The Tricky Science of Olympic Gender Testing
First time accepted submitter erdos-bacon sandwich writes "Gender tests may be the most controversial obstacle the athletes face. The London Games tries a new approach based on testosterone. Of all the obstacles athletes have had to overcome to compete in the Olympics, perhaps the most controversial has been the gender test. Originally designed to prevent men from competing in women's events, it is based on the premise that competitors can be sorted into two categories via established scientific rules. But the biological boundaries of gender aren't always clear."
Answer: yes.
I always figured a gender test involved dropping your breeches in front of a doctor. How does that not cover it? If you have a vagnia but too much testosterone, you should be competing with the fellas?
Aren't we really talking about a sex test? A gender test might identify me as sissy. But not Male or Female -thats my sex....
XX = Woman
XY = Man
TFA makes a bit of a mess of it by consistently using the term "gender" where they are really talking about "sex". Gender is what your head feels you are, sex is what the body makes you. There is absolutely no rule against a physically female athlete participating in a women's race if she phychologically identifies herself as male. The latter is gender, the former sex.
Getting out the swimming pool is much like getting out a bath. She's clean.
Chimaeras (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29) must be tough.
First as athletes
Second for the gender test
Having every other cell mixed at random shouldn't be all that fun in the long run
You're not old fashioned, just uninformed.
I suspect that's only one of many things we could call you...
But seriously, read the article! Physical genital characteristics do not determine gender or some of the other physical advantages of male characteristics (which can be present even without male genitalia)
It's not a rhetorical question. Though most people fall neatly into "male" and "female" categories, some do not. The fact that there are people with physical or genetic traits of both sexes prompted the IOC to rethink its gender test.
No matter how much I would train, I and 99.9% of the population wouldn't stand a chance at Olympia for genetic reasons. No matter if your genetics give you less than perfect endurance, reaction times or muscular strength, you will not get a medal at Olympia. People with genetics better suited for the discipline will get the medals. Nobody is going to hold a separate contest for people with less than optimal muscular strength or stuff like that. Even through white runners did not stand a chance against black runners, there is not going to be a olympia medal for the fastest non-black runner. Why should we make a difference for women? If they don't stand a chance against men, why should they get a medal?
Jan
And those who have neither or both will just have to join a circus instead, I guess.
XX = Woman XY = Man
Fail! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXY
But I think the point is that it shouldn't matter anyway.
Even if you have someone who is an XY female dominating the other females in her class, how is that any different then a runner who is 2' taller and thereby faster then his shorter competitors. Should the olympics be about fairness or the best amature atheletes competing?! Are they going to sort them all by size weight and muscel?!
120 characters ought to be enough for anyone
If you have a Y chromosome, you are a male.
Gender is psychology and culture
Sex is biology
You can be biologically male (ie. have a penis, XY chromosones, etc) and be gendered female (ie. living your life as a woman).
If we're talking about a physical test rather than a psychological one, it's a sex test, not a gender test.
Stick to tech, fella, biology ain't your thing.
And I've taken friends along to one too many "shows" in Pattaya, so trust me when I say, dropping yer dacks just ain't gonna cut it!!
Then the best female athletes will be men that lost their penis in an accident.
They already do in boxing/judo/weightlifting/etc.
is to remove "men's" and "women's" and just have events.
Spelling and Grammar errors have been added to this post for your enjoyment
Considering the population of PRC is over 1.3b, you can't always assume that foul play is at hand (excuse the pun)
Because Chinese athletes beating US ones must be due to China having access to advanced future technology, because there is no way they could beat americans otherwise? No, wait, what?
People have a sex, not a gender. Words have genders.
I used to have a better sig than this, but I got tired of it
I am talking about that 16 year old Chinese girl, Ye Shiwen, who broke a world record in swimming competition, resulting in a respected American swimming coach John Leonard, who also happen to be the US executive director of the World Swimming Coaches Association, said that Chinese girl must have been using "genetic manipulation" to enhance athletic performance
What is "Genetic manipulation"? Is this guy seriously suggesting the Chinese geneticly engineered Ye Shiwen just to win swimming medals?
The only catch all, fool proof and totally fair fix for this is the simplest of all: get rid of men's and women's events, and let both compete in the same event. Maybe add performance based tiers instead, so the very best women will mostly compete with guys (and lose, because, you know, testosterone really does work) and the second tier guys will be mostly competing against the best women (and win, again the testosterone thing). Ok, in most sports, women wouldn't get to compete at the highest level any more, but it would be completely fair towards the non-standard gender community!
Just make the competition *GENDERLESS*
It is really *THAT SIMPLE*.
No controversy, no "machismo", no... nothing!
http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/olympics-2012/china-ye-shiwen-shatters-record-waves-suspicion-article-1.1126250
And I quote Mr. Leonard :
"If there is something unusual going on in terms of genetic manipulation or something else, I would suspect over eight years science will move fast enough to catch it ...â
Muchas Gracias, Señor Edward Snowden !
I could go for an old fashioned right about now.
Crawl out from under that rock, the Olympics haven't been about amateur athletes in a long time.
http://news.discovery.com/adventure/ye-shiwen-doping-scandal-olympic-swimming-120801.html
Jonathan Dugas, adjunct professor of exercise physiology at Loyola University in Chicago, has openly doubt the Chinese girl's achievement being "natural"
And this is what Mr. Dugas has said:
"âoeThe differences in the athletes at that level are very small,â Dugas said. âoeTo suggest she was much slower and then sped up so much at the end, it goes against everything that we know about how athletes pace themselves at that level.â
Muchas Gracias, Señor Edward Snowden !
Because Chinese athletes beating US ones must be due to China having access to advanced future technology, because there is no way they could beat americans otherwise? No, wait, what?
That's not why people suspect it. She beat her own best time by five seconds, which is unheard of in swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second. She also beat the previous world record by one second which was made with the now-banned super-swimsuit. She could have had a really, really good day, and good for her, but I can see why some other team's coaches might, in their frustration, suspect something else is going on.
E pluribus unum
Not so fast:
Do Olympic Swimmers Pee In The Pool? 'Nearly 100 Percent' Do, Says Former U.S. National Team Member
Comment removed based on user account deletion
Swimming is the only sport measured to thousands? Get real! (Posting anon because I have modded)
These grey areas have a potential for a lot of bigger problems than just sports competitions.
See the sad case of Indian female athlete being accused & arrested for rape and actually being manhandled and mistreated by male police officers for 25 days till court granted her bail.
Isn't olympia about who's the best? who cares about the gender of the champ ...
there is no good reason to split by gender. when a woman is better than the men, then she should be allowed to compete against them.
[...]swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second.
What a load of bull!
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh
I pissed there...
s/amature/professional/g point still the same
120 characters ought to be enough for anyone
Hell, you are stupid.
People ho can easilly beat olympics can also, perhaps, be greatests, fastests, more agile and pain resistant soldiers?
But that would disqualify a male athlete who had had an unfortunate childhood accident involving a carelessly unguarded pasta maker.
Just to pick one of the countless examples of where your test goes wrong: 5-alpha reductase deficiency (5-ARD). 5-alpha reductase is the chemical which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a much more potent form which in particular has effects on hair patterning and genitalia. A person with an extreme form of DHT is born as a pretty normal woman, and is thus typically raised as a girl. However, when they hit puberty, the surge of regular testosterone often proves enough to cause the descention of the gonads and the development of a small penis from the clitoris. It's even possible sometimes, with difficulty, to father children.
So when they're young do they compete in girls' events and when they're older guys' events, and when they're in-between... both?
The chloride owes the sodium money.
I think it is more related to a 16yo female beating an absolute world record. It may well be, but it is pretty damn incredible. Regardless, we will never know the truth. Whether her capabilities are above average because she has a natural predisposition and worked hard or because she was farmed with whatever cocktail or drugs/therapies and worked hard, the end result is the same. She probably does not need any form of enhancement drug now and how she gaind her strength may not even be terribly important.
Wether it's the only sport measured in thousands I doubt as well, but the fact that it IS measured in thousands is telling enough that such relatively huge diffences would atleast arrouse suspicion.
Slashdot social media options: AIM, ICQ, Yahoo, Jabber and Mobile Text. Why no MySpace?
If they have a Y chromosome they are a man, if they dont have a Y chromosome, they are a woman.
There's a very simple gender test. It takes about 9 months.
no, I don't have a sig
swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second.
FINA haven't measured in thousandths-of-a-second since 1972. In the last 40 years, accuracy is only measured to hundredths-of-a-second.
Not yet, but one day it will happen... and China is likely to be the first to try it. They have the three vital elements: The technology, the willingness to move on to human experiments, and the desire for international respect to motivate them to do all they possibly can to win.
Not sure how quick the testing gets done. The first gene knockout in a rat was in 2003, I doubt they engineered human Ye in 1995. Maybe he is using the broad definition of `genetic manipulation' as in selecting parents, but there are no rules against that!
While somewhat rare, there are XX men, XY women, and XXY persons of both sex. Genetics is but one factor out of many that sets the stage for the hormonal environment during fetal development that is thought to determine sex. The hormonal level of the mother is another big factor.
Because Chinese athletes beating US ones must be due to China having access to advanced future technology, because there is no way they could beat americans otherwise? No, wait, what?
And all American athletes are 100% clean and natural, right?
Nobody over there takes steroids or anything like that. Nope.
Table tennis? Target shooting?
I think it fair to say that men would dominate most sports but there are some where either female attributes are advantageous or there is no inherent advantage to having the typical attributes of one sex or the other.
Is it true that the Chinese girl has passed all the drug testing? Is it true that she is clean?
You can pass all the drug tests and still have doped. Marion Jones is an admitted doper who never tested positive. Drug tests are rather specific in what they test for and what they can find. The dopers are typically a step ahead of the tests to catch them. Saying an athlete is clean and saying they passed all their drug tests are completely different statements. You cannot conclusively prove that an athlete is competing clean - that would be trying to prove a negative. You can say that an athlete has not failed specific drug tests but that tests only a limited number of possible doping methodologies.
So what sex?
http://keyzero.net/hc2-backup/operator_pictures/ketamine.jpg
Hell, you are stupid.
People ho can easilly beat olympics can also, perhaps, be greatests, fastests, more agile and pain resistant soldiers?
You are just restating my point with far less clarity.
If China could do such a thing they would not waste it on winning swimming medals if so doing meant tipping off their likely future enemies. Swimming medals are just not that important. Isn't it far more likely that this girl is an exceptionally good swimmer, has trained for years, and the US can't handle losing without making up oddball stories.
Someone with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is born physically female and her body does
not respond to testosterone. Until the 20th century these women were born lived and died as women, the only
difference from every other woman is that they could not have children since they had no ovaries. Their bodies produced sufficient estrogen
to develop as a woman in every other way.
transgender is someone who is born of one gender and is mentally another gender and takes steps to rectify that.
Granted, once you reach the level of world class events improvements in personal best times do not generally leap forward much but she is only 16. Her body is still growing and developing and she may not have tried pushing it as hard as she needed to until that race. I've done this before, knocked 4 seconds of my personal best for 400 freestyle, then at the next competition another 4. The first race I had done enough to win it, comfortably, so did not push it further but I knew once I'd done it I had that reserve available.
Call me old fashioned
I can think of plenty of much more suitable adjectives and terms for people like you, "old-fashioned" being probably the most benign.
What percentage of all women in Spain go on to do sports at a professional level and subsequently win and Olympic medal?
What percentage of all women in Spain have XY chromosomes and androgen insensitivity?
The intersection of probability is staggeringly small that these two factors are unrelated.
Yeah, but believe me, if a spectator goes to do it everyone gets all bitchy about it. Where's the fairness in that?
I am talking about that 16 year old Chinese girl, Ye Shiwen, who broke a world record in swimming competition, resulting in a respected American swimming coach John Leonard, who also happen to be the US executive director of the World Swimming Coaches Association, said that Chinese girl must have been using "genetic manipulation" to enhance athletic performance
What is "Genetic manipulation"? Is this guy seriously suggesting the Chinese geneticly engineered Ye Shiwen just to win swimming medals?
It's this stuff, apparently.
Admit nothing. Deny Everything. Make Counter-accusations.
Because Chinese athletes beating US ones must be due to China having access to advanced future technology, because there is no way they could beat americans otherwise? No, wait, what?
No because the circumstantial facts indicate there is a very high probability of doping. It's demonstrably possible to evade doping tests. Marion Jones (an American) passed every drug test she took while winning multiple world and olympic medals and yet she is an admitted doper. You can be absolutely certain that there are numerous athletes from all over the world at the Olympics who are doping but will not be caught.
Otherworldly improvements in performance at that level almost never happen. People do not beat their best times in a relatively short event by multiple seconds in relatively short swimming events just coincidentally when they happen to be at the Olympics. Women do not swim a faster last 50 meters than the men in the same event. World records do not fall by wide margins. Add in that the Chinese swimming program has a well recorded history of doping and being caught doing it.
If China could do such a thing they would not waste it on winning swimming medals if so doing meant tipping off their likely future enemies. Swimming medals are just not that important. Isn't it far more likely that this girl is an exceptionally good swimmer, has trained for years, and the US can't handle losing without making up oddball stories.
East Germany thought it was important enough 40 years ago. ..
Just like their star gymnast in 2008, He Kexin was 16 when she competed?
Sorry, but I didn't buy it then, nor do I buy it now.
No, but to ignore the fishy bullshit they've pulled in the past is retarded, too. If you believe they're on the up and up, that's fine, but forgive us for a little incredulity when they've demonstrated that they'll play games like this before.
Are you kidding? The Olympics is a hugely political event. It's not about the medals, it's about beating the U.S. and the West to prove that their way of doing things is better. Just like the U.S.S.R. back in it's day.
They played games in the 2008 Gymnastics competition with their 14^H^H16 year old Gymnasts, so I don't doubt for a second they're playing games now.
She beat her own best time by five seconds, which is unheard of in swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second.
Actually a few top British swimmers made gains of a few seconds during their teenage years. There was another claim about her going faster than the fastest man in the last 50m of the race, but actually so did another British female swimmer in her event. The man in question was so far ahead he didn't need to go top speed to win, so presumably saved some energy for the next race.
As training and technique developers this sort of thing does happen. Look at Bolt, the guy beat the 100m world record without even trying (he was slowing down at the end when we realized he had an unbeatable lead). He is also quite tall, which used to be considered a hindrance in the 100m, but it turned out our understanding of the sport was wrong.
She won, she tested clean for all known doping agents, she has been tested at least four times over the previous year and several times at the Olympics. No need for sour grapes and innuendo.
const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
Speaking for all my fellow Slashdoters I'd like to ask you to clarify this part:
a bath
An X-RAY is all you need. There is a distinct difference between male and female pelvic bone structure and you can't fake that.
More importantly, whats with USA womens volleyball team wearing long stretch pants ffs?
Except several ex-swimmers have said they also improved their personal records by that much in their teens... It's of course possible that they were all using illegal substances, but at least it proves the swimmers themselves don't think this is impossible.
Dictionaries also list the word "quite" as meaning "complete"... as in "quite good" meaning "completely good" and not "some what good" as most people use it. Dictionaries also list a meaning of irony that people get wrong every single day. My point is that languages are living, dictionaries are by their very nature out of date as soon as they are published. They are the be all and end all of a language unless you're playing scrabble.
Gender has in the past decade come more and more to describe a psychological state rather than a state based purely on what set of sexual organs you happen to have been born with.
Sex is the biological difference between two animals and even that's a grey line occasionally. You can have XX chromosomes and still appear Male.
Didn't woman tell us they where equal? And didn't they tell us we should hire them in the same proportion as man, for any job, as they are equally good at it? Including jobs where physical strength might be important? If so, why is it that they don't compete with everyone else?
Let's take the 100 meter event:
From Wikipedia:
"The 10-second barrier is a term used in track and field athletics which refers to the physical and psychological barrier of completing the men's 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement was traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world class sprinter, but its significance has become less important since the late 1990s as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark.[1]"
Ok, great. Man's 10 fastest times ever goes from 9.58 (record) to 9.84. Woman's 10 fastest ever goes from 10.49 (record) to 10.77.
So, essentially we have two categories in the Olympics: Really fast, and somewhat fast. And the gold medal given in both is equal. Hey, I want equality too. I'm a 28 year old man who smokes 2 packs a day, and I want to compete too. We should create another category for people who can finish the race within 20 seconds. So we'll have: the 9 seconds race, the 10 seconds race, and the 20 seconds race. How about that?
Fuck this kind of equality. I'm all for real equality. Real equality means no special imposed barriers for anyone based solely on gender. Open up the olympics, let man and woman compete in any category freely. That's equality. Creating special slow groups so that woman can win too is not equality, it's Bullshit.
WTF am I doing replying to an AC at 5 A.M on a Friday night?
Gender is only necessary for reproduction. Otherwise, it should be inconsequential other than protective gear for delicate "jewels" or "apples".
XX = Woman XY = Man
The reality is that it's not nearly as clear cut as you believe. There are individuals with chimerism, in which their bodies contain cells of more than one genotype, i.e., two distinct sets of DNA. See the case of Lydia Fairchild, who was accused of welfare fraud, and prosecutors recommended that her two children be taken into care because testing determined that they weren't related to her, even though she had given birth to them. As she was pregnant with her third child, the judge ordered a witness be present at birth and blood samples taken from mother and child. DNA testing revealed that the child was not hers. Incredibly, it was a member of the prosecution team who recalled a similar case in Boston, and contacted her defense team with the information.
And that's only chimerism. Then there are the truly strange cases of individuals with more than two sex chromosomes, such as XXY and XXXY genotypes among others. Genetically speaking, gender should be considered to be a spectrum, with XX at one extreme and XY at the other, with shadings in between.
There is a simple solution to this simple problem; I'm appalled that I have to spell it out.
But the biological boundaries of gender aren't always clear.
One has a dick. One has a pussy.
Precisely. If you piss out of a tube protruding from the body then you are male, if you piss from an opening 'hidden' within folds between the legs then you are female.
Granted, once you reach the level of world class events improvements in personal best times do not generally leap forward much but she is only 16. Her body is still growing and developing and she may not have tried pushing it as hard as she needed to until that race. I've done this before, knocked 4 seconds of my personal best for 400 freestyle, then at the next competition another 4. The first race I had done enough to win it, comfortably, so did not push it further but I knew once I'd done it I had that reserve available.
The point isn't that she couldn't have done it. The point is that it is completely understandable that opponents suspect her of doping when something like that happens. If she's clean and the tests show it, then good for her. But you can't blame people for being suspicious when something like that happens. If someone suddenly shows vast improvements, particularly when it happens during a major sporting competition, there is reasonable enough suspicion to call for testing there. If it was because we couldn't stand for the Chinese to beat us at Olympic sports, there would be calls for a LOT more testing, as they've beaten us in quite a few this year.
If someone hears a gunshot and walks into a room and you are there, with a gun, and someone is lying dead from a gunshot wound, then you can't blame them for suspecting that you killed the person. If, later, ballistics shows it wasn't your gun that killed the person, then the charges get dropped. (Yes, I know I'm simplifying that process, but it's just a simple analogy, it doesn't have to be perfect)
Yes, there is past history (distant) in China, but there is nothing to suggest she or any of the other Chinese swimmers are cheating. She passed all her tests so far this year. In fact, she has NEVER failed a drug test and has been tested often in the past several years. People, 16 year old swimmers can do some amazing things. But what did she really do? and was it all that amazing? She dropped from a 4:33.6 to a 4:28.1 in the 400 IM. a 5.5 seconds drop (a 2% improvement). In the 200 IM she dropped from a 2:09 to a 2:07 (a 1.5% gain). People are saying that that is not possible? REALLY? When Michael Phelps was her age, he dropped 7 seconds in the 400 IM (from 4:22 to 2:15 - or 2.6% gain) and 2.5 seconds (from 2:03.4 to 2:00.8 - or 2% in the 200 IM from age 15 to age 16. Basically, the same statistical improvement, or even a little more. No one even suggested his gains were anything other then natural.
This seems to be one of those "replies" from a paid chinese employee to discredit the US on forums where ever they can and promote their own country. I have been seeing a lot of this lately on Slashdot.
It is really annoying.
Gender tests may be the most controversial obstacle the athletes face.
Of all the obstacles athletes have had to overcome to compete in the Olympics, perhaps the most controversial has been the gender test.
Do Slashdot editors just map every key to "Accept Submission" and faceroll? Or are they really that bad at basic English composition?
That should read "with an extreme form of 5-ARD".
To make this not simply a correction post, some more interesting info. AIS (Androgen Insensitivety Syndrome) is another intersex condition that leads to XY women; their bodies produce testosterone and DHT, but don't recognize or respond to it (or do so only weakly). You might think that both AIS and 5-ARD women would have similar statistics in terms of transsexuality and sexuality, but they don't. Because while DHT is critical for proper male genital development, regular testosterone seems to have a significant influence on the brain even without DHT. AIS women have testosterone but don't respond to it, while 5-ARD women have it and do. So AIS women actually have little rates of transsexuality and even lower rates of lesbianism compared to normal women, while 5-ARD "women" more often than not are attracted to women and have a male gender identity present even from before any bodily changes that occur at puberty, and generally end up living as men and seek to further their changes rather than having their changes reversed.
The chloride owes the sodium money.
I see a lot of innuendo in this post.
Post the facts here. Which "top" British swimmers made gains of a few seconds during their teenage years?
Which British female swimmer in her event was quicker than the fastest man?
How do you know that the man in question was so far ahead that he didn't "need" to go top speed to win? Where is this evidence? Did he say so? Evidence, please.
What does Bolt have to do with a 16 year old beating the best of the best by seconds? Bolt can't do that - and never did.
I rather suspect that she is not only doped, but is doped with the best that technology has to offer. It is not a secret that China has the world's best genetic and biological research for this type of thing (being that there are very few restrictions on it there). Her samples have been frozen and will be held for 7 years.
There is perhaps another explanation - it could be a gender one.
In any event, the situation (especially now, that she has shown in multiple races) is very unusual, and such really does demand that special attention be applied here.
We all remember Ben Johnson, right?
Normally, scientific testing lags behind in the doping race. Perhaps in the next couple of years, something will come of this.
1) Michael Phelps 2009: 200m butterfly = 1:51.51, Michael Phelps 2006: 200m butterfly = 1:53.80
At fifteen he became the youngest swimmer to hold a world record
same ratio of improvement. Is he doping, or good?
2) http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/08/01/079234/speed-of-sound-is-too-slow-for-the-olympics
Track atheletes wil be mesured to the thound-of-a-second
A couple of signs seen in London in the 1960's:
Pardon us sir if we call you madam, but it's so hard to tell these days.
Does she, or doesn't he, only their hairdresser knows for sure!
Check podcasts from the last few days from the BBC, specifically Newshour I believe. They did a piece on her, and interviewed an Australian swim coach. He said he was not at all surprised by this, that he'd seen it happen with his own students, and that a female swimmer's capabilities are very flexible, much more so than a man. He claimed it's why the age range of top female swimmers is much broader than that of male swimmers.
Nor did she. She beat her own time by seconds. Haven't found how much she beat the best by.
And Bolt did precisely what gp suspected the male swimmer did: slowed down in a race he was sure of winning, specifically in the 2008 Olympics. It happens.
wow, if you can train yourself to pee in controlled pulses, that's a couple extra grams of propulsion per stroke. if lapt times are thousandths of a second apart, then that could mean the difference between gold and no medal at all.
your thin skin doesn't make me a troll
We don't need to separate everyone into male or female. We just need to have one top tier that *anyone* can enter: male, female, xxy, androgen-whatever, etc. And and any other tier can be very specific (eg. xx-females with no abnormalities). No one's left out, you can still see women compete, and if every once in a while, some woman competes successfully in the "men's" (really "top tier") events, that's okay!
Obviously they can and Chinese outnumbering Americans 5 to 1 makes it easier. Given the numbers China should win as many medals as USA + all of Europe + Russia in any sport event. What's suspicious is a female swimmer (no matter the country) swimming the last 100 meters of the 400 m medley faster than the winner of the male race and about 4 s faster than her second placed contender (my estimate). That's unheard of (5 seconds slower than males is par) and passing the antidoping tests just makes people wonder if they used some doping we're not testing for. The male world record for the 100 m freestyle is 46.91 s, the female one is 52.07.
An interesting statistical and physiological analysis is here. The conclusion is "let's wait and see."
It's been done so badly in the past that one athlete that failed to test as female, and was disqualified, later in life gave birth to two children. That was back before IVF so they were definitely from her own eggs.
Any test seems to be able to be twisted for bad losers to inflict on winners, paticularly detailed genital inspection by several doctors from several countries such as the South African runner had to put up with a couple of years ago (at least I think that's what happened in the end after a lot of blood tests).
There's no other way to read it without pretending he meant something other than what he said. Those nasty Chinese with their cloning, eugenics and why not sharks with lasers!
It's a ridiculous accusation right out of science fiction.
Bolt is as fast as he is, not because of some lucky draw in the gene pool, but because of proper training and starting at a young age.
Genetics are a pre-requisite. Granted, exceptional genetics alone are not sufficient, but they are absolutely necessary if you want to compete at that level. To be able to compete at the elite level, it doesn't matter what age you start at or how hard or properly you train if you haven't won the genetic lottery as well. Bolt is as fast as he is primarily because he is a genetic freak. The hard training lets him maximize the ability he has but even without training at all he would be faster than the vast majority of the people in the world based thanks to his genetics.
Full disclosure: I have competed at the division one college level and competed directly with and been coached by Olympic and world champions. I know what it is like to compete against those who are genetically gifted in a sport first hand. I'm relatively talented at my chosen sport and I worked hard at it when I competed but I also know that I simply didn't have the genetic gifts to go to the next level no matter how hard I worked. I'm ok with that now though - most of us weren't born with the genetics to make it to the Olympic games and there is no shame in that.
They'd be much more likely to use it on an Olympic swimmer than a "supersoldier". China is changing their military doctrine, but they still rely on the unique quality of quantity for their forces. They will not spend millions to turn some conscripts into supermen, but they might well do so for an Olympic athlete as there would be a much higher return on investment for them given the exposure and PR benefits.
I am not saying they did this, but even athletes from the US and the West have done this in other competitions, I don't see why China would or could not.
Maybe they're just gathering DNA samples in order to build a race of super athletes.
Several dozen different conditions cause ambiguity from dual.missing genes, gene over or under expression, and so on. The default starting gender is female. There may be male genes, but not fully expressed. And a lot do not know it until they seek infertility treatment or become an Olympic contender.
Thorpedo (Ian James Thorpe) said he did the same as a teenager. He said this last night on the BBC.
This post contains benzene, nitrosamines, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.
This was so much easier when they competed nude. Well, of course, and the ancient Olympics was male only. That also helps solve the gender issue, for right or wrong.
If you are not allowed to question your government then the government has answered your question.
Actually XY individuals who develop into females as a result of a broken copy of a gene which encodes a testosterone receptor protein are overrepresented among the top female athletes of the world. A mixture of the developmental effects of zero testosterone signal during development (regular XX women have less than men but a lot more than zero) and the effect of the non-sex determining genes unique to the Y chromosome.
And they'll keep her blood on ice for the next eight years and test it again and again and again.
If she's cheating she'll get caught, just like lots of other athletes from lots of other countries have been. In the meantime, speculative accusations have no point.
Ye's time was 4:28.43. The silver was Beisel, at 4:31.27. That's a bit less than a three second difference, or 1.06%.
Usain Bolt ran a 9.69 in 2008. The silver was Richard Tompson, with a 9.89. That's a 2.06% difference.
So Bolt won his race by a greater margin than did Ye.
It's ok to make gains of a few seconds during the teenage years. It's unheard of to make gains of many (5-7, depending on who you ask) seconds in a year. Specifically, she was wholly adequate in the major event she participated in last year. There is no technique, no training that improves speed that much. The issue with her speed in the last 50 was that she beat the time of the men's Gold Medal winner in that lap, and was even in the last 100. At that level, that doesn't happen.
Your comparison with Bolt is just as ignorant. Bolt was known to be the man to beat. The only question was how much he was going to shave off of the World Record. He had regularly won at top-flight competitions before his triumph in the Olympics. A much better comparison would be that there was some unknown woman in the 200 meter race who was faster than Bolt in the last 25 and even with him in the last 50.
That doesn't happen. Finally, in the vast majority of precedents, the athletes were found to have doped. And those who weren't caught labored under that suspicion until the end of their career.
She doped. Just like Barry Bonds doesn't need to fail a drug test for me to know that he doped, she doesn't either.
Those who can, do. Those who can't, sue.
Yes, over THREE years he shaved a bit under 2 seconds off of his best time. She lopped over 5 seconds off of her best time in about a year. And Phelps was swimming at a world record level before he broke it.
Sheesh, pay attention people. If you want to discuss what is and what isn't possible in sports, make sure you know what you're talking about.
Those who can, do. Those who can't, sue.
Here's the deal.... Do you have a Y chromosome, yes or no? End of debate. All else is humanity's attempt to conform to how/what edge cases, like ladyboys, "feel" like. When is comes to competition, the gender vs sex debate has no place. It's really cut and dry. Are you genetically a male or female? End of discussion, now can we get to who wins the event already?
n/t
Combine them all together. Men, women, transgender all compete together in the events.
Women want equality, so here is equality. They can compete against men in the events.
Oh, right. Women only want equality when it benefits them.
Based on your username, I think the problem is that you aren't peeing in the pool...
Check out my world simulator thingy.
Swimming is not measured to thousandths of a second. Because of tolerances in pool measurements etc. it is only measured within one hundredth of a second. It is also not uncommon for someone to take off several seconds between the age of 15 and 16, especially in a longer race like the 400m IM. Unless any evidence appears that she was cheating I won't accuse her of anything. Performance can't be the only indication that someone is cheating. She had the best stroke technique in the pool for the backstroke and freestyle.
To change from a male to female, you have to take a whole list of synthetic drugs that are not allowed by any athlete in the olympics so they already broke the general rules. So that's pretty much the end of that (for purposefully altered genders). For mutations/natural accidental unclear genders, don't allow them to compete based solely on the potential to be unfair combined with the inability to test unfairness of any advantage it may give them. It's simple, logical, and solves the problem. That affects probably 0.001% of people on Earth so no big problem there.
By the way, am I the only one who knows that DNA testing would solve this instantly? All the hormones in the world won't change whether or not you have a Y chromosome. Use that as a starter and disqualify from there, obviously.
That's not why people suspect it. She beat her own best time by five seconds, which is unheard of in swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second. She also beat the previous world record by one second which was made with the now-banned super-swimsuit. She could have had a really, really good day, and good for her, but I can see why some other team's coaches might, in their frustration, suspect something else is going on.
It isn't at all impossible that something else is going on. For example she might have been on her period when she set her previous best time. It's a lot easier to swim when you aren't having cramps. It's also something that she might be reluctant to talk about.
You all forgot one thing. There are those of us who are two spirit. Two spirit means we have both the feminine and the masculine. Native Americans had recognized that eons ago.
Most Respectfully Yours Mark Allyn Bellingham, Washington
More importantly, whats with USA womens volleyball team wearing long stretch pants ffs?
If you're talking about the beach volleyball team, it was cold and rainy, and the rules were changed this year to no longer require that women compete in bikinis.
Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
Goes both ways also. Saw on the news the other day about a disabled man who wants to compete in the normal Olympics. Apparently the complaints haven't been about his speed, but about his aperatus. He has no legs, or well legs past his knees anyway. Uses those bouncy running things. His answer to "augmented" running not being fair, was that if it is about the aperatus, and not the man, then why is he the first to be able to do it.
The one arguement I do have, and it is a strong one, is I would never have seen a video of Michelle Jenneke warming up for hurdles... It is a spectator sport the Olympic are, and there is interest in seeing the fairer sex compete, so it exists I suppose.
People take it far too seriously anyway. As much as it is supposed to show the strengths of nations, it really is just a show of wealth really when it all comes down to it.
The only criteria should be physical inspection and I think gender changes would be sufficiently evident to be obvious to a doctor. As to the freaks of nature, say women who have elevated testosterone levels.. well gee.. aren't all olympic level athletes genetic freaks? What would the world have said of Phelps in the 1930s? or even earlier? Check em for dope and if they have the correct naughtybits leave it at that.
When Michael Phelps was her age, he dropped 7 seconds in the 400 IM (from 4:22 to 2:15 - or 2.6% gain) and 2.5 seconds (from 2:03.4 to 2:00.8 - or 2% in the 200 IM from age 15 to age 16. Basically, the same statistical improvement, or even a little more. No one even suggested his gains were anything other then natural.
What could possibly be different between expected performance changes for an adolescent man and woman?
here's a revolutionary thought - the male might have a strongly rising testosterone level during that time (rises very fast during puberty, peaks in the mid twenties) which we would expect to increase his performance - whereas we would expect a female athlete to have a much smaller rise in testosterone level and some adverse effects from increasing estrogen levels as well-
You're ignoring that regardless of gender at that age you are growing and increasing strength. The comment I made above was a partial copy / paste from my former coach who is an extremely experienced and had at least one athlete in the Olympic trials this year. He has also been participating in exchange programs with Chinese coaches over the past year. Pretty sure he knows exactly what he's talking about vs commentators and pundits who know near nothing about the sport. It's all sour grapes at being beat by a Chinese girl.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_male_syndrome
About 1 in 25,000 men have no Y chromosome.
People go on and on about how sex determination, with respect to competition, is a complex issue because sex is not well-defined. (Nor are gender identity or sexual orientation for that matter, but that's not important here.) I can think of a few ways to deal with this.
If we insist on sex being a category, then create a third catetory for those people who are ambiguous. That may not be very interesting, however, because of the relative rarity of intersex conditions. "And now we move on to the intersex event, with competitors from three countries"
An alternative is to not use sex but rather other physical characteristics, like weight categories in martial arts. Men vs. women in tai quon do would be just fine becuase it's not just brute strength but speed, agility, mental quickness, etc.
If we want to keep the "freaks" out of the Olympic games and bring back the true Olympic spirit of national representation and fair competition, we need to institute some sort of conscription or draft to randomly select only average human beings as the competitors and representatives.
Let's face the facts. An all-volunteer military, for example, is composed largely of misfits, under achievers, ne'er-do-wells, and the chronically unemployed. If we desire quality recruits, we must implement a national draft.
Similarly, an all-volunteer Olympics is composed largely of doped-up genetic freaks that hardly serve as an adequate representation of a particular nation state. Only a national athletic draft, which would select for the ordinary traits present within a population, could insure that truly fair competition and representation would result.
Bring back the draft.
This suggestion, if carefully considered for all of its ramifications, is not so outlandish as it may first appear.
> Actually a few top British swimmers made gains of a few seconds during their teenage years..
Well you can suspect them too.
Really. It is. The number of people where this is a genuine issue is vanishingly small.
Androgen-insensitive women tend to be tall and leggy, and may have some interest in athletics as a result. But they have female muscles, since their bodies don't respond to testosterone. I see no advantage here.
Transsexual women like me have male bones, but female muscles to move them with. This doesn't sound like much of an advantage to me. Am I missing something?
Why are there never any concerns about the bona fides of men?
At the end of the day, there will have to be an arbitrary demarcation delineating who counts as a woman. No matter where this imaginary line is placed, there will be some cases where it seems unfair or wrong. Some athletes will push for the line to be moved this way or that way, but this just shifts who is on the line. We just have to come to some agreement that for the purposes of this game some people will compete in this category and some in this other category, and that's just how it is.
Yes, but Ryan Lochte was swimming the 400 IM. Hmm... tougher races? 800M Free and 1500M Free, but those are endurance races.
There really isn't room in the 400 IM to "coast" along in maintenance mode until the last 100-200M. You can't really coast in the butterfly or breast stroke.
To assert that Ryan was sandbagging in the last leg of that race, the freestyle, is so stupid it isn't even wrong.
Many of the posts I read here are missing the point.
Many seem to argue histrionically that it's not 'fair' to force people into false binary categories, it's not "just", it's archaic, etc.
The point is this: do you ever want women to win or not?
Women's athletics were created because of the simple (oh-so-politically-incorrect!) fact that men outperform women in MOST athletics. They are stronger, faster, can throw further, jump higher, etc. It's just physiology.
So womens athletics was created as a category so they could compete against their peers.
Now we have edge-cases in determining who is what gender, and we're forced to defend the arbitrary segregation of women into a lower-performing category of their own.
The simple fact is this:
- have everyone compete together, and women will pretty much never win most athletic events.
- let people declare their own gender (a creation of the politically-correct modern age in which 'everybody's choice is valid'), and again, women will pretty much never win most athletic events. The obvious exploitabilty of this system, coupled with the fact that cheating where possible is endemic to modern top-level competitions like the Olympics, should be self-evident.
- set a test that declares who is female (and thus can compete in the 'easier' category), everyone else is male: the result is that there will ALWAYS be some boundary-cases that indeterminate or go around the test (through biological variation, or deliberate cheating). Some "women" will through their biology get declared "Men" and be unable to compete successfully. Some "men" will likewise get certified as "women" and dominate their field for a while.
Those are your choices. Personally, I love that reality doesn't bow to political correctness, there's no 'legislating away' this conundrum.
FWIW I *don't* see the point in gender-split categories like mens and womens table-tennis or chess. There doesn't seem to be any reason for the division except inertia.
-Styopa
Call me old fashioned, but I think being born with a penis, as opposed to ovaries ought to be the test.
Or vagina.
Hasn't this been obvious since comic-con started?
She won, she tested clean for all known doping agents, she has been tested at least four times over the previous year and several times at the Olympics. No need for sour grapes and innuendo.
So did Lance Armstrong. He is still banned from racing for doping.
China is changing their military doctrine, but they still rely on the unique quality of quantity for their forces. They will not spend millions to turn some conscripts into supermen
Chinese armed forces are all-professional these days, they don't have conscripts. They technically do have conscription still in force, but in practice there are more than enough volunteers to fully staff their peace time army.
Before allowing anyone to even be considered for an Olympic or similar-level international sporting competition where gender is important, they are given a preliminary test:
1) Are their genetics clearly male or female and do the external reproductive organs and gonads match the genetic gender?
2) If yes, does this match their legal gender, the gender they have identified themselves as for a significant period of time, the gender in which they currently identify themselves as, the gender they plan on identifying themselves during their athletic career, and the gender in which they will compete in?
If so - and this will be the case for 90+ percent of athletes - that's it. Unless they change their mind about gender-self-identity, they don't need to be re-tested. If they happen to be genetically female, self-identify as female, be legally female, but have naturally high testosterone and want to compete as a female in events where high testosterone is an advantage, good for them. That's part of what sports is: Using the body Mother Nature gave you to your best advantage.
For those with indeterminate gender, those whose legal or self-identity doesn't match their biological gender, or those who anticipate a change in gender during their athletic career, the athlete would by default compete in the gender which is considered more competitive but would otherwise be allowed to choose his own gender label. For example, a 17-year-old female planning f-to-m hormone and surgery as soon as she is legally allowed to do so would by default compete in men's events but would be referred to as a female and would use women's restrooms and shower facilities. In events where gender is not an issue she could compete as a female.
However, there would be an appellate process in which any athlete could change to the less-competative gender by demonstrating that:
1) No past or present surgery or drug are currently creating a gender-related athletic advantage and it is almost certain they won't create one in the future, AND
2a) The person has a genetic gender that is generally considered, say, female (e.g. XXX, X, or perhaps certain other combinations of X and Y other than Y or XY), OR
2b) The person has had permanent surgery or another procedure which permanently removes any genetic advantage, AND
3) But for legal prohibitions or a demonstratively high social cost, the person would have already been self-identifying as the gender he or she wants to compete in and would have already changed his or her legal gender, AND
4) the country under whose flag the athlete is competing under does not object to the reclassification.
Basically, if aren't a "no brainer/obvious" female and you do or want to self-identify as female and compete in a sport where males have a natural advantage, you have to get your country's okay AND you have to undo any genetic advantage you do have (e.g. castration, if applicable) and show you don't have any current or future gender-related advantage due to past surgeries (e.g. organ or gland removal, even if medically necessary and not related to gender-identity issues) or past or present medications (e.g. past use of steroids, even if medically necessary at the time). So if as a kid you had to take steroids for a medical condition, you will have to demonstrate that this didn't affect your body's growth in a way that gives you an advantage over other women today.
OK, this isn't a simple solution after all, but it is a reasonable and I think fair one.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Read about Vietnam Tunnel Rats. Read about Russian female snipers in WWII. Ball-gunners in FF, etc.
There are many more advantages and much more variety in combat situations than your simplistic analysis allows for.
A fast, small, light (but of only average strength) woman can be a tremendous advantage in certain situations. Should small men also be kept out of the military?
Bring back the draft - for both sexes. Better balance between military and civilians, less chance of fucking stupid useless wars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics#Highlights
Princess Anne of Great Britain competed in the 1976 Summer Games in Montreal (equestrian). Unsurprisingly, she happens to be the *only* female competitor to not have to submit to a "sex test" at that games.
Look at the tomato! Isn't it sad? He can't dance! Poor tomato!
swimming which is the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second.
umm... short memory. I recall a long debate on slashdot 48 hours ago, about the timing accuracy of the starting gun in running events and detecting false starts down to the accuracy of 10,000th's and finer.
http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/08/01/079234/speed-of-sound-is-too-slow-for-the-olympics
Of all of the articles on this site, you would think THIS would be the one where the "Or vagina" meme would be a hit...
Maybe the ancient Greeks were on to something?
On the plus side:
Gender assignment by audience applause
No silly controversies over beach volleyball bikinis
Beach volleyball
Gymnastics
On the negative side:
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Shot put
Dangerous hurdles for men
Prove anything by multiplying Huge Number times Tiny Number
I understand the need to have different classes of competition otherwise whole demographics (like women) will almost always be excluded. But why does this have to be drawn along explicitly sexual lines? Why not something like boxing's weight categories? Determine whatever attribute it is which typical women typically lack compared to men which justifies the separate women's category, and just categorize people by that attribute, without calling it "women's" or "men's".
Sure, demographically you will end up with even mixes of the best women and the 10th-best men competing against each other in the lower category, and mostly men and the rare superwoman competing against each other in the upper category, but if that's what the demographics are then so be it.
Better still, why not let everybody compete in one category, and then besides the main award, give out separate awards for "best in [whatever] demographic", e.g. strongest female weightlifter or fastest white runner. Let the official olympic committee determine only the total ranking of all players, and let whatever subcomittees want to form determine the criteria by which they select members of their set -- pre-sorted from the total set -- for their special awards.
-Forrest Cameranesi, Geek of all Trades
"I am Sam. Sam I am. I do not like trolls, flames, or spam."
Pee is sterile, so unless they have a bacterial infection there's no real reason to get all squeamish about it.
"...aren't always clear". Really? Check chromosomes. XX=girl, XY=boy. Period. Gender is not a state of mind. The lack of clarity is only in the minds of those who wish to reengineer society.
Yes, there are cases of genetic deformity, but any pattern that includes a Y, is male (XXY is somewhat common). Really odd patterns are extremely rare. As it relates to Olympians, if you test all competitors for the next 100 years, you're unlikely to find anyone that would not be XX or XY.
Ok, let's get to some reality checks. One of the unofficial world records for a non-steroid'd woman bench pressing, on the entire planet earth, is in the neighborhood of about 400lbs. I can do that, and I'm a 45 year old programmer, and there's plenty of guys out there that can hit that pretty easy. In fact, the world record's lift for a guy I think is well over 1000lbs. So now let's see, at the top of the curve, the strongest guys are -twice- as strong as the strongest women.
So sure, let's have a competition... let's follow your suggestion and have men and women compete together in the same exact thing. You know what would happen? Women wouldn't even qualify for half of the events. They wouldn't be in any weight lifting, any distance throwing events, any weight carrying. What about wrestling? Are women going to do that? Hmmm, don't think so. Maybe play football? Are you saying women should just try out to be on the same football team as guys?
How can you say separate divisions for men and women are sexist, when without them, women wouldn't even get a chance to play?
This is my sig.
She didn't beat her previous best time by 5 seconds. Her personal best has improved by 5s over the last *two years* - you can easily check that. It is far from unknown for swimmers to make great leaps in their performance between the ages of 14 and 16. Indeed, it would be unusual if they *didn't*. Ian Thorpe, the Australian Olympic gold medallist, stated on BBC that he improved by 5s in just *one* year at around that age.
I use Friend/Foe + mod-point modifiers as a karma/reputation system.
Oh, and Rebecca Soni, of the USA, improved the world record for the 200m breast-stroke from 2:20.12 to 2:19.59 over 2 races on 2 back-to-back days, an improvement of 0.53s - which is an improvement of 0.3782% over the previous time. Ye Shi Wen improved the WR in the *400m* medley from 4:29.45 to 4:28.43, 1.02s - which is a 0.3785% improvement.
If you think Ye Shi Wen's improvement of 0.3785% is so impossible that it must have been because of doping, I hope you'll also similarly be accusing Rebecca Soni. If you don't, you're a hypocrite.
I use Friend/Foe + mod-point modifiers as a karma/reputation system.
This is what I came here to say.
Let men and women, and anyone who doesn't fall neatly into one of those categories compete together, in the same events, against each other. We're all humans. Is one sex being marginally better at a particular category of events any different from, say, people native to high-altitude countries being better runners?
Not allowing everyone to compete together is discrimination, plain and simple.
Bobsled racing is also measured in 1000th seconds. But that is the only other I know where they official print out the 1000th seconds. I don't know if they print that out in swimming.
Perhaps everything is measured in 1000th seconds, it is just not shown.
"Freiheit ist immer auch die Freiheit des Andersdenkenden" - Rosa Luxemburg, 1871 - 1919
i'm not disagreeing with you! but, think we abolish geeks from sport based on
a surfeit of genes coding for slowness, fatness, lethargy. so i think what we're
discussing loudly is the fact that *gender matters*. geekiness is not an omni-
present distinction we humans make among ourselveses.
It was many years ago (late 1960s or early 1970s), hormone treatment wasn't available back then and it turns out she's had three children now (someone else mentioned her).
My point is it's hard to work out where to draw the line and it's been drawn very badly in the past, which is why the entire IMHO silly issue was dropped until relatively recently when a South African runner was given a ridiculously hard time over her genetics.
You might want to rethink that: hypospadias is very common.
Maybe we deserve this world ?
the only sport measured to the thousand-of-a-second
That would be Formula 1.
(and I'm not sure about "only")
it's in my head