Slashdot Mirror
India To Send World's Last Telegram
New submitter afarhan writes "India will pull the plug on its 160-year-old telegram service on 14 July, this year. This will probably be the last telegram ever sent in the world. However, telegrams are still relevant in this vast country. More than 500 million people are still without access to a phone or Internet. For these people, telegram still remains the only digital communication available. 'At their peak in 1985, 60 million telegrams were being sent and received a year in India from 45,000 offices. Today, only 75 offices exist, though they are located in each of India's 671 districts through franchises. And an industry that once employed 12,500 people, today has only 998 workers.' In India, telegram is also considered a legal correspondence."
Reports say that as India pulls the plug on the system the last telegram in its buffers will be Ambassador Zimmerman asking Mexico if it would like to join Germany in attacking America. India reported to be indifferent on the subject.
Python: 'And then suddenly you have a language which says "we're all stuck with whatever the whiniest coder wants".'
When Western Union discontinued its telegraph service in 2006, it sold off the network to iTelegram, which inexplicably still seems to be in business.
10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10
I'm old enough to remember when telegrams were still used in the US, mostly at memorial services. They were considered a classy way of someone unable to attend to send their regards for the deceased; the telegrams would be laid out on a table.
Somehow I don't think email, tweets or e-whatever would be an effective replacement.
Well sorry for the Article but it's actually false :) Telegram is still alive and kicking in Europe ... for instance in Belgium where you can still send Telegrams right now !
Here is the national telecommunication operator page about it :
www.belgacom.be/en/private/products-and-services/fixed-telephony/options-and-services/other-services?page=p_other_services_available
Telegram
There are several formulas to choose from:
Comfort Telegram
A telegram ordered via the post.
With an illustration for offering condolences or congratulations.
Without an illustration.
The Standard National Telegram
The "conventional", revised and corrected telegram delivered by Taxipost, our courier service. Telegrams sent before midday are delivered the same day; those sent after midday are delivered the next working day at the latest.
The Flash Telegram
The quickest method. As soon as our telegraph operators receive your telegram, our courier service makes a special delivery as quickly as possible. It is also possible to send a Flash Telegram and add a gift.
For international messages, your telegram will be sent by our telegraphists to the country of destination. It is delivered in accordance with the terms and conditions of express delivery in the country concerned.
...I am only 53 so I will never get one from the Queen when I am 100. Oh well.
you can still send telegrams in russia
Sorry, telegrams send you
Nope, digital.
I don't know much about telegraphs, but I'm pretty sure they're analog machines.
No, they're a form of digital communication; they use on-off keying (OOK).
Funny that they use the word "only" when saying that a thousand people are still employed in the telegram industry there.
Well, they just figure that by now, every message that can be sent has been, and now everybody can just trade for the message they want to give to someone else.
Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
Is appears the article is wrong about telegram services ending over all, and they actually won't Stop
Is this accurate? I don't know much about telegraphs, but I'm pretty sure they're analog machines.
All real world machines are analog, but the communication is digital (signal/no signal). SOS = ... --- ... = 101010001110111011100010101 (for human convenience a dash is three dots long as is the pause between letters, seven between words). I agree it's an odd wording though, with that logic the blind have been reading digital books for ages - with their digits, even.
Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
and in the usa faxes are legal correspondences as well
If you're interested in an amateur, as opposed to a commercial, version of a radiotelegraph network, have a look at the National Traffic System. This system, created in the 1940s, has many features that predate modern digital networks, including a Request To Send / Clear To Send (RTS/CTS) system, and separate logical channels for network control and data.
They had me at "More than 500 million people are still without access to a phone or Internet. For these people, telegram still remains the only digital communication available." So they do not have an internet cafe down the road, but a telegraph office instead?
In 1997 I has at the US consulate in Melbourne organising visas for myself and my then partner. It got complicated and the consulate had to send a telex to the US to deal with the issue. Obviously we used email for organising the rest of the trip.
http://michaelsmith.id.au
Is this accurate? I don't know much about telegraphs, but I'm pretty sure they're analog machines.
Even the very early (1700s) experimental telegraphs have been about delivering the codes for each letter in the alphabet, in a quantified manner. So by nature the telegraph has always been digital by its design.
Telegraphy just feels like a really old, mundane tech, easily replaceable by newer methods anywhere, so at least I could have easily believed that that telegram in India was actually the last one in world. If I didn't have any other information sources, that is.
In Belgium you can still send a telegram.
So no idea where this idea comes from that it isn't available anywhere anymore. If Belgium has it and even has International AND Intercontinental prices, there must be at least two other countries that have it.
Don't fight for your country, if your country does not fight for you.
> but I'm pretty sure they're analog machines
Nope. It's digital. Two states, dot and dash. You could do a 1 for 1 binary encode.
As a matter of fact, the analog telephone system was a hack of a digital system.
--
BMO
TELEGRAPH SERVICE SHUTTING DOWN TELL MOTHER RAJESH MUST LEARN TWITTER FOLLOW ME AT ANAND UNDERSCORE BANDYOPADHYAY STOP
(Silly filter, telegrams *are* printed in all caps). Lorem ipsum something something dies irae dies illa solvet seclum in favilla.
This post contains no rudeness or derision of any kind. All arguments are friendly. Terms and exclusions may apply.
SOS, as an emergency indicator, is a single symbol, not three separate letters -- di-di-di-dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit or, in your notation, 10101011101110111010101.
For these people, telegram still remains the only digital communication available.
Is this accurate? I don't know much about telegraphs, but I'm pretty sure they're analog machines.
well these telegrams as I understand it are not morsed over or any shit like that anyways. it just means you send the message - and it's moved electronically somewhere and printed out and someone delivers the message somehow. it pretty much depends just on what you call such a service now.
world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
As it mentions, telegraph seems to be a legal correspondence much like faxes are still considered legal correspondence in the US over e-mail or any other type of electronic document exchange. Try sending an e-mail to your local court house even with a digital certificate, they still by-and-large only accept in-person, fax or registered mail. Some countries in Europe have digital certificates for it's citizens which is considered equal to a signature, not so much in the US.
Custom electronics and digital signage for your business: www.evcircuits.com
It's more or less the same, right?
Windows 2000 - from the guys who brought us edlin
Add Japan to the list of countries are still a surviving, if somewhat quaint, custom: http://www.ntt-west.co.jp/service_guide/4useful/useful17.html
Also, please insert the phrase "where telegrams are" after the word "countries" in my previous post :)
They are analog but for the sake of brevity there's no correct answer to this one as far as I can tell. Here's someone who's put the time into authoring a reply to this very idea:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080817073539AAhrHHM
The short answer is, well, call 'em analog. They *can* be digital. I suspect that most modern "telegraph" services are entirely digital. They also use just the 1 really. With Morse code they don't use the "off" dead-space for anything either really. SOS would be ... --- ... which is on, on, on, on longer, on longer, on longer, on, on, on.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
More than just digital, they are BINARY.
Analog: composed of continuously variable values
Digital: composed of discreet values
Binary: composed of two possible values
Since traditional telegraphs consist of only dots and dashes, they are digital, and binary. If they were analog, they would include "dot and a half", with infinite valid values between dot and dash.
Brazilians still enjoy the availability of telegrams through ECT - Empresa de Correios e Telegrafos ECT - National and International Telegrams.
There is a LARGE list of countries that would receive telegrams. It may be posted the old fashined way, at the post office, or by modern tools like internet or phone.
Brazilian state controlled ECT (T stands for Telegraphs) sends and receives telegrams nationally and internationally (to and from India?).
Some places in Brazil do not have electricity, and telegram is also considered a legal correspondence. Probably the only possible one.
In rural areas you myst stop by the post office once every few days to collect your mail, and telegrams.
Jose T Oliveira Jr.
[...] shouldn't that be *fewer* illiterates [...]
Yes it should.
;)
Initially it was my own sloppiness, my mistake.
However, I was using that sig for quite some time (not slashdot even) before anyone noticed the mistake and corrected me, so I decided to keep it the way it was, with the mistake, since it seemed (seems) to prove my statement.
What it means, you almost got it right, it's just the opposite
In any educated country, there are far more people who can read than there are illiterates.
However, of those people who are able to read, many do not think about what they are reading; and thus failing to comprehend what they are reading.
In a way, they recoginze the words, but fail to get the meaning because they are too lazy to think.
Hope that helped
There are fewer illiterates than people who can't read.
Yeah, I was finding this to add to it actually. I didn't think my response was clear or necessarily correct which made me scroll up to find it. It's a bit of a difficult thing to classify it, I gave a link below that gave a pretty decent description of it. One of the curious things is that the "off" status isn't used. There is long on and short on (with at least Morse, there may be other types). It's binary in nature which is what I should have said. Binary, by itself, doesn't (I'm pretty sure but may be mistaken) confer "digital" status.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
Now your post makes me ponder more...
See, you forget off and the variety in key styles. Hmm... I'm so confused. LOL I've long since thought it was analog but, now that I think about it... It really only has two states - on and off and the on state is varied in duration which is a part of why I've felt it was analog all these times.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
Add Japan to the list of countries where telegrams are are? ;)
It's okay - I'm still stuck on digital vs. analog. I suspect that the systems still in use today are entirely digital (I'd hope they are) with them basically just being email and print services but, well, I'm quite thoroughly lost when we talk about traditional systems.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
> SOS = ... --- ... = 101010001110111011100010101
I'd say it's more like:
10101000 11111100 10101001
Morse requires two bits to encode each symbol:
10 = dit (short)
11 = dah (long)
00 = character-marker
01 = word-marker
(other combos possible; though most would agree that the obvious alternative would be 10, 11, 00, and 01 (in order) for the choices above).
You can also represent all known Morse characters as 8-bit bytes by establishing a rule that 0=dit/short, 1=dah/long, and the last one is whichever value (0 or 1) differs from the least significant identical bits. Ex:
e = . = 01111111 .. = 00111111 .- = 01000000 ..... = 00000111 ..--.. = 00110011
i =
t = - = 10000000
a =
5 =
? =
I believe both schemes are used in the real world... the first to represent Morse as received, the second to encode the lookup tables.
I think it's about time to answer the original question:
42 STOP
Yeah, that's why I added the bit about it being *more* illiterates. It's unfortunate but it is the way it is. The end result is ignorance, blind allegiance to power, blind partisanship, racism, etc... Ah well... Ride it 'til the wheels fall off I suppose.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
^^^ Argh. Bitten by preview-blindness after major editing. Ignore this line in the post above:
(other combos possible; though most would agree that the obvious alternative would be 10, 11, 00, and 01 (in order) for the choices above)
or pretend it says:
(other combos possible; though most would agree that the obvious alternative would be 00, 01, 10, and 11 (in order) for the choices above).
Hawkeye: Dear Dad, I am not dead. Stop. Hope you are the same. Stop. Thinking of selling my golf clubs? Stop. Spending my insurance money? Stop.
For all intensive purposes, "whom" is no longer a word. That begs the question, "who cares"?
Morse code does not necessarily a binary system. If sent by a machine, I could buy that, but it was designed to be sent by humans using a key. Later a two paddle bug was often used to speed up the code. One paddle sent a stream of dits, and the other keyed the dahs. you could vary the speed of the dits using a dial, but you varied the dahs using the paddle itself. Good operators would shorten the dahs, and use the fastest dits they could manage. So, you might use a dit from 40 wpm, but a dah from 45 wpm. The end result was code that was fairly easy to decode by a human operator, but difficult to decode by a machine. The best machines that I saw had an accuracy of about 85%, which was not good enough.
Later electronic bugs had two paddles that shaped both the dits and the dahs, but because the operator varied the space in between the elements you ended up with the same issues
A digital replacement for morse code was the Baudot Code
.This used machine generated and read code. Early systems used a punch tape as storage medium.
I was a trained and certified Wireless Station Operator, when I first qualified I could send and receive 20> wpm using a stick (pencil) and hand key
Morse Code was predigital. It was on and off keyed using an unmodulated carrier designed to be sent my human operators. There are variations between the length of the elements, the space between the elements, the space between letters and words. This is more a language than code, experienced operators did not hear letters, they heard words. Speeds up to and past 60 wpm were not unheard of. And there were no machines up until recently that could compete with the accuracy of a human operator.
"More than 500 million people are still without access to a phone or Internet."
How will they use the XBox One??!?
As long as information is encoded in a sequence of 2 states, it is digital - period. Any real world machine, is usually analog. The SIGNAL on the other hand, as encoded, detected and interpreted, is digital.
Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.
That makes sense - but is this really two states? It is on, off, on for a longer duration. I'm pretty certain that I've been wrong all these years and that it is digital (I'm okay with admitting that). I'm still pretty curious though - I linked a handy link in there that describes it a bit. It is binary, binary is digital. Hmm... So, yeah, I guess it'd be digital.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
Actually AFAIK they were sent using 5-bit Baudot code since around the '20s. Could be off by a decade or two.
Hand-sent-and-received Morse went out a while back.
> There are variations between the length of the elements, the space between the elements, the space between letters and words.
This does not make it analog.
If it did, then we would say that stuff piped down an RS232 cable is analog, but it isn't.
--
BMO
It told me to not pick number 77. Did so anyway, boy was that a mistake.
So it seems I can send a telegram inside venezuela, and to belgium at least, but not to indi come next month. Ok, I'll keep that in mind....
From the post operator in Venezuela:
http://www.ipostel.gob.ve/servicios.html
Telegrama: Es un escrito destinado a ser transmitido por telegrafía para su entrega al destinatario, con cobertura nacional e internacional.
Modalidades del Telegrama:
Telegrama Ordinario: Son los telegramas cuya aceptación es obligatoria y no lleva ninguna indicación de servicio.
Telegrama Urgente: Son telegramas a los cuales se les da prioridad para su transmisión y entrega al destinatario.
PC (Acuse de Recibo): Confirmación de entrega (Opcional según la necesidad del cliente).
Giros Telegráficos: A través de nuestros Centros de Atención al Cliente autorizados, a escala nacional, usted puede ordenar un pago a favor de personas naturales y/o jurídicas, la cual será cancelada en su totalidad en la oficina de destino, poniendo a disposición de nuestros clientes, nuestra extensa red de oficinas a nivel nacional.
Telefonograma: Al comunicarse con nuestra línea gratuita de Atención al Cliente 0800 IPOSTEL o 405-3078, usted puede enviar un mensaje telegráfico o telegrama a través de una llamada telefónica. El cobro de este servicio será cargado a su factura CANTV.
*** Suerte a todos y Feliz dia!
The end of the article gave me a chuckle. A guy is threatening to go on a hunger strike to keep the service going, insisting that it's a vital tool for fighting corruption ( presumably gov't corruption ) He sent his demands to the PM and others, via telegram of course. But someone at the telegraph office viewed the telegram as "objectionable" and have chosen not to deliver it.
So while India might still accept telegrams as legal documents, having a communications medium that requires a man-in-the-middle to function seems to be one that is too easily thwarted by the man in the middle.
Hopefully the guy on the hunger strike backed up his telegram with an email.
> binary, by itself, doesn't (I'm pretty sure but may be mistaken) confer "digital" status.
The defining distinction between digital and analog is that analog can represent a continuous range, whereas digital can only represent specific values. A phonograph, for example, can represent an infinite range of values between silence and full volume. A CD, on the other hand, can only encode certain volumes, not any in between. That's what makes a phonograph analog and a CD digital. Therefore, binary is BY DEFINITION digital - it uses just two values, not an infinite range
That's good and bad for both. With digital, you get back EXACTLY what you debt, with no degradation. With analog, you can receive a signal even if it can't be received perfectly, because it can receive 0.46 when its not possible to distinguish between 0 and 1.
To summarize the Yahoo answer, copper wire can carry a range of voltages , so it CAN carry an ANALOG signal.
It can also carry a digital signal like Morse or Baudot, which is what telegrams use.
Radio is exactly the same way - it can carry analog signal such as old fashioned AM ratio, or a digital signal like GSM.
How will they use the XBox One??!?
Easy stop
zero one zero zero one zero zero one stop zero one zero one zero zero zero zero stop zero zero one zero zero zero zero zero stop zero one one zero one one one one stop zero one one one zero one one zero stop zero one one zero zero one zero one stop zero one one one zero zero one zero stop zero zero one zero zero zero zero zero stop zero one one one zero one zero zero stop zero one one zero zero one zero one stop zero one one zero one one zero zero stop zero one one zero zero one zero one stop zero one one zero zero one one one stop zero one one one zero zero one zero stop zero one one zero zero zero zero one stop zero one one zero one one zero one stop
How hard can it be questionmark
This does not make it analog.
right, it's a self-clocking digital signal. But it's quinary, not binary, as the symbol space, the letter space, and the word space are all significant (as well as dot and dash, of course).
My God, it's Full of Source!
OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
Morse is the orginal digital system, being sent with the fingers.
Fiat Lux.
the navy is ceasing its use of all caps as well. what's this world coming to?
Have gnu, will travel.
My first job was delivering telegrams (by bicycle) in downtown Buffalo during the 1960's.
My Western Union office had its hours posted on the door: "We Never Close". The building's been torn down, so, in a sense, the message turned out to be true.
Question: what'll happen to the American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation?
Here in Berkeley, one of the main drags is Telegraph Avenue and a cell-phone store is named "Telegraph Wireless"
A common misconception shared by a lot of Hindus in India. For example, there was a 1857 rebellion that started because Indian soldiers were required to bite the ends off of bullet cartridges (it was part of the loading process for rifles of the time) coated with animal fat (allegedly both beef and pig, which offends just about optimally).
Service is still available in Argentima national post offices. About 3 usd per 20 words http://www.correoargentino.com.ar/precios/telegramas/nacionales
MOD THE CHILD UP!
"This will probably be the last telegram ever sent in the world. However, telegrams are still relevant in this vast country"
Probably isn't news.
Well, it could be an opportunity for a ground breaking new "Email via Hand Delivery" patent!
Also, they could train delivery persons to "sing" the email to the recipient, thus helping employ some of the people that just "couldn't make it" in Bollywood...
You have the right to remain sentient. If you give up the right to remain sentient, you will be elected to public office
At the call centers where they support them.
who prays for Satan? Who in 18 centuries has had the humanity to pray for the 1 sinner that needed it most? ~Mark Twain
who prays for Satan? Who in 18 centuries has had the humanity to pray for the 1 sinner that needed it most? ~Mark Twain
I'm pretty certain that I've been wrong all these years and that it is digital
"On", "Off" and "On Longer" are discrete and thus digital.
In fact, "digital" doesn't need to only encode 2 values: remember that the word "digital" is the adjective form of "digit", and we have 10 discrete fingers. (Which is why we count in decimal and computers, which have only two discrete values, counts in binary.)
"I don't know, therefore Aliens" Wafflebox1
Morse is the orginal digital system, being sent with the fingers.
Counting -- with natural numbers -- is the original digital system, being sent with with our 10 digits.
"I don't know, therefore Aliens" Wafflebox1
Just few weeks ago I received a telegram by the local Visa anti fraud team: PLEASE CONTACT US ABOUT YOUR CARD ENDING WITH NUMBER XXXX.
AFAIK Russian Interstate Aviation Commitee (one of the official aviation bodies) uses telegrams for official announcements â" see for ex. this (in Russian, about Yaroslavl hockey team plane crash): http://zkola.ru/docs/index-640396.html
Can be pretty pages long and multipart.
Since traditional telegraphs consist of only dots and dashes, they are digital, and binary.
Actually no. Silences are meaningful in morse, so it's ternary, not binary.
In this case the actual story is itself incorrect. Still, it wouldn't have been too difficult to research this one:
http://lmgtfy.com/?q=telegrams
Slash is a news aggregator, and it's best to assume that summaries submitted by the the public will be of a pretty low standard. A Slashdot editor only has two things to do before posting a story.
1) Confirm the subject matter is kind of relevant and/or will generate some activity
2) Check for illegal or offensive content (including clicking the links).
No need to fact-check a story. In the future it's a job that'll be done by scripts, if that's not already the case. I welcome our robot overlords and would send them a congratulatory telegram if only telegrams existed anywhere outside of India.
-- Using the preview button since 2005
Congratulations, sir, on learning to use a computer!
(-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
The ability and willingness to learn when a mistake is pointed out publicly makes you smarter than 98% of Slashdotters,I would guess.
The telegram was from A.P. Tripathi, who runs an anticorruption nonprofit in Lucknow. Addressed to the president, prime minister, the minister for communications, and others, it said that he would engage in a Gandhian fast unto death if telegram services were shut down, and if he died, then the addressed officials would be responsible.
Man threatens to starve himself to death and claims that I'm the one to blame. I can't see any way to respond to this other than to say "sure, sounds good".
-- Using the preview button since 2005
Ok, ok, we get it. OP is telegraphing the end of telegraphy.
(-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
You even have short and long silences, thus we are talking base 4.
Telegrams are still available in Brazil. You can only send them through the Internet though - phone was discontinued a few years ago, telegraphs were discontinued a few decades ago.
Their only remaining use is as a legal document. With telegrams you can certify that you notified someone of X on date Y, or at least that you tried to. If you receive a telegram you are probably being sued by someone and the telegram is the "last resort" communication that is often required by law or at least recommended to show you made a good faith effort to settle things before going to court.
Prior to email it was common to use telegrams to congratulate distant relatives on their birthday, since you could schedule delivery to the exact day.
The first telegram message was taken from Numbers 23:23 (King James Bible) "What hath God wrougth". It's perhaps interesting that Numbers 23:27 for tells Online trolling: being able to ineffectually curse someone at a distance.
If this were Slashdot then the last 100 telegrams would be from people racing to be the last to send a message and all of them would be the same message, namely
"Last Post!"
Some drink at the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle.
Actually, Morse code uses 4 characters, not just two. Dot, dash (combination of which identify the letter), short space (separates letters from each other) and long space (separates words from each other). Without the spaces it would not be possible to distinguish between, say, "TAE", "TR", "NN" and "C" (dash dot dash dot).
If it was binary, then a space between letters (start/stop bits) and between words (0x20) would be encoded by some combination of dots and dashes.
Which is kind of funny since a dc would probably be more trustworthy than a sig.
Python: 'And then suddenly you have a language which says "we're all stuck with whatever the whiniest coder wants".'
"only 75 offices exist, though they are located in each of India's 671 districts..." ?!
I make that 1333 telegrams per office per year, or 4 and a bit per day. Five and a bit if the office was closed at weekends. Say, a half an hour of work per operator per day, since telegrams were charged by the word, so people were terse ("PECCAVI").
And that was the peak of the system's use.
I bet that this is a figure for the general public's use of the system, and that the large majority of the system's traffic was carried for some separate reason, for example, with the telegraph cables laid alongside railway routes, and the bulk of the traffic being the railway's scheduling. Messages like "14:24 (a train left signal box) 14-56-34 (on line) 235 (and has ETA at signal box) 14-56-33 (at approx) 15:15".
Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
For no small number, there isn't a road to have an internet cafe anywhere "down".
Have you never lived in the third world?
Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
In a perfect world where caller-ID can't be spoofed, a fax from a "registered" fax machine that is known to be run by people trusted by the state to not forge signatures makes sense.
Otherwise, it's open for abuse.
I don't know if it's still the case, but when faxes first became "legal" ways to send signed documents in the USA, they typically had to be followed up by hardcopy signature within a specified period of time, a week I think.
At least with hardcopy, if you suspect a forged signature you can usually test the paper for fingerprints.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
You are doing it wrong...
I can hear it now...
Viagra cheap from the canadian border,
dit dah dah dah dit dah dah dah
Long erection for a dollar
dit dah dah dah dit dah dah dah
There, fixed that for you.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
LOL Don't go confusing me any more than is required. I figured that it was analog because it was on, off, on for a longer duration (thus three states) and because the individual who keys the code is different (I guess that some folks are so unique that they can be identified by their key style) and that difference would make it analog. I have learned something (somethings) new though and that's valuable.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
Yeah, it makes sense. The duration seems to have nothing to do with it. I always figured that the differences in keying and the varied states made it analog. 'Tis not every day that I get to learn something new so much appreciated.
"So long and thanks for all the fish."
It's still binary: current, no current.
SOS SOS
would be ...---... ...---...
which in current terms (C=current, N=no current) is
CNCNCNNNCCCNCCCNCCCNNNCNCNCNNNNNNNCNCNCNNNCCCNCCCNCCCNNNCNCNC
dot = 1 unit of time
dash = 3 units of time
inter-dot/dash silence = 1 unit of time
inter-letter silence = 3 units of time
inter-word silence = 7 units of time
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
There are no good reason to implement Telex/telegraph on fiber
Just encapsulate it in another protocol that does do well over fiber and call it a day.
As for "good reasons" to even have such protocols, the hobbyist, novelty, and for the time being in certain countries, legal markets are the only ones I can think of. As a text-message-delivery protocol to use when fiber is available, there are so many better ones to choose from.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Telegram posts you???
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Does the fact that it is binary confer digital status automatically?
In this case, yes.
I assume you are talking about Morse code, which consists of "current off" and "current on" states grouped into dits ("dot"), dahs ("dashes," 3 times the length of a dit), inter-dit/dah spacing (period of no current, same length as a dit), inter-"letter" spacing (3 times the length of a dit), and inter-word spacing (7 times the length of a dit).
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
with that logic the blind have been reading digital books for ages
So have regular people, albeit with a "base" big enough to hold alphanumeric characters plus symbols (about 60- or 70-something for most English text).
The blind have been reading binary (raised dot/no raised dot) books for ages.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Mod parent +5 +/- noise insightful
where noise is significantly less than 0.5
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
And a very few telegraphs are podial or foot operated
Foot-pedal-keys are used in the amateur radio world.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Here they typically call you on the phone.
Note to Americans who get calls from Visa claiming fraud: Tell them "Who are you and how can I call you back [write down information], OK, thanks, I'll call my bank right now" then hang up.
Oh, and call your bank, since it might be legit.
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Well, it is still a system of "ON" and "OFF" at the physical layer, I would call that binary, wouldn't you?
Knowledge is how to play a game, intelligence is how to win, wisdom is knowing what game to play.
Why this negativity, the already accepted demise for Indian Telegraph ? Didn't they predict the same fate for radio, the Movies and TV ? And those are still around and alive. No, I have an IMMEDIATE solution to this: PORN over the telegraph. Anticipated to have the same potential market share that the Internet already has. India has a population already over a BILLION, so this is a vast untapped market. A sure fire first demonstration of this would be porn for the blind, I think someone creative out there could come up w/ some kinda Open Source Braille Killer-App. Crowd-sourced, of course.
I'm sure there would be some kind of market for it............
"First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
No, don't stop, stop.
[Yorkshire accent] Well, it were just a trail where rats had flattened the scrubby little weeds slightly. But it was a road to us. [/Ya]
Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
If the last one says "do the needful", how will I be able to revert the same if I have one doubt?
Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
Read some specs. No, or almost no, digital protocols allow signal levels between 0.4 and 0.6. That is considered "too close to call" because digital normally doesn't permit something that islikely to be erroneous. Slashdot grammar proves that our analog wetware has no problem deciphering error filled signals.