. If not, fix the friggin' thing.

      Did you RTFA? That's exactly what they're doing. It takes time to come up with a proper fix, but while you're coming up with something, why not use the thing? Even at a fraction of its energy, the LHC is the most advanced accelerator in the world. It would be a shame to just let it sit there.

      Without even counting that running it will stress some other hardware and uncover some other potential problems.

    3. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by Idarubicin · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Hard to get all worked up about this when the people running the program don't seem to be concerned about accomplishing anything significant. Sort of like spending untold billions on a supersonic aircraft, and after all the money is spent, flying it subsonic for a year or so, and then grounding it for another year to re-wire it.

      Well, no. It sounds like they're quite concerned about doing something useful after spending those billions of euros. They still have the most powerful particle accelerator on Earth by a good margin, even if it's not up to its full design power (yet). They can do some solid science, good experiments, collect a year's worth of data and test all of their detectors and other hardware.

      After that, they'll have a year with the beam turned off, in which they can actually analyze the mountains of data that were generated during a year of experimental runs. In addition to replacing the magnet interconnects, experimenters will have a year to fix any problems that come to light with detectors and other experiment hardware and software. This period of operation means that there shouldn't be any unpleasasnt surprises when they do go to full power, because they'll have had a year of 7 TeV operation to shake out all the bugs.

      --
      ~Idarubicin
    4. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by KibibyteBrain · · Score: 1

      As a professional electronics engineer, my assessment is that there is no PROPER way to build a 14 TeV particle accelerator. Point me to the application note for it if I happened to overlook it.

    5. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 1

      > spending untold billions on a supersonic aircraft, and after all the money is spent,
      > flying it subsonic for a year or so, and then grounding it for another year to re-wire it

      Which is EXACTLY what happened to the Concordski.

    6. Re:Guilty of low aspirations by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 1

      > doing something useful

      Define "useful"?

      In my mind, proving some esoteric point that we already know is both (a) considered to be well understood already, and (b) known to tell us nothing about the real universe, does not really equate to "useful".

      Those untold billions would buy a WHOLE LOT of REALLY GOOD telescopes, which will generate orders of magnitude more knowledge. Better yet, the public loves telescopes, especially their pretty pictures.

      Maury

  22. What I don't understand by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 1

    Pardon me for my ignorance. What I don't understand is: do none of these problems show up when a short segment of the ring is built and operated at somewhat above its target power? I get the impression that the failures are in magnetic focusing components rather than the beam. Is that not correct?

    1. Re:What I don't understand by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You're forgiven, partly.

      Car analogy: It's rather like testing to find out whether or not the engine you're building can achieve the designed horsepower reliably with the thing still only parts. You can't be certain until you've gotten the whole thing assembled and running so you can test it.

    2. Re:What I don't understand by The_Wilschon · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The failures, or rather misdesigns/misbuilds, are in "copper bus bars". These effectively act as shorts across the superconducting electromagnet coils. Since the coils are normally superconducting (when at cryogenic temperatures), the short does nothing. But if the coil gets ever so slightly above its critical temperature, it ceases to be superconducting. At that point, it still has very very low resistance, but the current through it is so enormous that it heats up rapidly. When it gets to a certain temperature, its resistance becomes comparable to the resistance of the copper bus bar shorting it, and the current starts to flow more and more through the copper, thus protecting the superconductor from getting too much hotter. At least, that's what is supposed to happen.

      What is wrong is that some of the solder joints for the bus bars are not good, and have too high of a resistance. A higher resistance in the bus bar system means a higher superconductor temperature before the current starts to flow through the copper, and in the end, this means damage to magnets.

      I'm not sure what level of testing was done, but building a short segment and testing it up to slightly above design spec is probably not really feasible. In order to get the particles to the eventual energies, you need the whole ring to be in working order, because it takes tons of complete circles around the ring to accelerate the particles. Injection from the SPS to the LHC occurs at 1/14th the design beam energy, and the LHC ring takes it up from there.

      Even if you could inject 7 TeV protons into a short segment of the ring, you'd still not be able to get the design beam intensity that way, because you don't have all 2000+ bunches ready for injection at once.

      You could run the magnet intensities up to what is needed to bend a beam in a tight enough circle at high enough energies even without any actual beam in there, and this was probably done. However, quenches (magnets getting above critical temp) happen principally because of the beam. The beam loses particles and energy at a fairly high rate due to a variety of effects, and all those particles and all that energy goes into heating something, usually the bending magnets. I suppose you could do a deliberate quench by playing with the cryo, though. Perhaps that was done, and we were unfortunate enough to have tested only good subsystems this way.

      As you may have guessed, I am a particle physicist (on CDF), but not a beams engineer. So, some of the above is guesswork, but I hope I've been able to relieve some of your ignorance.

      --
      SIGSEGV caught, terminating

      wait... not that kind of sig.
    3. Re:What I don't understand by TooMuchToDo · · Score: 1

      As you may have guessed, I am a particle physicist (on CDF), but not a beams engineer. So, some of the above is guesswork, but I hope I've been able to relieve some of your ignorance.

      You work out of FNAL by chance?

    4. Re:What I don't understand by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Thank you very much, you explained it well and I understand more now.

      Wouldn't a quench have a huge back-EMF associated with it as the field collapses? I don't see any alternative but for much of that energy to go through the coil-bar circuit and heat the coil up more.

    5. Re:What I don't understand by The_Wilschon · · Score: 1

      No, I stay at my home institution unless I have shift or results to be blessed or the like. My wife is tied to the university, so we couldn't move out there.

      --
      SIGSEGV caught, terminating

      wait... not that kind of sig.
    6. Re:What I don't understand by The_Wilschon · · Score: 1

      I suppose you are right. Presumably this was taken into account in the design, but we've reached the limits of my detailed understanding already :( so I don't know.

      --
      SIGSEGV caught, terminating

      wait... not that kind of sig.
    7. Re:What I don't understand by joe_frisch · · Score: 1

      Yes - that is a very serious problem. Superconducting magnet systems are designed to shunt the quench energy through some sort of dissipating resistor, but it is a very tricky business. Basically you switch a resistor in series with the SC coil. Sound easy until you think about 10,000 Amps and megajoules of stored energy.

    8. Re:What I don't understand by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The dipole magnets in a synchrotron are divided up into sectors of many magnets. This reduces the number of room temperature connections that you have to make which greatly reduces refrigeration costs. Each sector can contain many magnets (100+) and they are all connected series. A bad joint in one of these connections is what generated the initial heat input that caused all the problems. These are typically made with low temperature solder are quite easy to do when you consider they are using NbTi, which is the easiest superconductor to work with. I would guess that because the joints are so easy to do they did not feel the need to continuously monitor them. At the currents that are found 10kA in these systems, if there is a problem things happen very fast and unless you have a way of directly detecting a problem you wont catch it in time.
      When a magnet quenches, you have to shut down the entire line as a whole since they are connected in series. There is too much energy that must be dumped in a short amount of time to extract much with a large external resister. Typically, heaters are embedded in the magnets which are connected to a large cap bank. The goal is to turn all of the superconductor normal at the same time to minimize hot spots. The magnets have enough mass to eat there own energy. This process does flash the liquid helium and unless you are careful you can accidentally turn the cryostats that house the magnets into makeshift potato guns.

  23. Pay Now or Pay Later by westlake · · Score: 3, Insightful

    It certainly would have been possible to design them with a higher safety factor, but that would have increased the cost...Unfortunately for a large cutting edge project on a tight budget, you need to take some technical risks.

    I seem to have heard this argument before.

    The Apollo fire. The loss of the Challenger. Repairs to the Hubble.

    1. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      Governments work on a steady flow of funding. There is no way to deliver one thing in year one with ten years budget without making the guy who authorized it lose his job. Better to cut costs and use future budgets to fix the problem.

    2. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Idarubicin · · Score: 4, Informative

      I seem to have heard this argument before.
      The Apollo fire. The loss of the Challenger. Repairs to the Hubble.

      I seem to have heard this misconception before. The Apollo fire wasn't because of a cutting-edge project taking technical risks, or making a considered judgement to accept smaller safety margins in exchange for reduced costs.

      Having a mixed-gas oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere in the Apollo capsule would have increased the internal capsule pressure in orbit, requiring a beefier structure and more weight. More dangerously, it would have required the development of suitable partial-pressure sensors for the precise measurement of oxygen levels within a mixed-gas environment. That would have constituted a technical risk. In contrast, the system used in the original Apollo design required only a simple pressure gauge to ensure sufficient oxygen for the crew.

      Moreover, in orbit the Apollo capsule internal pressure would be only about 5 psi - about a third of an atmosphere. While that pressure of oxygen is sufficient to support combustion, it isn't dangerously high, and all of the materials used aboard Apollo were tested for fire safety under those conditions. The big problem was that on the launch pad, the capsule contained a full atmosphere of oxygen (the excess pressure would be bled off as the capsule ascended to orbit). Nobody thought to test under those conditions. Even then, there's at least some evidence to suggest that it was the astronauts' webbing the capsule with large amounts of Velcro that allowed the fire to spread so rapidly.

      Finally, the earliest design for the Apollo capsule hatch opened outwards and was equipped with explosive bolts for rapid egress. It was at the insistence of astronaut Gus Grissom (who may have been the victim of premature triggering of such a system on his Mercury capsule) that the hatch be replaced with an inward-opening, 'plug' design that lacked explosive bolts.

      Both previous manned U.S. space capsules (Mercury and Gemini) had used essentially identical pure oxygen atmospheres, without concern and without any problems. Did they get lucky? Absolutely, in retrospect. Should the Apollo engineers have recognized the dangers that their predecessors had overlooked? Probably. Was the fire the result of taking 'technical risks' on a 'cutting edge project'? Nope. They thought they were sticking with a simple system that had worked for years, and didn't want to asphyxiate an astronaut by fiddling with something reliable.

      --
      ~Idarubicin
    3. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Better to cut costs and use future budgets to fix the problem.

      Reaganomics in a nutshell.

    4. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by MartinSchou · · Score: 1

      Yet, if you get it right in the first attempt but at a much higher cost, you get smacked around because obviously it was a waste of money. Just look at the Y2K bug.

      Nothing bad happened, so obviously all the money spent to avoid all the bad things would have happened were badly spent.

    5. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by 7-Vodka · · Score: 1

      Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain. Or in this case the central banks who print money for the government all the time so that they can spend more than their budget would allow. And borrowing. Let's not forget that.

      Sure, for a certain project you might not be able to overspend, but as a whole let's not pretend government budgets are fiscally responsible in any way.

      --

      Liberty.

    6. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by joe_frisch · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Compromise is critical part of engineering - one of the reasons that "no compromise engineering" adverts are so silly. You can always make something better if you are willing to spend more money. You can improve one parameter if you are willing to give up on another. For example airliners are designed with something like a 1.5X safety factor on strength (above maximum loads). If the safety factor was 2X, probably a couple of in-flight break-ups would have been avoided, but the overall cost of air travel would increase dramatically.

      If Apollo had a higher safety factor, 3 astronauts would not have died - and we might never have gone to the moon. One of NASA's difficulties these days is that people are demanding higher safety, and that makes space more difficult and expensive.

      In hind sight it is easy to see where the safety factor should have been increased, but that isn't fair. You don't know in advance which part will fail, so you try to design critical systems to similar safety factors.

      Sometimes you get it wrong - but even that is a trade-off in engineering costs. Additional engineering reviews take time and money - and may eliminate the project, or reduce its capabilities.

      I am aware of another large accelerator project - the Next Linear Collider. Unless you are in the field you probably haven't heard of it. That's because the design was too expensive and it will never be built.

    7. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by coppro · · Score: 1

      I seem to have heard this argument before. The Apollo fire. The loss of the Challenger. Repairs to the Hubble.

      The difference here is that they know what the current safe maximum is, so they'll operate it for a while, tear the thing down and replace them with interconnects with higher safe maximums, and start it up again. They are aware that the lower safety factor must also mean a lower-power experiement (not that putting 7 TeV of energy into a single proton is normally considered low power).

    8. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The fiscal irresponsibility comes in at the elected representative level. Bureaucrats generally ARE fiscally responsible.

    9. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by zmooc · · Score: 4, Informative

      Oh there's so much more. The sinking of Columbus' ship Santa María comes to mind, the death of Marie Curie by cancer, the risks Franklin took when proving lightning was electricity and the murder of William Bullock by his printing-machine. Here are some more: http://listverse.com/2008/12/14/10-inventors-killed-by-their-inventions/

      The thing is, the greatest discoveries very often come at a great risk. The risk-averse culture than has steadily been introduced since, say, the 1970s probably greatly holds back mankinds progress. No longer are victims of cutting-edge technologic failures hero's, instead their designers are the victim of outrage and lawsuits. This makes me very sad. Risks are not something bad, risks are things taken by brave people. Very often those people are the ones responsible for great leaps in mankinds progress.

      Therefore the argument you quote is not just a good argument, it is a great argument. Wimps that cannot handle it should stay away from it and keep their mouth shut.

      --
      0x or or snor perron?!
    10. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by necro81 · · Score: 1

      Repairs to the Hubble

      There was nothing wrong with repairs to the Hubble. If they skimped and scraped, it has yet to bite them in the ass. The repairs to the Hubble are the most outstanding bit of spaceflight humans have done since leaving the moon. Each mission was a success - extending the life of the telescope and giving it greater and greater capabilities. It was always meant to be so.

      If you are referring to the original flaw in the Hubble mirror, I think you'll find it not so clear cut, either. The company that ground the mirror took a technical risk in using a custom-built CNC polishing machine for the job. The risk paid off - it was the most perfect mirror ever polished. It was just polished to a perfectly incorrect shape. The problem lay with the polishing company both trusting their instruments too much, and also not enough. They didn't cut corners, per se, they just didn't do their job properly in the face of drastically slipping schedules and cost overruns.

    11. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Compromise is critical part of engineering"
      As I try to tell managers/bean counters/etc, "Price, performance, schedule - pick two."

    12. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Bullshit about not needing the partial pressure sensor. Remember that people exhale carbon dioxide, too. After a while you'd have a mixture of O2 and CO2. You'd still need to measure the ratio of those two in addition to measuring overall pressure. In effect you *are* measuring the partial pressure of O2. You need to measure ppO2 *or* ppCO2 to know that your scrubbers work.

    13. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Change cutting costs to raising costs, and it's obamanomics.

    14. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Luyseyal · · Score: 1

      Noted historian Wikipedia mentions a number of worries in the original design. You are definitely correct about the oxygen, weight, etc. However, uninsulated wire and flammable materials were brought up by the astronauts before delivery. If only they'd been adequately listened to...

      -l

      --
      Help cure AIDS, cancer, and more. Donate your unused computer time to worldcommunitygrid.org. Join Team Slashdot!
    15. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Luyseyal · · Score: 1

      We have all this knowledge and technology to implement safety features. Why not use it?

      -l

      --
      Help cure AIDS, cancer, and more. Donate your unused computer time to worldcommunitygrid.org. Join Team Slashdot!
    16. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by westlake · · Score: 1

      The thorough investigation by the Apollo 204 Review Board of the Apollo accident determined that the test conditions at the time of the accident were "extremely hazardous." However, the test was not recognized as being hazardous by either NASA or the contractor prior to the accident. Consequently, adequate safety precautions were neither established nor observed for this test. The amount and location of combustibles in the command module were not closely restricted and controlled, and there was no way for the crew to egress rapidly from the command module during this type of emergency nor had procedures been established for ground support personnel outside the spacecraft to assist the crew. Proper emergency equipment was not located in the "white room" surrounding the Apollo command module nor were emergency fire and medical rescue teams in attendance.


      There appears to be no adequate explanation for the failure to recognize the test being conducted at the time of the accident as hazardous. The only explanation offered the committee is that NASA officials believed they had eliminated all sources of ignition and since to have a fire requires an ignition source, combustible material, and oxygen, NASA believed that necessary and sufficient action had been taken to prevent a fire.

      Of course, all ignition sources had not been eliminated.


      The Apollo 204 Review Board reported that it took approximately 5 minutes to open all hatches and remove the two outer hatches after the fire was reported; that the first firemen arrived about 8 to 9 minutes after the fire was reported and that the first medical doctors did not arrive until about 12 minutes or more after the fire was reported. Thus there was not expert medical opinion available on opening the hatch to determine the condition of the three astronauts although medical opinion based on autopsy reports concluded that chances for resuscitation decresed rapidly once consciousness was lost and that resuscitation was impossible by the time the hatch was opened.


      It is clear from the Board's report and the testimony before the committee that this kind of accident was completely unexpected; that both NASA and the contractor were completely unprepared for it despite the amount of documentation of fire hazards in pure oxygen environments. The committee can only conclude that NASA's long history of successes in testing and launching space vehicles with pure oxygen environments at 16.7 p.s.i. and lower pressures led to overconfidence and complacency.

      Excerpts from The Apollo 204 Report: Summary

      However, it is a common misconception that low-pressure pure oxygen does not increase the fire hazard. Not true. It doesn't increase it to nearly the horrible level of 14.7psi oxygen, but it does increase it quite a bit.

      Apollo 1 Fire: Henry Spencer About Yarchieve.net [and Henry Spencer]

    17. Re:Pay Now or Pay Later by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You got some things wrong there. it was made to work with 5 PSI of O2. when they went to test it at the pad, they filled the capsule not with 5 PSI but with 19.7 PSI of O2 (the outside atmospheric pressure of 14.7 + an extra 5 PSI to stress the capsule structure). things that don't burn at 5 PSI of 100% O2 explode at 19.7 PSI of 100% O2.
      the cure was to use a normal mixture of atmosphere at the launch pad (a little extra pressure was added to check seals) and then bleed off the extra pressure as they get to orbit and change over to 100% O2 at 5 PSI.

      the other thing you got wrong was, Apollo 1 had a hatch that opened INWARD. with 19.7 PSI plus the increasing pressure because of the fire, there was no way to push the hatch inwards. (they couldn't open the hatch until a pressure release valved released the extra pressure.) The idea of the hatch opening inwards was so that the inside pressure would hold the hatch sealed tight when in orbit (door pushing against seals against the door frame).
      they switched to a outward opening door after that. this allowed the door to be opened very easily no matter what the inside pressure was (added explosive latches). you just needed better latches to keep the door sealed.

      running lower pressure makes it easier make the capsule & suits. running 100% O2 takes care of decompression sickness and a very simple design.

  24. Go Fermi Lab! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Being that I live less than a mile from the place, I'd like to see the discovery be made here.

  25. You forget a third force... by ub3r+n3u7r4l1st · · Score: 1

    ApostleCorp.

  26. Budget Cut anyone? by ub3r+n3u7r4l1st · · Score: 1

    Guess probably they figure out that they can no longer able to pay the electricity bills by running at max energy.

  27. Another way to look at it by failedlogic · · Score: 5, Funny

    In an equally optimistic point of view, if Higgs boson is later shown to not exist, the Tevatron Collider can claim that it was able to not find it before the LHC!

  28. Another Sign of the Times by strangelovian · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Fellow Slashdotters, I hope is becoming abundantly clear by now that an age is ending; the great 20th century scientific projects are fading into history, and the 21st century will require us to dramatically lower our expectations for scientific civilization. What exactly is the payoff for the LHC anyway? In what way does it inspire society at large or contribute anything useful? It’s very strange to be living through the collapse of your own civilization, but with each passing day it becomes more and more clear to me that that’s what is happening. It looks to me like our resources are going to be funneled increasingly toward the military as we struggle to maintain what we already have, instead of pursuing inspirational projects that ordinary people can understand. A sad time to be alive for those of us who grew up with bigger dreams, but maybe it wasn’t meant to be.

    1. Re:Another Sign of the Times by joe_frisch · · Score: 2, Insightful

      In a way the LHC may be the last project of the grand old empire. It may be scaled down from the SSC, but it is still by many measures the largest and most complex machine ever created - designed to understand the most basic physics. 30 years ago you wouldn't have needed to ask what it was for, any more than you would have wondered why were were spending money to go to the moon, or to send spacecraft to Jupiter and Saturn.

      With the end of the cold war we no longer feel the need to prove our superiority by building ever bigger and more impressive projects. This has left us without a clear goal.

      ------
      Future generations will draw an arbitrary line and say "this is when the civilization fell".

    2. Re:Another Sign of the Times by maxume · · Score: 1

      Have you looked at biology lately?

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    3. Re:Another Sign of the Times by Fzz · · Score: 1
      With the end of the cold war we no longer feel the need to prove our superiority by building ever bigger and more impressive projects. This has left us without a clear goal.

      Don't worry - the rise of China will soon cure that.

    4. Re:Another Sign of the Times by sourcerror · · Score: 1

      Military projects are easier to understand, LHC might have help mankind by advancing science and have some unpredictable spinoff*. Choose one.
      The fact that it doesn't inspire you doesn't mean anything: it's not art, it's science.

      Remember that from the stone age to middle ages people understood the tools they used. It's the advancement of science that resulted in tools that are so sophisticated the layman can't understand.

      * I'm not nuclear physicist, but I would expect that material science and fusion technology are the likely beneficiaries.

  29. Deliberate skip of 2012? by Asadullah+Ahmad · · Score: 1

    Seems to me like the 2012 fuss played a bit of a role in this decision. Last I remember, they were meant to do this upgrade/maintenance during late 2010-2011, which meant it would have been functional in 2012.

    But then again, they have more reasons to be over-cautious considering LHC's history. Only if the scientists operating it were a bit younger dare devils, ahem ahem.

  30. Here's what I don't get by JNSL · · Score: 1

    Fermilab researchers are hoping that their machine might collect enough data to beat the LHC to the discovery of the Higgs boson, a particle key to how physicists explain the origin of mass

    Why don't they work together? Seems awfully inefficient not to share data, which this appears to imply.

    1. Re:Here's what I don't get by Werthless5 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Because the two machines operate at different collision energies. The Higgs cross section is going to be different at each collider due to this energy difference, so when you go to measure this cross section you're going to get different results.

      You can perform a meta-analysis, whereby you make a "best measurement" at different colliders and energies in order to better understand the measurements. However, that's not what you're proposing; you're proposing that they combine data in order to get a result in the first place, which you can't do.

    2. Re:Here's what I don't get by JNSL · · Score: 1

      That makes sense. Thanks for the reply.

  31. So the bird was carrying a sliced bagel this time by gemada · · Score: 3, Funny

    and only dropped half

  32. how physicists explain the origin of mass by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    your mom?

  33. Re: Seven mosquito's by ThinkOfaNumber · · Score: 1

    From New Scientist:

    In everyday terms, this energy isn't so great – a flying mosquito has about 1 TeV of kinetic energy. What makes the LHC so special is that this energy is concentrated in a region a thousand billion times smaller than a speck of dust.

    ... I'll remember that next time I squat a mosquito!

  34. Not just lower power, but lower luminosity by physburn · · Score: 3, Informative
    I very much doubt that the LHC will find the Higgs in its 2011, 7TeV is plenty of power to find a Higgs between 100 and 200 GeV, however the luminosity of the LHC and the number of collisions it will make is a lot lower too. The LHC will only deliver about 1 inverse femtobarns in that time. But the Tevatron has will a built up to 8.5 inverse femtobarns of collisions in that time. That means that the first years run of the LHC will be a drop in the ocean of the already existing Higgs data from the Tevatron. So hard luck Europe, but the LHC won't detect a Higgs before 2013. The Tevatron might just see the beginnings of a signal, but probably not enough to confirm anything.

    ---

    LHC Feed @ Feed Distiller

    1. Re:Not just lower power, but lower luminosity by Hurricane78 · · Score: 1

      WTH is a “femtobarn”?
      Is that where ants put their aphids, after milking them?

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    2. Re:Not just lower power, but lower luminosity by Gerafix · · Score: 1

      It's where you put really really small cows.

    3. Re:Not just lower power, but lower luminosity by NeoSkandranon · · Score: 1

      /applaud

      --
      If you can't see the value in jet powered ants you should turn in your nerd card. - Dunbal (464142)
    4. Re:Not just lower power, but lower luminosity by physburn · · Score: 1
      Can't beat the where you put very small cows answer for funny. But a Barn is the unit of cross-sectional area, which is a directly related to the chance of getting a collision in a collider. The Barn is name after the "couldn't hit a Barn door from 10 foot", put down for sharpshooters, and is 10^-28 meters square, about the cross-sectional area of a uranium atom to a neutron, (very big compared to most atomic interactions). Femto is 10^-15 in Si prefices. To get the number of collision, multiply the cross-section of the interactions, by the lumosity in inverse barns. So the LHC will give enough particles to split 10^15 uranium atoms next year (if that was the process theyhttp://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1536204&cid=31019954# where looking for), the Higgs cross-section is of course much smaller. Interestingly the after Femtobarns the next smaller cross-section is 10^-48 aka a Shed (not kidding), so i'm looking forward to CERN upgrading the LHC to get Shedloads of collisons.

      ---

      LHC Feed @ Feed Distiller

  35. I'm all for blue sky research... by Viol8 · · Score: 0, Troll

    .. but theres a limit and the amount of money the LHC is using up is taking the piss. Like it or not science is NOT and end in itself - its exists to benefit mankind. If there is little or no benefit for all these billions spent then IMO they would be better spent elsewhere. I'm sorry if that upsets some people but theres nothing special about particle physics than means it alone should get virtually a blank cheque for any scheme that is dreamt up for it. Some returns are needed from this potential white elephant and fast, and I don't just mean in some more chapters for postgraduate textbooks or something for professors to argue over in university debates. This money comes from taxpayers - us - it didn't grow on trees and I think it reasonable to expect taxpayers to get something back from it.

    1. Re:I'm all for blue sky research... by Mattskimo · · Score: 2, Insightful
      You remind me of the kid at school who would ask what relevance every single thing they were being taught would have in a work place.

      I think it reasonable to expect taxpayers to get something back from it

      You mean like the computer you wrote your post on? The medicine that has roughly doubled life expectancy in the developed world in the past few hundred years or so? What you seem to be advocating is akin to the recent UK government plans to assess potential economic benefits of research before granting funding which has met with considerable opposition. Private enterprise is certainly well-equipped enough to make a profit for the economy by applying the findings of fundamental research. Take the iPod for example. This needed research into materials, solid state physics, batteries etc, much of which would have been done at a government subsidised university/insitution. Private enterprise stands on the shoulders of giants and provides the economic benefit that easily justifies subsidising pure research.

      "There is nothing which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness."

      -George Washington (address to Congress, 8 January, 1790)

    2. Re:I'm all for blue sky research... by Viol8 · · Score: 1

      "You remind me of the kid at school who would ask what relevance every single thing they were being taught would have in a work place."

      If you're going to be patronising you might try and get the point first.

      "You mean like the computer you wrote your post on?"

      Funny you should mention that - Babbage was given government money specifically to build a machine to calculate log tables amongst other things that could be used by the navy. When he failed to produce funding was withdrawn. Electronic computers came about mainly due to the efforts against the nazis in WW2.

      "The medicine that has roughly doubled life expectancy in the developed world in the past few hundred years or so?"

      Big pharm spends money on drugs it'll get a return on. It doesn't do it just for the hell of it.

      So thats 2 of your arguments shot out the water.

      I have nothing against pure research , but there you can't just hand out a blank cheques otherwise you might as well just fund any old artist who promises that one day he might surpass Rembrant.

      The medicine that has roughly doubled life expectancy in the developed world in the past few hundred years or so?

  36. Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by Viol8 · · Score: 1

    ... for sciences that are of more immediate benefit. I have nothing against blue sky research in particle physics but in general its a fairly esoteric area of research that produces little of value that trickles back to mankind as a whole. I'm really not convinced this level of funding should be spent on it when other areas of science and technology struggle to get ANY sort of funding. I believe that research budgets should be based on the potential value of any results that may crop up and nice it may well be to find the Higgs Boson from an academic point of view, how exactly will it benefit mankind compared to curing cancer , AIDS, designing new fuel efficient engines for example?

    If the people running these experiments want this sort of budget then raise it privately (good luck!) , but don't expect taxpayers to fork out for it to this level. A tens of million dollars/euros fine , but 5.5 BILLION? Pu-lease...

    1. Re:Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by rich_hudds · · Score: 1

      Particle accelerators are the Cathedrals of the modern era. One of the few things from my generation I'm proud of. 5.5 Billion to show that the brightest people from a variety of countries can work together for the good of mankind is a bargain. And I really want to know if Higgs was right.

    2. Re:Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by markov_chain · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Are you serious? None of those more useful things you listed would be here without, say, nuclear physics. Scanning microscopes, NMRI, VLSI... heh.

      --
      Tsunami -- You can't bring a good wave down!
    3. Re:Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1

      BTW, engines aren't going to get much more fuel efficient. The area to improve now is to reduce vehicle weight and size, which is an uphill battle against safety requirements (SUVs really upped the ante in the safety arms race in the late 90s/early 2000s), cost (the cheapest ways to improve safety are to add steel and increase size...oh wait), and image-related issues such as "big is safe, think of the children!" and "I want a big car because I'm insecure about my penis size."

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    4. Re:Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by Viol8 · · Score: 1

      "5.5 Billion to show that the brightest people from a variety of countries can work together for the good of mankind is a bargain"

      Well I'm glad you think an academic group hug is worth 5.5 billion. I'm afraid I don't and I'm not alone in that.

    5. Re:Pity that sort of money isn't available .... by monoqlith · · Score: 1

      HTTP would not be here either. So this guy wouldn't be able to spread this nonsense, and we wouldn't have to shut him down.

  37. Europe? by thurman · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Nice to see that when something goes wrong, it becomes 'Europe's' LHC. I thought CERN was an international thing.

    1. Re:Europe? by not-my-real-name · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Um, Europe does consist of many nations.

      --
      un-ALTERED reproduction and dissimination of this IMPORTANT information is ENCOURAGED
    2. Re:Europe? by dotwaffle · · Score: 1

      That blurb genuinely does annoy me - it's almost like it's being made out to be a Europe vs USA thing. It's not - the labs do different experiments for the most part, and it's pretty sad to see science turned into a "who gets there first" style gameshow. Makes me sad :(

    3. Re:Europe? by Chris+Burke · · Score: 1

      Heh. Like a married couple.

      USA: Do you know what your collider did today?!

      --

      The enemies of Democracy are
  38. Still very well done by l0b0 · · Score: 1

    I used to work on the software handling the test results from hardware commissioning of the LHC, and an inevitable conclusion is that a lot of smart people did a lot of work to get the accelerator working as well as it does, given the restrictions and unknowns of the project.

  39. Already on it by GameboyRMH · · Score: 1
    --
    "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
  40. So are they going to ban the US one? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So are they going to ban the US one? Or is it safe if US scientists do it rather than those pinko europeans?

  41. My guess is by kuei12 · · Score: 1

    My guess is they won't be ready to run at 100% power until December 21, 2012.

  42. It's official by Chris+Mattern · · Score: 1

    The LHC is the Duke Nukem of high-energy physics.

  43. The real reason they aren't "upgrading" in 2012 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If something does go "cataclismicly" wrong, they have justifiable deniability. "Our machine wasn't even on, don't blame us for the eruption in yellowstone! But I bet those bastards at Fermilab had their machine on!!!!".

  44. Worth it at any price! by timothy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    While it's a shame that all the money put in so far hasn't quite led to the promised results, it doesn't matter. It's sciency, and it's worth it at any price.

    timothy

    --
    jrnl: http://tinyurl.com/c2l8yr / foes: http://tinyurl.com/ckjno5
  45. Cutting edge Engineering by RivenAleem · · Score: 1

    So, how much will it cost to make me a collider that goes to 14?