I have an old magnavox console stereo. I used to do this all the time with my ipod or whatever music playback device. The only thing was, that I had to open the back of it and look inside. TO my surprise I found aux line inputs. So with the proper cable, I was able to listen to all sorts of music through that thing. IT was great in the evening times.
Sadly, it finally blew and now just houses some old records, and is waiting for me to tear it apart and attempt to fix it.:)
well, that's kinda stretching things a little bit. Having civilian access to those buildings anytime woudl be silly. Theft, espionage, fraud, any number of bad things could happen if that were the case.
But the product of their/our ventures shouldn't have to cost us/civillians more money i.e. Pictures of the earth from sattalites bought or sponsored by us. And there is no danger in us having them.
Would someone explain how they can do this? It's our (the taxpayers) money. Shouldn't we have free and open access to these pictures? I can understand having time delayed pictures in times of war, so that we don't show our hand. But honestly, what good does this really serve? Will I have to pay to get pictures of the earth, that I've already paid for (in taxes)?
Well whatever happens, better start hoarding sattalite pictures now fellas.
the problem with what you describe in your last paragraph, is that once the "professional bootleggers" get their hacked product out and distributed, it's freely tradeable again, without fear of being tracked back to the original source. At best it would only slow the pirate ditrobution system down (slightly).
I'm quite irritated at the lack of being able to watch some of these events live. I tuned in earlier and caught the rowing events. Quite an exciting race.
But more to the point. I like watching the olypics for the sport of it. Sports that at least in america we don't get to see a lot of. So watching other countries is fun to me. What really really irritates me, is the lack of staying on one event. This coverage really blows compared to other years that I remember. Trying to watch NBC's coverage is confusing at best. Start to get into the flow of one event, and all of the sudden Bob Costas comes in to blab about what you JUST SAW, then takes off to volleyball (only to show half of it) then come back to gymnastics, then swimming, then gymnastics.. etc. it's sickening. If they are going to give us taped feeds that we have no choice of watching, they could at least keep them fluid.
(BTW I don't have cable, so I may just be bent out of shape for being broke and not getting any of the xNBC's)
I think one thing that I haven't seen mentioned in this thread, is that not only is this guy an employee, but also a taxpayer. It seems to me that while he held a position of trust, he also was in a position to stop a waste of tax money. His tax money, as well as the community as a whole. While his methods are questionable, the fact that the government didn't care about the boss's waste of time and money is horrible. Seems like paying someone to play solitaire is a BIG waste of money.
Perhaps someone can clarify where the line is drawn between a concerned citizen and a disinterested employee.
Someone had mentioned , "what if he see's his fellow employee's salary?"
Well, if this is a government position, isn't that info already public knowledge? As well as layoffs or any other such issues? In a public office there really shouldn't be any secrets right?
lol. you're not alone in that boat. I just finished installing it on an old laptop. It took ~6 hours to copy and install from the CD (couldn't use DMA mode and only had 64 meg of ram)
As an aside, I chose knoppix because I could try it out first, and was impressed with it's ease of install on another similar laptop (compared to other distros I have tried).
If anyone has any reccomendations for how to upgrade, and any experiences doing so, please share.
This seems to be a round-about and innefficient way to do a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. They should just automate the thing as opposed to having people sitting and clicking as they seem to plan on doing.
I think the thing that seperates this from being a DDoS attack is that it's totally voluntary and people can do it at will. (CTRL R anyone?). That aside, anyone willing to sit there and reload the page is doing it at their own discretion, paranoid that they might miss something. Most (all?) DDoS attacks are from unwitting and unknowing computer users. I'm no expert at how this works, but to be on the safe side, I reloaded voluntariy a few times. Sorry if those images are hosted off of an unwitting host.
If they can fake an email address, chances are that they are useing someone else's bandwidth to host their images. HOpefully not, but ya never really know.
and I just gave away invitations to my girlfirend (who I told that gmail would be loads better than yahoo mail) and a friend who asked me how to get one. If I'd had one more invite I was going to send it to a buddy who is a "G" since I know he'd love to have a "gmail" addy. I guess trying to make a free service better by giving it to people who need it the most just dosen't resonate with people like it used to. I for one think it's better to give the beta accounts to people who don't know how it works, tha6t way we all get a fresh perspective and better service. To all those who pay for a gmail addy..... I hope it gets shut off right after their first email of "Hey, we know you bought this, too bad you didn't get to use it...."
So, how do they expect their software to keep from being hacked? If anything this will probably make their systems LESS secure and require the systems to be open to a third part of the **AA's choosing. Definately something that I would not want as a sysadmin.
Also, it's mentioned that this will keep schools and ISP's from wasting time and money on enforcement. I think a better way to save them time and money on enforcement is for the **AA to do the work themselves. They are basically acting as judge jury and executioner totally throwing out a person's right to due process either through the legal system or through the campus' policies.
Will this system work if I change the spellings on my mp3s/movies to some sort of 1337 sp311ing like "K3lly Cl4rkson does Dallas"?
If I were a betting man, I'd guess that this system will cause more problems and headaches for the campus' that decide to impliment this, than the time and money it will supposedly save them.
Exactly what are they taxing? Are they taxing the use of the actual wires or are they taxing by the amount of bandwidth? If it's either of these things I would see it as double taxation. If sales tax is paid on the cabling when it was originally purchaed, then they got their money and should piss off. Same deal with bandwidth (IMO). If they paid sales tax on their routers switches and hubs, then the government already got their money and once again may go piss off.
If they are trying to tax based on usage, like bandwidth used hourly, that would seem like taxing someone for riding their bike across their backyard even after that person has paid property taxes.
I might be way oversimplifying things here but that is what I see. can anyone shed any insight?
The iPods value. The device itself is 300-500$ US. What about the value of the music? Is an iPod more valuable with music pre-loaded onto it? ATM I've got ~5000 songs on mine, which if I had gotten them all from iTunes would have cost me a few pennies. Granted I've still got the music at home on my fileserver (like a good little nerd) but if someone steals it, aren't they getting my 5000$ worth of music for themselves also?
What about the time it takes to load over 5000 tracks onto an iPod. The only firewire port I have in this house is on my laptop and it's a mini 1394 which isn't powered. On top of that I had to deal with a bottleneck of getting all of my music across the network to my iPod, constantly having to recharge it after it died after ~30 minutes of transferring. Certainly investing a couple of days loading my iPod would only increase the value of it (or what I could claim as a loss) if it were ever stolen. Right?...ahem... excuse me while I go write down my serial number.....
I think in addition to the unique identifier, not having the cables to charge it/upload music to it would be another way that would totally screw anyone that hijacks an iPod. I certainly don't carry my charger around with me. On top of that, someone mentioned that a mugger with a gun isn't going to let you get your gun out. Well, how do they know I'm getting my iPod out instead of my ppk or other such small pocket sized gun?
I totally agree with your posting. Coast is a fun show to listen to, kinda like being a little kid and hearing scary ghost stories. I do think the show was a bit more 'credible' [sic I know] when Art was the host. George dosen't hold the reigns as tightly in my opinion.
But one thing I noticed you forgot to mention is that Phil Plait has been on the show many times as well debunking alot of what others have stated on the show. I think they are a bit more low key about Mr.Plait since he basically tells people that everything they have heard on C2C since he was last on is pure bunk.
Heh, you're slightly wrong on the whole shopping there feeling. Shopping there is totally unnerving and irritating. but it's not the store that does it. It's the people. Don't beleive me, goto the one in Schaumberg on a weekend. It seems like people lose their mind when placed in a large scale shopping environment. We recently purchased a couch there, and when we went to check out, we took the tag with us thinking that they would have a couple of guys bring it up front for us. When told otherwise I was like "WTF? You expect me and my 100lb fiancee and our two year old son to bring a couch upfront?" Nutjobs. Purely and simply. I am biased however, since I had an encounter with one swede and he was totally irritating and lacked common sense (here's a taste.. he thinks Michael Moore is right and didn't put any kind of spin into his "documentaries") Granted he was the only swede I've ever met, but like they say "One Bad apple can spoil the bunch".:)
To run for president do you even need to be a member of some sort of party? Also, I think that things like this are blown way out of proportion. For instance Howard Dean. He could easily run for president on his own outside the Democrat party, couldn't he?
I was just thinking, could someone explain to me why ASCAP isn't the one complaining about the trading of MP3's? They are the ones collecting money from radio stations, so why couldnt' we just pay ascap a once a year royalty fee and trade mp3's all day long? That would be a lot better than the current situation of paying the RIAA who coninuously rips off artists. At least (as far as I know) ASCAP collects the royalties on behalf of the artists (and [sigh] the record companies) That seems to me to be the better way to do things. Any thoughts?
That's all well and good, and I agree with your spirit and tenacity, but "Don't buy RIAA music. Download your shit online, use filesharing applications with bandwidth-limiting enabled so you are harder to detect. Change the default port numbers. Use obscure file sharing apps. Set up a node on freenet. Complain to your ISP and threaten to leave if they poo-poo P2P use.
Bandwidth limiting kinda defeats (or at least slows down) the purpose, obscure apps mean smaller selection and limited hosts (especially if only a couple of people have that "must have song") Setting up a freenet node is beyond the scope of your everyday user; And while telling your ISP that "you pay them, so you are actually the one in control" is liberating and truthful (how many service based industries can you think of that actually tell you how they can serve you instead of actually asking you how they can please you)... It's a monopoly. People with cable in areas not served by DSL can't really go off threatening their cable companies if there is no other option than POTS.
Like I said I agree with your spirit, but no. We are not killing them softly. They are killing themselves. As far as them being evil, that remains to be seen.
Nice try though.
a bit off-topic, but relevant to your post...
I know a guy that I used to buy "carrots" from. One night he sold me a bunch of carrots, then when he left (I walked him to the door, then left him on his own) he stole a 2 litre bottle of coca cola from my front porch. I noticed it in the morning. I will never buy carrots from him again. And if he comes around I'm just going to shoot him. Theives tend to act alike. I would classify Daryl in this catagory of "dumbasses who would steal a penny from someone that they could have earned a hundred $ from".....
Just a thought.
or at least what this would seem like to me. I've not chimed in too much about DRM on/. (if I ever have) but this gets my ire up. At exactly what point is music and music sharing going to stop being one of those "marijuana" type of subjects, where everyone knows it's illegal, and judging from a good majority of people I've met on the internet, everyone does it. It's been said many times before but I'll say it again. The record industries failings are their fault. They've invested themselves in trendy "novelty" music, and are blaming their problems on digital file traders. It's been shown that time and time again any DRM can be gotten around (line out anybody?) This dragon needs to quit chasing it's tail. The problem isn't in the formats. It's in the medium. If I wanted to bootleg a CD for profit (which is really where the copyright issues fall IMO) I could simply copy the physical CD and start pressing out copies all night long.
"Fixing" the MP3 format would be like buying all your blank tapes pre-recorded from the record companies directly. I'm not well educated enough about this, and I'm sure it probably shows, but I don't want a hassle if I get a new hard drive. I shouldn't have to ask for permission to listen to something I've paid for if some component fries out on me. This to me would be the equivalent of calling KitchenAid if my mixer fails on me, and after getting it repaired I need to check for permission to plug it in, even though I own it.
I'm tired of being restricted because of what I might do, instead of for what I've done. There are plenty of other "secure" formats out there (I use that term loosly)... Why get another one?
Mod me down if this seems too rambling and incoherent. I'm celebrating having mad vacation money.:D
thank god I"m not the only clumsy iPod owner out there. Get an exo iSkin for it. It'll protect the outside really well.
Re:Somewhat related question
on
iPod Mini Autopsy
·
· Score: 4, Informative
I've got a 40gig iPod, and haven't had a problem with it. I'm pretty rough on my hardware (This iPod has been dropped 4 times since christmas) as well as the father of a two year old son (who found it laying out and decided to press the buttons ruthlessly and shake it a few times). Still works and none the worse for it. As far as skipping goes, if it's in my pocket when I go up or down stairs quickly, it hasn't skipped yet. In fact, the only problem I have had, happened when using the Belkin Battery Pack. When the batteries in the pack started dying, the music slowed down, similar to a record slowing down.
I recently got an iSkin for my pod, which I think was a great investment for helping to protect it.
to layer a varying number of screens of differing widths and displaying certain depths on each plane to somewhat simulate a 3d display? I guess a better way to describe what I'm thinking is to think of "stacking" moving gifs with transparent backgrounds in in three dimensions.
Slashdot Mirror
I have an old magnavox console stereo. I used to do this all the time with my ipod or whatever music playback device. The only thing was, that I had to open the back of it and look inside.
:)
TO my surprise I found aux line inputs. So with the proper cable, I was able to listen to all sorts of music through that thing. IT was great in the evening times.
Sadly, it finally blew and now just houses some old records, and is waiting for me to tear it apart and attempt to fix it.
well, that's kinda stretching things a little bit. Having civilian access to those buildings anytime woudl be silly. Theft, espionage, fraud, any number of bad things could happen if that were the case. But the product of their/our ventures shouldn't have to cost us/civillians more money i.e. Pictures of the earth from sattalites bought or sponsored by us. And there is no danger in us having them.
Would someone explain how they can do this? It's our (the taxpayers) money. Shouldn't we have free and open access to these pictures? I can understand having time delayed pictures in times of war, so that we don't show our hand. But honestly, what good does this really serve? Will I have to pay to get pictures of the earth, that I've already paid for (in taxes)? Well whatever happens, better start hoarding sattalite pictures now fellas.
dude, that's sweet! My 8yr old girlfriend will love that...
Oh wait.. is this public.
damn.
the problem with what you describe in your last paragraph, is that once the "professional bootleggers" get their hacked product out and distributed, it's freely tradeable again, without fear of being tracked back to the original source. At best it would only slow the pirate ditrobution system down (slightly).
I'm quite irritated at the lack of being able to watch some of these events live. I tuned in earlier and caught the rowing events. Quite an exciting race.
But more to the point. I like watching the olypics for the sport of it. Sports that at least in america we don't get to see a lot of. So watching other countries is fun to me. What really really irritates me, is the lack of staying on one event. This coverage really blows compared to other years that I remember. Trying to watch NBC's coverage is confusing at best. Start to get into the flow of one event, and all of the sudden Bob Costas comes in to blab about what you JUST SAW, then takes off to volleyball (only to show half of it) then come back to gymnastics, then swimming, then gymnastics.. etc. it's sickening. If they are going to give us taped feeds that we have no choice of watching, they could at least keep them fluid.
(BTW I don't have cable, so I may just be bent out of shape for being broke and not getting any of the xNBC's)
-----
My two cents... prolly not even worth that.
I think one thing that I haven't seen mentioned in this thread, is that not only is this guy an employee, but also a taxpayer. It seems to me that while he held a position of trust, he also was in a position to stop a waste of tax money. His tax money, as well as the community as a whole. While his methods are questionable, the fact that the government didn't care about the boss's waste of time and money is horrible. Seems like paying someone to play solitaire is a BIG waste of money.
Perhaps someone can clarify where the line is drawn between a concerned citizen and a disinterested employee.
Someone had mentioned , "what if he see's his fellow employee's salary?"
Well, if this is a government position, isn't that info already public knowledge? As well as layoffs or any other such issues?
In a public office there really shouldn't be any secrets right?
lol. you're not alone in that boat. I just finished installing it on an old laptop. It took ~6 hours to copy and install from the CD (couldn't use DMA mode and only had 64 meg of ram)
As an aside, I chose knoppix because I could try it out first, and was impressed with it's ease of install on another similar laptop (compared to other distros I have tried).
If anyone has any reccomendations for how to upgrade, and any experiences doing so, please share.
This seems to be a round-about and innefficient way to do a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. They should just automate the thing as opposed to having people sitting and clicking as they seem to plan on doing. I think the thing that seperates this from being a DDoS attack is that it's totally voluntary and people can do it at will. (CTRL R anyone?). That aside, anyone willing to sit there and reload the page is doing it at their own discretion, paranoid that they might miss something. Most (all?) DDoS attacks are from unwitting and unknowing computer users. I'm no expert at how this works, but to be on the safe side, I reloaded voluntariy a few times. Sorry if those images are hosted off of an unwitting host. If they can fake an email address, chances are that they are useing someone else's bandwidth to host their images. HOpefully not, but ya never really know.
and I just gave away invitations to my girlfirend (who I told that gmail would be loads better than yahoo mail) and a friend who asked me how to get one. If I'd had one more invite I was going to send it to a buddy who is a "G" since I know he'd love to have a "gmail" addy. I guess trying to make a free service better by giving it to people who need it the most just dosen't resonate with people like it used to. I for one think it's better to give the beta accounts to people who don't know how it works, tha6t way we all get a fresh perspective and better service. To all those who pay for a gmail addy..... I hope it gets shut off right after their first email of "Hey, we know you bought this, too bad you didn't get to use it...."
So, how do they expect their software to keep from being hacked? If anything this will probably make their systems LESS secure and require the systems to be open to a third part of the **AA's choosing. Definately something that I would not want as a sysadmin.
Also, it's mentioned that this will keep schools and ISP's from wasting time and money on enforcement. I think a better way to save them time and money on enforcement is for the **AA to do the work themselves. They are basically acting as judge jury and executioner totally throwing out a person's right to due process either through the legal system or through the campus' policies.
Will this system work if I change the spellings on my mp3s/movies to some sort of 1337 sp311ing like "K3lly Cl4rkson does Dallas"?
If I were a betting man, I'd guess that this system will cause more problems and headaches for the campus' that decide to impliment this, than the time and money it will supposedly save them.
Exactly what are they taxing? Are they taxing the use of the actual wires or are they taxing by the amount of bandwidth? If it's either of these things I would see it as double taxation. If sales tax is paid on the cabling when it was originally purchaed, then they got their money and should piss off. Same deal with bandwidth (IMO). If they paid sales tax on their routers switches and hubs, then the government already got their money and once again may go piss off.
If they are trying to tax based on usage, like bandwidth used hourly, that would seem like taxing someone for riding their bike across their backyard even after that person has paid property taxes.
I might be way oversimplifying things here but that is what I see. can anyone shed any insight?
The iPods value. The device itself is 300-500$ US. What about the value of the music? Is an iPod more valuable with music pre-loaded onto it? ATM I've got ~5000 songs on mine, which if I had gotten them all from iTunes would have cost me a few pennies. Granted I've still got the music at home on my fileserver (like a good little nerd) but if someone steals it, aren't they getting my 5000$ worth of music for themselves also?
...ahem... excuse me while I go write down my serial number.....
What about the time it takes to load over 5000 tracks onto an iPod. The only firewire port I have in this house is on my laptop and it's a mini 1394 which isn't powered. On top of that I had to deal with a bottleneck of getting all of my music across the network to my iPod, constantly having to recharge it after it died after ~30 minutes of transferring. Certainly investing a couple of days loading my iPod would only increase the value of it (or what I could claim as a loss) if it were ever stolen. Right?
I think in addition to the unique identifier, not having the cables to charge it/upload music to it would be another way that would totally screw anyone that hijacks an iPod. I certainly don't carry my charger around with me. On top of that, someone mentioned that a mugger with a gun isn't going to let you get your gun out. Well, how do they know I'm getting my iPod out instead of my ppk or other such small pocket sized gun?
I totally agree with your posting. Coast is a fun show to listen to, kinda like being a little kid and hearing scary ghost stories. I do think the show was a bit more 'credible' [sic I know] when Art was the host. George dosen't hold the reigns as tightly in my opinion. But one thing I noticed you forgot to mention is that Phil Plait has been on the show many times as well debunking alot of what others have stated on the show. I think they are a bit more low key about Mr.Plait since he basically tells people that everything they have heard on C2C since he was last on is pure bunk.
Indeed. Yet another letdown since I've come home from vacation. (It's snowing out)
Heh, you're slightly wrong on the whole shopping there feeling. Shopping there is totally unnerving and irritating. but it's not the store that does it. It's the people. Don't beleive me, goto the one in Schaumberg on a weekend. It seems like people lose their mind when placed in a large scale shopping environment. :)
We recently purchased a couch there, and when we went to check out, we took the tag with us thinking that they would have a couple of guys bring it up front for us.
When told otherwise I was like "WTF? You expect me and my 100lb fiancee and our two year old son to bring a couch upfront?" Nutjobs. Purely and simply.
I am biased however, since I had an encounter with one swede and he was totally irritating and lacked common sense (here's a taste.. he thinks Michael Moore is right and didn't put any kind of spin into his "documentaries")
Granted he was the only swede I've ever met, but like they say "One Bad apple can spoil the bunch".
Maybe it's just me.
To run for president do you even need to be a member of some sort of party?
Also, I think that things like this are blown way out of proportion. For instance Howard Dean. He could easily run for president on his own outside the Democrat party, couldn't he?
I was just thinking, could someone explain to me why ASCAP isn't the one complaining about the trading of MP3's? They are the ones collecting money from radio stations, so why couldnt' we just pay ascap a once a year royalty fee and trade mp3's all day long? That would be a lot better than the current situation of paying the RIAA who coninuously rips off artists. At least (as far as I know) ASCAP collects the royalties on behalf of the artists (and [sigh] the record companies) That seems to me to be the better way to do things.
Any thoughts?
That's all well and good, and I agree with your spirit and tenacity, but "Don't buy RIAA music. Download your shit online, use filesharing applications with bandwidth-limiting enabled so you are harder to detect. Change the default port numbers. Use obscure file sharing apps. Set up a node on freenet. Complain to your ISP and threaten to leave if they poo-poo P2P use. Bandwidth limiting kinda defeats (or at least slows down) the purpose, obscure apps mean smaller selection and limited hosts (especially if only a couple of people have that "must have song") Setting up a freenet node is beyond the scope of your everyday user; And while telling your ISP that "you pay them, so you are actually the one in control" is liberating and truthful (how many service based industries can you think of that actually tell you how they can serve you instead of actually asking you how they can please you)... It's a monopoly. People with cable in areas not served by DSL can't really go off threatening their cable companies if there is no other option than POTS. Like I said I agree with your spirit, but no. We are not killing them softly. They are killing themselves. As far as them being evil, that remains to be seen. Nice try though.
a bit off-topic, but relevant to your post... I know a guy that I used to buy "carrots" from. One night he sold me a bunch of carrots, then when he left (I walked him to the door, then left him on his own) he stole a 2 litre bottle of coca cola from my front porch. I noticed it in the morning. I will never buy carrots from him again. And if he comes around I'm just going to shoot him. Theives tend to act alike. I would classify Daryl in this catagory of "dumbasses who would steal a penny from someone that they could have earned a hundred $ from"..... Just a thought.
or at least what this would seem like to me. I've not chimed in too much about DRM on /. (if I ever have) but this gets my ire up. At exactly what point is music and music sharing going to stop being one of those "marijuana" type of subjects, where everyone knows it's illegal, and judging from a good majority of people I've met on the internet, everyone does it.
:D
It's been said many times before but I'll say it again. The record industries failings are their fault. They've invested themselves in trendy "novelty" music, and are blaming their problems on digital file traders. It's been shown that time and time again any DRM can be gotten around (line out anybody?) This dragon needs to quit chasing it's tail. The problem isn't in the formats. It's in the medium. If I wanted to bootleg a CD for profit (which is really where the copyright issues fall IMO) I could simply copy the physical CD and start pressing out copies all night long.
"Fixing" the MP3 format would be like buying all your blank tapes pre-recorded from the record companies directly.
I'm not well educated enough about this, and I'm sure it probably shows, but I don't want a hassle if I get a new hard drive. I shouldn't have to ask for permission to listen to something I've paid for if some component fries out on me. This to me would be the equivalent of calling KitchenAid if my mixer fails on me, and after getting it repaired I need to check for permission to plug it in, even though I own it.
I'm tired of being restricted because of what I might do, instead of for what I've done. There are plenty of other "secure" formats out there (I use that term loosly)... Why get another one?
Mod me down if this seems too rambling and incoherent. I'm celebrating having mad vacation money.
thank god I"m not the only clumsy iPod owner out there. Get an exo iSkin for it. It'll protect the outside really well.
I've got a 40gig iPod, and haven't had a problem with it. I'm pretty rough on my hardware (This iPod has been dropped 4 times since christmas) as well as the father of a two year old son (who found it laying out and decided to press the buttons ruthlessly and shake it a few times). Still works and none the worse for it.
As far as skipping goes, if it's in my pocket when I go up or down stairs quickly, it hasn't skipped yet.
In fact, the only problem I have had, happened when using the Belkin Battery Pack. When the batteries in the pack started dying, the music slowed down, similar to a record slowing down.
I recently got an iSkin for my pod, which I think was a great investment for helping to protect it.
aloha
to layer a varying number of screens of differing widths and displaying certain depths on each plane to somewhat simulate a 3d display? I guess a better way to describe what I'm thinking is to think of "stacking" moving gifs with transparent backgrounds in in three dimensions.