The Evolution of the Computer Keyboard
Lucas123 writes "As anyone who's typed on a virtual keyboard — or yelled at a voice-control app like Siri — can attest, no current text input holds a candle to a traditional computer keyboard. From the reed switch keyboards of the early '70s to the buckling spring key mechanism that drove IBM's popular PC keyboards for years to ThinTouch technology that will have about half the travel of a MacBook Air's keys, the technology that drove data entry for decades isn't likely to go anywhere anytime soon. This article takes a look back on five decades of keyboard development and where it's likely to go in the future."
And the funniest thing is that the current QWERTY key arrangement is here due to jamming issues with typewriters. It was designed to slow down the typing speed of old stenographers to resolve the jamming issue of old typewriters when they were typed on too fast.
Free your hands from the illogical tyranny of Remington's terrible legacy!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law
To this day I still want a space cadet keyboard.. so hard to find, and so many meta keys.
This was has been my favorite keyboard of all time. It's simply brilliant. Its only that recently it has been acting up. It's so sad because its the best keyboard in the universe.
...eye prefer two ewes speech recognition in sted
No mention of any home computer keyboard. No mention of the PCjr and its infamous chicklet keyboard. No mention of the classic Apple Extended Keyboard. It's as if keyboard history went directly from the Model M to Dell Quietkeys with nothing in between.
Give me Classic Slashdot or give me death!
Free your hands from the logical tyranny of Dvorak's horrible legacy!
What we really need is randomly newmerically labeled virtual keyboards that are used in the future!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCARS [wikipedia.org]
In the universe??? Some of us have tentacles instead of fingers! Your puny keyboard is useless for us!
Besides, the damned thing doesn't even have a Linux key.
Have gnu, will travel.
The weird split ergo keyboard that many folks either loved or hated comes to mind. I'm happy with my hybrid, a cheap Microsoft "comfort curve" that gives some of the alignment effect of the ergo-board without actually separating the keys.
I also had a really nifty folding accordion keyboard for my Palm Pilot a decade ago. After folding, it was locked up tight in its permanent hard case, and it was safer than the actual Palm (and about the same size.)
And now Microsoft's new integrated smart cover keyboards are a thing.
Whatever happened to the laser keyboard? I'm surprised it didn't take off.
Occasionally living proof of the Ballmer peak.
As I sit here typing this on a circa 1984 IBM Model M Clicky Keyboard!
The finest keyboard ever made.
I have had this one for >10 years.
None of the keyboard markings have worn off. Heh. Yes, you can still find them around.
.
I still have fond memories of this here gadget: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Model_33
It made a hell of a racket, but the keyboard had this light, crisp touch . . .
And hell, it gave you a hard copy history of what you had done, and paper tape, on the side. Good for making confetti for High School Pep Rallies.
Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
The biggest reason I have not returned to the iPhone is the lack of a swipe style keyboard. After adapting to it, I refuse to go back to pecking words out with my thumbs, so no iPhones until I can get swype. It has several advantages:
- Word entry without looking
- one-handed text entry (single thumb swipes out a word in the same time two could tap it, while being held in the same hand.)
Swype's implementation isn't flawless though. They haven't figured out it is about word shape. The biggest problem is the limited character set. On a phone in landscape, or anything bigger than a phone you should have a keyboard on one side and an alternate (numberic pad) on the other. Since we don't need to hit specific keys anymore, we can reduce the overall area dedicated to displaying the keyboard and just show one for reference (aiming) and determine the word by the shape traced out. Have a button for enlarging it for the odd word that isn't in the dictionary and you're done.
Once swype (or any other keyboard (swift key?) realizes that, we'll have the best touch keyboard we can have without a fill-size button board.
Slashdot's rate-of-post filter: Preventing you from posting too many great ideas at once.
The true evolution of the computer keyboard stopped with the mighty, never-equaled, IBM Model M. Every "innovation" since then has been a poor compromise in comparison.
Indeed. We need to also remember how bad things can be when you try to cut corners - Atari 400, Tandy CoCo, the original Commodore Pet, Timex / Sinclair.
the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
where you can simply think what you want to "type" and the computer does it.
Heck, at least it'd spell the end of RSI. Some keyboard designs are better than others in this regard, but none actually prevent it entirely
File under 'M' for 'Manic ranting'
only thing that will completely replace the keyboard and make it obsolete is direct brain-wave scanning.
A company called Unicomp still makes the Model M. They purchased the original tooling from IBM/Lexmark and make the keyboards in Lexington, Kentucky.
Here all the time I thought Qwerty keyboard layout was designed for computer use of for quick Close, Save Select All, Cut, Copy & Paste commands.
I can enter text in Swype faster with one thumb than I can type (of course, I never learned to type and have to look at the keys while I peck away with 3 or four fingers).
Well, of course the Cut/Copy/Paste were all chosen as they were BECAUSE it was on a QWERTY....
Hey, waitaminnit! Say, you almost got me there!
Everything I have seen indicates that the newer Model M knockoffs-- aside from Unicomp, the ones using Cherry, Alps , or TopRe keyswitches.are gaining popularity more then jst a cult following. They did mention them but only briefly.
Having the CTRL on the bottom row is next to useless. And how many people use the capslocks key?
Putting CTRL back to where it was would make keyboard shortcuts easier to use.
I prefer "yelling at SIRI" to typing when using my ipad when typing prose like this. If I had similar functionality on my PC I would use it. It saves a ton of wear and tear on the hands. The biggest "drawback" is I find I need to speak with practiced diction rather than my usual drawl. Even with the mistakes I still find it faster and less tiresome.
It's a useful article on keyboard mechanisms, and it's a good discussion of the tradeoffs between thin keyboards and ergonomics. The history is weak.
There's no mention of key rollover, or "can you push a key before releasing the previous key"? Modern keyboards report a key down and key up event for each key, so rollover can be unlimited. Early keyboards struggled with this. The Selectric, and Teletype machines, were mechanically interlocked against multiple key-presses. Some early keyboards wouldn't handle two keys down at the same time at all.
The feedback issue was a big one. Some keyboards clicked, some had a "clicker" inside to create the illusion that they clicked, and some beeped, an annoyance which has returned with some touch screens.
It's amusing that iPad-like devices have reverted to a 3-row keyboard with multiple shifts. That's where Teletype machines were a century ago. The keyboard layout of an iPad is very similar to that of a 1930s Teletype.
When ever a keyboard article come along you get a bunch of old farts pining away about their venerable old Model M keyboards.
I know. I am an old fart and I have one. I love it but unfortunately it ruined me. I am totally unable to use a laptop keyboard.
They all suck. suck suck suck. The keys are in the wrong place, they don't feel right, and I keep hitting the effing touchpad with my thumbs and suddenly I am typing a porn url in the browser bar.
Now get off my lawn!
Average Intelligence is a Scary Thing
... it's their arrangement. A QWERTY keyboard was not designed to be ergonomic, it was designed to solve a very specific engineering problem: the most efficient layout to keep a typewriter's hammers from hitting each other.
The days when typewriters had hammers are far behind us. The QWERTY keyboard... less so.
Very satisfied with current keyboard technology, more or less. The toughest thing for me is hunting for the perfect combination of qualities / technologies in a particular keyboard. As a developer I'm pretty picky about my keyboard, moreso than any other aspect of the machine, and there are requirements that just seem hard to fill these days.
1. Wired. No charging or battery changing for me. Tried it once, never again.
2. Full "104 key" layout -- full numeric keypad, separate navigation key area, etc. No giant enter key, no tiny backspace key.
3. No buckling spring nonsense. Noise-induced insanity levels in the office went down >9000% the day we dumped all those model-Ms in the trash.
4. No replacing of standard keys with "proprietary" keys.
5. No MS "natural" split type nonsense.
Those are the requirements. If I can get a few extra multimedia keys (specifically vol up/down and mute), that's a bonus. I've been throught a lot of them, and most seem to fall down in one or two categories. The last one I had and used for a long time was some backlit logitech thing. Great feel, but the "Fn" button and not-quite-standard numeric keypad layout killed it. Tried and returned a variety of "the bestest keyboard evarz!@" including Das Keyboard, Steel Series, and so on.
The two long-time favorites were an old Sun keyboard from a pizzabox (the feel was just perfect), and an even older Keytronics 122key which didn't have the best feel, but the programmable nature and button-swapping features were outstanding.
Today I'm pretty settled on my Lenovo SK-8815. Feel is just right, not too loud, all the keys and all in the right place. I bought a MS "Digital Media Keyboard 3000" (seriously, who names these things) the same day that looks good, but haven't tried it or even opened the package yet as the Lenovo has me very satisfied.
Enough of the QWERTY Dvorak partisan bickering! We can all use a twiddler: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorded_keyboard
Silence is a state of mime.
And there are still new keyboards that use them.
Check out geekhack.org for all things keyboard.
The two best keyboards i've had. I've put my M into storage because the LIK gives me just as much feedback minus the noise, and isn't some membrane abomination -- it's a scissors action. Key dip is halfway between an M and a laptop keyboard. The feedback is amazing. No ambiguity at all -- you either hit it, or you didn't.
That it's sleek and backlit and looks like it belongs in this century are bonus points. I don't think, however, that it'll live nearly as long in daily use as a model M, however, my LIKs are used heavily daily and here they are, three years later, no issues. Who knows, maybe they will last 15+ years.
I like the LIK so much I bought two, one for for work one for home.
The "Civilized World" jumped the shark ca. 1973.
The argument between the dvorak and qwerty advocates sounds like an argument over gay marriage. Look no one wants to force you to use dvorak, they just want you to have the option, ok?
Just two months ago I got myself a cherry G80-3000, much cheaper than the gamer/poser mechanical keyboards and contrary to those available with different spring characteristics. I got the clicky-tactile variant which is better for typing than the linear ones used by boards for gamers.
Eat you heart out -- I'm the 'friend' in this story, owner of this
magnificent Memorex Telex 122 keyboard:
http://loosen.home.xs4all.nl/memorex_telex/index.html
All this here typed on a Sun Type 5 keyboard (attached to a Linux
box) for which I made the interface myself. Latter keyboard has
keybeep (5kHz for 2ms with each keystroke), Yea!
Have you ever heard of an extension cord? And it was only necessary if you couldn't procure a straight-through cord to attach to the models with detachable cords (which was most of them.)
And, of course, you can get a brand-new Model M today with USB if you like.
The true evolution of the computer keyboard stopped with the mighty, never-equaled, IBM Model M. Every "innovation" since then has been a poor compromise in comparison.
Haven't tried a Model M, but I liked the Sun Type 5. The Type 6 (USB) weren't very popular, but the Type 7 ended being basically a Type 5 with USB.
Another one I liked about the Suns was that you could get a "Unix" layout, where there was a CTRL next the A instead of the Caps Lock (which they called the "PC" layout). The other major difference was that in the Unix layout, the ESC was next to the 1, whereas in the PC layout the there's ` and ~.
http://superuser.com/questions/181109/
Turns out there's a ISO standard for keyboards as well:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995
Is my old Apple IIGS keyboard. I still have the original one I got in third grade, it still works great with the USB ADB connector widget I bought years ago, and it's loud as hell.
What a fine piece of technology.
IMO, they were the best laptop keyboards around - unfortunately, someone thought that "chiclet keyboards with flat tops are kewl!" and now all of the recent laptops I've seen for sale have keyboards that SUCK. Don't even get me started on the incredible disappearing TrackPoint.
The flat keytop nonsense has spread to desktop keyboards as well. HELLO?! Does anyone actually TEST these things to see if they're actually useful for typing?
Oh, no! You have walked into the slavering fangs of a lurking grue!
I gave up aunt typing years ago, now I just use voice wreck ignition
Mechanical keyboards are going through a revival after dying out over the course of 20 years. Lots of new options popping up and targeting different niches: Razer and CoolerMaster for gaming, Matias (who just designed their own premium Alps switches) and Das Keyboard for typists, and for typists who want ergonomics there is TrulyErgonomic (with a split, unstaggered mechanical board) and good ol' Kinesis (with their iconic split fingerbowl design, also with unstaggered key layout).
It's still "not there yet", however. These brands are still developing a picture of what people want and there is still too much emphasis on old form factors. Logitech recently unveiled a new mechanical model that is highly conventional which seems intended for gamers.
The compact/tenkey-less form factor is another, separate trend in keyboards that I wish more mechanical vendors would notice. IMO, number pads should be detached/optional and not interfere with a person's reach to a pointing device (nor reduce one's options for positioning on a keyboard tray or desktop); Most keyboards are too wide.
keyboard is still the most reliable way for input...
the trend of flat topped, smooth, shiny, and/or chicklet style laptop keyboards the last few years suck.. desktop keyboards (unless you pay dearly for an aftermarket one) aren't too far behind.
i know the computing public is getting dumber overall with each passing day, increasing the number of two-finger typers, but there are a few of us that can type 100+ wpm and we would like a decent keyboard
(and no, mac laptops ain't any better. they suck _and_ cost too much).
I don't care about the size of the keyboard. I'm visually impaired, and wish they people who move the non-standard keys around would leave them in one place so I don't have to relearn my keyboard when I change laptops or get a new PC at work!
My Lisp keyboard has only two keys: "(" and ")". And I still get them mixed up!
My Perl keyboard has no letters, and my COBOL keyboard has only upper-case.
Table-ized A.I.
The M2 shipped with the PS/1 (according to your own link), a VERY different beast from the PS/2. Other than the fact that both computers were made by IBM, DOS-compatible, and butt-ugly, the machines have nothing to do with each other.
The PS/1 was a home machine, the PS/2 a business line.
When people say "Model M" they aren't referring to the M1/2.
Not to mention that QWERTY enables video games to use WASD to move around. Imagine how hard it would be to play a FPS using Dvorak! W is below and left of S, and A and S are on opposite ends of the computer!
Also, I've noticed the game Starcraft 2 has most of its hotkeys on the left side of the keyboard. Imagine trying this on a Dvorak keyboard!
So I guess my conclusion is that QWERTY was designed with gamers in mind.
... and get a Kinesis Advantage.. One of it was in my drawer for two years, when I finally brought it out, and to my biggest surprise I was able to touch type English letters within two minutes. It is ergonomic; narrow enough to reach the mouse easily; still your arms can keep a longer, natural distance; there are many thumb keys so there is no need for keys which are very far from your fingers; etc.
But its most important property, which is not even listed in its description, is that the keys are in a diagonal layout. The fingers move straight up and down, this means that finding the keys without looking at the keyboard is almost natural. After trying for ten years without any success, it took me only two days to get back my original (non touch typing) performance, and two months to get proficient in touch typing. And I can tell you that it is a huge difference.
The Liebowitz and Margolis article only considers typing speed. On that basis, it finds a lack of evidence that Dvorak is significantly faster, and substantial evidence that it is only slightly faster (on the order of 5%). More importantly, the article claims that the costs of switching would likely wipe out any gains:
However, the article makes no mention of accuracy or repetitive strain. It does claim that Dvorak typists move their fingers shorter distances, which would seem likely to reduce strain. In the absence of anything more substantial, I'll fall back on personal experience.
I switched from Qwerty to Dvorak 20 years ago on a bet, and have typed Dvorak ever since. I agree with the article's assessment that it isn't a whole lot faster, probably less than 10%. It's probably also slightly more accurate, but I'm really not sure. However, I am convinced that it is much easier on the fingers. I simply don't suffer from the strain I used to with Qwerty. When I Have had to be bilingual, as it were, at a client site (sometimes for weeks at a time), I have recovered my speed with Qwerty - and the increased strain along withi it.
Liebowitz and Margolis's article is motivated by an economic argument that market entrepreneurs will tend to converge on superior technologies and standards. I am not an economist: but I am a social scientist with some expertise in how innovation is socially shaped, and I don't buy their larger argument. As a scholar, I would point to Trevor Pinch and Weibe Bijker's classic work on the development of the bicycle, and philosopher Andrew Feenberg's assessment that technologies do not succeed because they are efficient: they are efficient because they succeed. One of the best examples of this that I know of is the IBM PC, which even as it took over the market was in many ways technically inferior to its competition.
A big problem I see with the Liebowitz and Margolis argument is that they assume typing speed is the measure of technical superiority. In reality, technical debates are often all about which criteria are relevant. It may well have been that when Qwerty and Dvorak were developed market actors also took for granted speed was the correct criterion. But this is precisely the kind of assumption that locks technology into path dependence. Is it more important to maximize speed, or to minimize stress and injury? There is no single objective answer to such questions. One can only claim market efficiency by assuming an answer. Saying "the aggregate choices of market actors decide" is circular logic that avoids the issue - in which case, the evidence Liebowitz and Morgolis present about speed is irrelevant anyway.
Given all the emphasis to lower quality keyboards (chiclet, rubber dome, and the like), evolution would be the wrong word. Regression would be more appropriate given the move towards lower quality keyboard input (or in the case of phones, to eliminate it from high end devices)
Then again, I've typed on Thinkpads, IBM Model M(buckling spring on plastic matrix), and IBM Model F(capacitive buckling spring) keyboards - as well as various QWERTY-devices (N900, N810w, E63, 9500 Communicator).
Twitter supports and protects racists - by smearing their critics with the "Hate Speech" label.
Sound feedback when typing (a la Model M) would be nice; I've never understood why can't we have it, since xset has a "key click" volume setting option -- I know it's supposed to require specific hardware but I don't get why no one ever did it via software for normal keyboards (yeah, I'm gonna hack the kernel one of these days and do it)... for people who don't want that, KDE could even offer a default volume setting of 0...
How do wireless keyboards work regarding privacy? I am afraid of typing my bank passwords on them -- for wi-fi, I'm pretty sure using https makes it safe to access my accounts over my WPA2 PSK connection... but if I'm using my el cheapo wireless keyboard to type the password, what happens before it reaches the notebook?
It's nice to use 10-meter range RF wireless keyboards as remotes to control flv playing on the TV... the problem is it's somewhat bulky. Any ideas? I know I can make Android work as remote (in a safer way, which would solve the problem above, too) and my tablet accepts a big usb keyboard, but my wife hates too many things in her otherwise neat living room...
One of the best keyboards I used was actually very badly constructed: the Sinclair ZX / Timex 1000, made of a plastic membrane -- terrible to type on... but it could be used in a mode-like fashion and that would save a lot of keypresses, making it very efficient after all; I wish there would be such functionality in Linux/modern apps, too (e.g. some kind of macro definition at the keyboard driver level).
Well, that's it for the moment...
GET RID OF CAPS LOCK! FUCK
Agreed. I love my Topre Realforce.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9233085/Past_is_prototype_The_evolution_of_the_computer_keyboard?taxonomyName=Computer+Peripherals&taxonomyId=235 for one/single print page.
http://aqfl.net/node/5825/ for a clicky keyboard poll and my comments. It seems like women hate them. :(
Ant(Dude) @ Quality Foraged Links (AQFL.net) & The Ant Farm (antfarm.ma.cx / antfarm.home.dhs.org).