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The project of defining M-expressions precisely and compiling them or at least translating them into S-expressions was neither finalized nor explicitly abandoned. It just receded into the indefinite future, and a new generation of programmers appeared who preferred internal notation to any FORTRAN-like or ALGOL-like notation that could be devised.

Google starts their webcrawl with the Stanford University home page. (Info based on a talk given by Craig SIlverstein, the directory of technology at Google.)

WebGraph is a framework to study the web graph. It provides simple ways to manage very large graphs, exploiting modern compression techniques. More precisely, it is currently made of:

1. A set of flat codes, called codes, which are particularly suitable for storing web graphs (or, in general, integers with power-law distribution in a certain exponent range). The fact that these codes work well can be easily tested empirically, but we also try to provide a detailed mathematical analysis.
2. Algorithms for compressing web graphs that exploit referentiation ( la LINK), intervalisation and codes to provide a high compression ratio: for instance, the WebBase graph (2001 crawl) is compressed at 3.08 bits per link, and a snapshot of about 18,500,000 pages of the .uk domain gathered by UbiCrawler is compressed at 2.22 bits per link (the corresponding figures for the transposed graphs are 2.89 bits per link and 1.98 bits per link). The algorithms are controlled by several parameters, which provide different tradeoffs between access speed and compression ratio.
3. Algorithms for accessing a compressed graph without actually decompressing it, using lazy techniques that delay the decompression until it is actually necessary.
4. A complete, documented implementation of the algorithms above in Java, contained in the package it.unimi.dsi.webgraph. Besides a clearly defined API, the package contains several classes that allow to modify (e.g., transpose) or recompress a graph, so to experiment with various settings. The package relies on fastutil for a type-specific, high-performance collections framework, on MG4J for bit-level I/O, on the COLT distribution for ready-to-use, efficient algorithms and on GNU getopt for line-command parsing.
5. Data sets for very large graph (e.g., a billion of links). These are either gathered from public sources (such as WebBase), or produced by UbiCrawler.

In the end, with WebGraph you can access and analyse a very large web graph, even on a PC with as little as 256 Mbytes of RAM. Using WebGraph is as easy as installing a few jar files and downloading a data set. This makes studying phenomena such as PageRank, distribution of graph properties of the web graph, etc. very easy.

You are welcome to use and improve WebGraph! Installation

You just have to install the .jar file coming with the distribution, and download the jars WebGraph depends upon (i.e., fastutil, MG4J, COLT and GNU getopt). You may find useful to refer to the JPackage Project if you own an RPM-based distribution. In the same vein of the packages above, WebGraph is also distributed as a Jpackage-like RPM.

WebGraph is a framework to study the web graph. It provides simple ways to manage very large graphs, exploiting modern compression techniques. More precisely, it is currently made of:

1. A set of flat codes, called codes, which are particularly suitable for storing web graphs (or, in general, integers with power-law distribution in a certain exponent range). The fact that these codes work well can be easily tested empirically, but we also try to provide a detailed mathematical analysis.
2. Algorithms for compressing web graphs that exploit referentiation ( la LINK), intervalisation and codes to provide a high compression ratio: for instance, the WebBase graph (2001 crawl) is compressed at 3.08 bits per link, and a snapshot of about 18,500,000 pages of the .uk domain gathered by UbiCrawler is compressed at 2.22 bits per link (the corresponding figures for the transposed graphs are 2.89 bits per link and 1.98 bits per link). The algorithms are controlled by several parameters, which provide different tradeoffs between access speed and compression ratio.
3. Algorithms for accessing a compressed graph without actually decompressing it, using lazy techniques that delay the decompression until it is actually necessary.
4. A complete, documented implementation of the algorithms above in Java, contained in the package it.unimi.dsi.webgraph. Besides a clearly defined API, the package contains several classes that allow to modify (e.g., transpose) or recompress a graph, so to experiment with various settings. The package relies on fastutil for a type-specific, high-performance collections framework, on MG4J for bit-level I/O, on the COLT distribution for ready-to-use, efficient algorithms and on GNU getopt for line-command parsing.
5. Data sets for very large graph (e.g., a billion of links). These are either gathered from public sources (such as WebBase), or produced by UbiCrawler.

In the end, with WebGraph you can access and analyse a very large web graph, even on a PC with as little as 256 Mbytes of RAM. Using WebGraph is as easy as installing a few jar files and downloading a data set. This makes studying phenomena such as PageRank, distribution of graph properties of the web graph, etc. very easy.

You are welcome to use and improve WebGraph! Installation

You just have to install the .jar file coming with the distribution, and download the jars WebGraph depends upon (i.e., fastutil, MG4J, COLT and GNU getopt). You may find useful to refer to the JPackage Project if you own an RPM-based distribution. In the same vein of the packages above, WebGraph is also distributed as a Jpackage-like RPM.

Dopant profile and gate geometric effects on polysilicon gate
Gate Length Dependent Polysilicon Depletion Effects

Also EETimes has another interesting article with more information about AMD's presentation at the 2003 Symposium on VLSI Technology in Kyoto, Japan.

Dopant profile and gate geometric effects on polysilicon gate
Gate Length Dependent Polysilicon Depletion Effects

Also EETimes has another interesting article with more information about AMD's presentation at the 2003 Symposium on VLSI Technology in Kyoto, Japan.

Here is the abstract from the The American Society of Human Genetics article, and here is Stanford's press release on the story.

And are the web pages of Marcus W. Feldman and Noah Rosenberg From Rosenberg's research page, here is access to a PDF of the journal article.

Here is the abstract from the The American Society of Human Genetics article, and here is Stanford's press release on the story.

And are the web pages of Marcus W. Feldman and Noah Rosenberg From Rosenberg's research page, here is access to a PDF of the journal article.

This is absolutely the point - and the defense.

"The Congress shall have the power.... To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries"

There is a critical point here, carefully obfuscated by the RIAA and it's minions - there is no such thing as "Intellectual Property."

There is a concept in law called a "Natural Right," and it is generally accepted that people have a natural right to propriety. But as Jefferson was explicitly clear on, there is no natural right to "own" an idea:

"If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea..."

Copyright does not protect property, it is not about protecting property; it is about promoting science and the useful arts. Copyright is not a property right; it is a temporary monopoly. Violating copyright is not theft or piracy; it is guerilla anti-trust.

This distinction is quite clear in the constitutional grant of exclusive right, that such grant would not be obviously self-justified as it would be for property, but that such right is justified only in as much as it fulfills the noble social good of "promoting the progress of science and the useful arts."

Larry Lessig's recent supreme court challenge to the CTEA hinged on the second phrase's "limited time." He argued unsuccessfully that the extensions provided by CTEA violated the phrase by establishing essentially perpetual copyright. The court asked if 120 years was not a finite time, and turned the claim down.

It would seem that a more powerful case would be made by asking if the CTEA, DMCA, NET, etc. fulfill the purpose: "to promote science and the useful arts."

Chia Monkey makes a point I think universal--that fear of over-broad laws wielded by greedy institutions has a broad chilling effect on innovation: science and the useful arts. If found thus by the court, such laws would be unconstitutional.

The RIAA not only holds a monopoly with 90% market share, but wields a monopoly granted by We The People. An "embarrassing monopoly" at that, according to Thomas Jefferson. The exclusive right is not a property right, it is a temporary grant which may be "may or may not be done, according to the will and convenience of the society, without claim or complaint from anybody."

Write your congress-people and explain how your efforts at innovation have been stifled by inappropriate extension of copyright in a manner entirely contrary to the constitutional mandate. We must take control of the language: the RIAA is a pirate organization, thieving and stealing from the public domain. File traders are freedom fighters and patriots, exploring new technology and pushing forward the progress of science and the useful arts, fulfilling the goals of the constitution bravely despite the threat of extorting pirate organizations like the RIAA and MPAA.

Of course it'd be a bit hard to defend lionizing most warez traders, but no more difficult than defending a billion dollar claim against a college kid.

I had a similar problem, but in the other direction: I wanted to generate a chart without drawing it on the screen. That's all. This should require a short and simple executable.

Do I _REALLY_ want to install X on my web server so that I can use some charting library that was designed for interactive use, try to script it, then have it take a screenshot, save the file to disk, then serve the file to the web user? What kinds of risks does pulling these libraries and apps add to my project? How much will this bloat my server?

Turns out it was simpler, easier, and less risky to just roll my own.

- Amit

** Parts of the previous post were reused. **

I benefit from being able to buy German beer, Japanense video games, French cheese, Canadian video cards, Turkish tobacco... Shouldn't people produce and sell what they can do best? If Indians (or Romanians) are efficient at producting software, more power to them. The economist Thomas Sowell does a good job of explaining why different countries are good at different things.

I remember some years back when there was a local uproar about a Home Depot being built in Auburn, California. The big complaint was that Home Depot is a Georgia based company. Folks didn't want their California dollars going out of state to those Georgians all the way on the other side of the US. The cost of living is cheaper in Georgia. Buying things from Georgians is a "race to the bottom". Only buy things made in your own state... no, your own town... no, only things you make yourself!

---

"If an exchange between two parties is voluntary, it will not take place unless both believe they will benefit from it. Most economic fallacies derive from the neglect of this simple insight, from the tendency to assume that there is a fixed pie, that one party can gain only at the expense of another." - Milton Friedman

Also check out Lawrence Lessig's weblog for up-to-the-minute happenings in the good fight. (and for the extremely lazy, here's his RDF feed.

And ( if that weren't links enough) you should go and sign the petition to Reclaim the Public Domain.

yrs trly, linky karma whore

Also check out Lawrence Lessig's weblog for up-to-the-minute happenings in the good fight. (and for the extremely lazy, here's his RDF feed.

And ( if that weren't links enough) you should go and sign the petition to Reclaim the Public Domain.

yrs trly, linky karma whore

How about: ``I told you it was a Ponzi scheme!''?

I suppose that the really sad part is that most of those people, some of whom did actually ``worked hard their entire lives'', could have saved up enough to be secure in their old age, IF they hadn't been saddled with paying for FDR's nasty little Ponzi scheme all these years.

What's that? Oh, you wanted a solution? Well, we'll have to choose between collecting enough taxes to keep them on welfare, as they did for their parents, and letting them eat catfood. When the baby boomers were supporting their parents, there were a LOT of boomers, and few retired parents. Soon, there will be scads of retired boomers, and few young workers. THAT's why the Ponzi scheme is crashing, as they all eventually must. The catfood option may be forced upon us: we may not be able to do any better. There's a bit of poetic justice in that: it was the boomer's socialist leanings [1] that kept our economy from growing the way it could have with a bit more economic freedom.

By the way, this is a problem all over.

[1] Some links to neat places on that page, BTW.

From the article on The Register:
candidate processors include the MPC7457, which has yet to ship but is set to take Motorola's G4 family beyond 1GHz.

I don't know where they've been looking but under my desk just here is a dual 1.25GHz G4 tower... there are 1.42s out there, too...

Honestly, I don't know what I'd do with a dual 2GHz G4 at the moment... apart from the two folding@home clients I'm running, I'm using perhaps 10 - 20% of the CPU on this machine, and that's running OS X and a heap of graphics apps...

I've been listening to Radio 1 Xtra for a while. I find it kind of lame that I have to turn to the British government of all places to hear good hip-hop on the radio when I live in the San Francisco Bay area, #4 radio market in the US. At least we have good college radio.

At this point the only commercial radio I listen to is classical, I can't really see it making radio that much less diverse. At a point advertisers don't want to have to buy time on 5 similar stations.

You mean like the LambdaMOO "rape"?

Parent is an obvious troll, moderators on crack as usual. The real Donald Knuth does not and will not ever post on Slashdot, although somehow I suspect our troll here will end up moderated up regularly just like that "head of nintendo research" fellow.

~Phillip

I currently have a graduate student who is working part-time on a rewrite of fvwm in CWEB, the literate programming language. It's helped to reveal several bugs and algorithmic inefficiencies in fvwm that would have otherwise remained hidden.

As a followup project, he and a group of fellow graduate students plan to implement the X11 protocol in a similar manner.

Pixar is the Microsoft of the computer graphics world. They have created some good stuff, yes, but they have not given much of anything back and often hurt the field.

They have all these secrets, and keep everything to themselves.

Heres a few examples of secrets theyre keeping to themselves. Luckily, I'm a 1337 h4XX0r. (-Karma)

http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 8.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 6.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 5c.ps.gz http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 4.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 2.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 1.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig9 0.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/sig8 9.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/part ition-tr.pdf http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/deb/fixt ure-tr.pdf http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/deepshadows/de epshad.pdf Thats enough for now.

1 hand

Shades of Doug Engelbart's original design of a combination of mouse and "chording" keyboard.

Shamelessly swiping from Geoffrey Nunberg here

.... Take the pronunciation of nuclear as "nucular." That one has been getting on people's nerves since Eisenhower made the mispronunciation famous in the 1950's. In Woody Allen's 1989 film Crimes and Misdemeanors, the Mia Farrow character says she could never fall for any man who says "nucular." That would have ruled out not just Dubya, but Bill Clinton, who said the word right only about half the time. (President Carter had his own way of saying the word, as "newkeeuh," but that probably had more to do with his Georgia accent than his ignorance of English spelling.)

Look at this and them imagine the red guy as the T1000 terminator. Do you *really* want to play soccer with him?

Our answer to grammar nazis:

Going Nucular - http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~nunberg/nucular.html

That would be a clever trick, but it's not how they all work. I'm using as my reference the Stanford Stoogebot. The source code is unpublished, so I can't be quite sure what it does, but the authors state it keeps track of all nearby targets and computes visibilty (ray-intersection to the BSP) for all of them, before deciding which to shoot.

And it definitely forges mouse movement, as described in the section on decoupling movement and orientation. (Its not a "forgery" in the sense that it expects to fool people, though. The pseudo-mouse is updated perfectly, without introducing any of the incremental delay that might confuse a bot-detector on the server)

There is actually a 3-part Cryptography course (the 1st part of which is merely entitled, "Network Security") that I intend to take the 2nd two parts of pretty soon here.

Since timing will not allow me to take the entire sequence, I'm covering the material of the first course on my own.

To that end, a few resources:

[the following presumes a background in network engineering, the protocols, etc.; it also presumes some number theory but most of that is covered as needed]

1. For starters: Charles & Shari Pfleeger's Security in Computing, 2nd Edition -- this is a nice, intro text for high level (a) security, (b) encryption, (c) OS security, (d) DB security

2. Then move onto more specific texts, i.e. Silberschatz's Operating Systems Concepts, 6th Edition -- this provides a much more detailed look into OS security -- mechanisms/policies/implementations etc.

3. Then there are a couple wortwhile Cryptography only texts: (a) Schneier's Applied Cryptography, (b) Menezes' Handbook of Applied Cryptography

4. Then there is a good course website for the course I referred to, the 1st in the series of three that also has downloadable handouts as well as some coding projects that you could do independently, providing an enviro

5. Finally, I'd suggest a subscription to the Counterpane Crytpogram newsletter -- found at this link. Also, checking out this site periodically or perusing it somewhat in-depth will give you far more visibility into day-to-day threats.

My class project was specifying an X11 window manager in Z.

Z has it's place (and Lotos, which the class also covered), but I don't think it applies to general purpose programming.

Assuming that you have the tech to check if your program matches the spec, and the spec is somewhat consistent, you still don't know if your spec matches what you want - so you're back to the original problem but in a slightly different language.

I have, however, been quite impressed with what the compiler group at stanford has done. The system is not 100% perfect (e.g. false positives), but it's detected a lot of real errors in real software (linux and bsd kernels) without too much noise.

As for run-time checking, I'm particularly impressed with valgrind. Whenever I suspect that a C/C++ program is breaking because I did something stupid, I use valgrind to find the fault.

That said, I think using safer programming languages, with GC and either dynamic or static typed (per your religion) would greatly improve the quality of software.

1. Use the mass of the house to "store cold".

   Keep the windows open at night. Let it get really cold throughout the house (except maybe the bedroom). Close the windows and blinds in the morning. Having tight seals on doors and windows helps here.

2. Set up efficient air flow.

   In the evening, use fans to bring in cooler air from outside. (This depends on where you live. In the San Francisco area, it gets down into the 50s and 60s in the evening.)

   Put the fans in the windows. Block off as much of the window as you can except the area where the fan goes. Ideally, you can find box fans that fit precisely in the window.

   Important: point the fans OUT. Open a window on the other side of the house where air will come in. Pointing fans out is more efficient at moving air than pointing them in. Although pointing them in feels better, it doesn't do as good a job at actually bringing in cool air from outside.

   Don't use interior fans except when you are in the room.

3. Use the multiple rooms of your home at different times of day.

   At night, I cool down the non-bedroom areas. During the evening, those areas are most comfortable, so I stay there. But I'm also cooling down the bedroom so that by the time I go to bed, the bedroom is comfortable.

4. -
5. Amit

While employment opportunities may not be optimal, philosophy is probably more sophisticated than you presume.

see http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html

I have a minor in philosophy, but it happened by accident. I started in computer engineering, switched to a double major, computer science and econometrics, but found econometrics boring, so I switched to psychology, decided I really wanted to do neuroscience, but by then it was too late. I had taken a few courses in mathematical logic in the philosophy department, so decided to fulfill the humanities requirement by taking a philosophy of science course and liked it so much I signed up for a few more (political philosophy, wittgenstein).

So I have a BS in compsci, and economics, psychology, and philosophy minors. Yay for me. But my point was that I thought the humanities were a joke, but they're not.

Tandem hardware is fault-intolerant by design. It's the system that's fault-tolerant. There's heavy checking, and if anything fails, that machine goes down, right then. Each active process has a mirror on another machine, synchronized with messages. If the primary fails, the backup takes over. The backup (now primary) then creates a new backup on a new machine.

One of the more interesting features of this architecture is that you can add and delete hardware without a shutdown. It's even possible (and routine) to migrate to completely different hardware in a different physical location without a shutdown.

Some may call writing in C a security risk. Inherently, it isn't. C just gives the programmer more rope to either make a better knot or make a better noose, as they see fit. The first ten to twenty lines of nearly every C function I write go like this: return failure if this parameter isn't sane; return failure if that parameter isn't sane; return failure if any persistent context isn't consistent with how we were called; try to allocate all resources required for the function and return failure if any of those allocations failed. Some other languages may automate some of that. But as a security auditor, I'm going to want to see all that.

Not much of the code that exists will ever recieve the scrutiny that the linux kernel does, yet lo and behold, many more errors are discovered in the kernel whenever somebody thinks of a new way to look for them.

If you are worried about security auditing, I would think the soundness of languages like OCaml would be very appealing. ML, at least, is provably free of undefined behavior. Now that is cool! Does it mean your programs will always function correctly? Of course not, but of all things that could go wrong, quite a few can be ruled out with a high degree of confidence.

I think what you'll see happen in this case is that it will be granted cert in the 14th circuit, but they will kill it with a pocket veto before it grandfathers in a relatively new concept like the GPL.

<quote>
The newly installed robot is finishing two pilot projects, scanning books published by Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information and ...
</quote>

It means they have scanned this this this this and this?

Will they be available online for reading? :)

<quote>
The newly installed robot is finishing two pilot projects, scanning books published by Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information and ...
</quote>

It means they have scanned this this this this and this?

Will they be available online for reading? :)

<quote>
The newly installed robot is finishing two pilot projects, scanning books published by Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information and ...
</quote>

It means they have scanned this this this this and this?

Will they be available online for reading? :)

<quote>
The newly installed robot is finishing two pilot projects, scanning books published by Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information and ...
</quote>

It means they have scanned this this this this and this?

Will they be available online for reading? :)

<quote>
The newly installed robot is finishing two pilot projects, scanning books published by Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information and ...
</quote>

It means they have scanned this this this this and this?

Will they be available online for reading? :)

The Meta-level Compilation groups Stanford Checker is doing the same thing for linux (and others). Faschinating tech in my mind.

I've got the solution: the TeXOS(tm)!

Slogan: Crash-free -- Donald Knuth guarantees it!

-Waldo Jaquith

Informative presentation..

People here who made the web happen? They are the reason standards started and evolved in a way they did - WWW was "a collabaration tool for high-energy physics" after all. BTW - we should invite them to do an interview here on Slashdot.

In particular, we argue that the whole world can reach and maintain American standards of living with a population of even 15 billion.

Slogan: He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense.

Sorry, a computer is not "the embodiment of reason and logic". According to Merriam-Webster, a computer is "a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data." A more accurate definition of a computer is a device that acts as a Turing Machine, which is an abstract description of a general purpose procedure execution device. See here

As you can see, the definition of a computer has nothing to do with the type of data it acts upon. I'm sure you've listened to music, a form of art, on your computer. How does this "defile" your computer?

Or are you just a troll?

LS

Let me make sure this is clear: Hacking the XBOX is a waste of E-V-E-R-Y-B-O-D-Y'S time.

Except you're not getting interesting hardware for a cheaper price here. Sorry, nothing of value here, especially when there's no software to drive them.

If it goes to court, 'fair use' will not hold up as long as there's no reason to hack the XBOX.

Full disclosure, Haas MBA '97 -- I had never realized until tonight that it was the school's idealism (career center listings) to blame for the dot-com bubble. Damn us farkers and our idealism!

Okay Quattrone, you're free to go home now. Okay Andersen, sorry about all that commotion.

Yeah, it was our idealism of the Berkeley Business School to blame. In the face of a history of defeats to the well heeled landlording bourgeois, we remained loyal to the underdog. Go Bears! Give 'em the AXE, Right in the Neck!

Ignore the guys from Harvard and Wall Street. Presumably Berkeley is to blame because of its location. Oh yeah, except that Berkeley isn't even in the heart of the Silicon Valley and presumably that other business school, at the Jr. University holds less than idealistic views. Or maybe they are idealistic but in ways that conform to poster Shoten's viewpoints making them non-idealistic.

Huh? WTF? I want my last five minutes back. The parent's post is one non-sequitur after another.

Insightful? Or just a full bong?

Interestingly he thinks it'll be specialized hardware that will do ray-tracing, etc.

http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/rev iews/1721/1/

"Is there a future for radiosity lighting in 3D hardware? Ray-tracing? When would it become available?

Gary: Yes, but probably just in specialized hardware as it's a very different problem. Ray-tracing is nasty because of it's non-locality, so fast localized hacks will probably prevail as long as people are clever. Especially for real-time rendering on low-cost hardware. It's interesting that RenderMan has managed to do amazing CGI without ray-tracing. That's an existence proof that a hack in the hand, is worth ray-tracing in the bush.

Oh... and for people who haven't seen it before, here's a cool detailed paper about how the pipeline of a traditional 3d accellerators can be tweaked used to do ray tracing...

http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/rtongfx/rtongf x.pdf

Reading that shows how programming a graphics pipeline is quite different (more interesting? more complicated?) than programming a general purpose CPU.

Aloha!

You wrote: My question - If these cards are getting so powerful at computations then why do we need a Intel/AMD processor at all? Just make a graphics card with more transistors and drop the traditional processor...

Congratulations! You have just reinvented Ivan Sutherlands Wheel of reincarnation which is exactly about this: Normal CPU:s are enhanced with specific functions to provide acceleration for a common task, the enhancments are getting so big that farming them out into a separate chip/module seems like a good idea. The separate thingy grows in complexity as more flexilibility and programmability is needed. Finally you end up with a new CPU. And then someone says.... You get the idea.

Here is a good take on Ivan Sutherlands story. And here is Myers and Sutherlands original paper.

Read, think and learn.

While optimized for graphics, GPUs can indeed be used as general-purpose processors. GPUs are effectively stream processors, a class of devices whose architecture and programming model make then particularly efficient for scientific calculation.

> It might take a real long time, but it is a general purpose processor and so can process anything

The same holds true for GPUs. Like CPUs, they are turing complete.

Your spamguard decoding skills are commendable. I'm guessing you are a product of one of the fine trade schools found outside the Northeast Corridor.