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Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfluid

Ted writes "Experiments at the worlds largest nuclear collider, RHIC, at Brookhaven National Laboratory reveal striking new features of the state of the early Universe. With RHICs enormous collision energy, the researchers can create matter that is composed of the fundamental building blocks of nature, quarks and gluons, in a state with temperatures of more than 1000 billion degrees. The Universe is believed to have been in this state in the first microsecond after the Big Bang. Later the quarks and gluons were trapped in the nuclear particles that the visible universe is composed of today. Until recently, researchers have thought that the quarks and gluons formed a gas. The latest results from RHIC, however, indicate that under the extreme conditions just around the phase transition from quarks and gluons to ordinary matter, the quarks and gluons behaved as a liquid - in fact an almost perfect liquid."

405 comments

  1. i had suspected this for years by peculiarmethod · · Score: 4, Funny

    indicate that under the extreme conditions just around the phase transition from quarks and gluons to ordinary matter, the quarks and gluons behaved as a liquid - in fact an almost perfect liquid."

    This sfinally proves what I have been trying to explain for years.. the universe was born from a pool of beer!

    --
    ** "It's not my job to stand between the people talking to me, and the ones listening to me." -- Pego the Jerk
    1. Re:i had suspected this for years by Peldor · · Score: 1
      This sfinally proves what I have been trying to explain for years.. the universe was born from a pool of beer!

      That would certainly explain why so few things in this universe make any sense at all unless you're drunk.

    2. Re:i had suspected this for years by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "in a state with temperatures of more than 1000 billion degrees."

      I think he meant a hundred, hundred, hundred, hundred, hundred, hundred degrees. Or possibly a trillion degrees. Unless, of course, if he is British, then who knows what the fuck he meant. I would have just termed it as eleventy billionty trillionty degrees.

  2. Cosmic Egg Not Cooked Solid ... by rewinn · · Score: 4, Funny

    ... resulting in Big Splat.

    1. Re:Cosmic Egg Not Cooked Solid ... by Rude+Turnip · · Score: 1

      Sometimes I think our species is the cosmic equivalent of Salmonella.

    2. Re:Cosmic Egg Not Cooked Solid ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      When we have a wordwide standard to express big numbers, then people may refrain from using such expressions. ie 1 billion in some parts of the world is 1000 million, and 1 million million in others.
      I'll just be happy when the whole world is metric

    3. Re:Cosmic Egg Not Cooked Solid ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0


      Amen!

    4. Re:Cosmic Egg Not Cooked Solid ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      1 trilion = 1x10^18

  3. Obligatory Trek by codesurfer · · Score: 3, Funny

    Fluidic Space? I knew I saw species 8472 around here the other day!

    1. Re:Obligatory Trek by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, Data is the one saying it......

  4. That's one interpretation by jd · · Score: 4, Informative
    The scientists themselves suggest that the liquid state is one of a number of states that quark/gluon soups can take, but that the early Universe was still most likely a gas.


    Of course, all their software is in CVS, so it shouldn't be too hard to check their calculations. :)

    --
    It's a small world and it smells funny; I'd buy another if it wasn't for the money; Take back what I paid (SoM)
    1. Re:That's one interpretation by Quasar1999 · · Score: 4, Funny

      check their calculations??? Until 5 minutes ago I didn't even know what a gluon was... (I have heard of a quark... and no, not the one from Star Trek)...

      I couldn't check their spelling at this point... forget their calculations...

      --

      ---
      Programming is like sex... Make one mistake and support it the rest of your life.
    2. Re:That's one interpretation by MyLongNickName · · Score: 5, Funny

      I thought a gluon was a derogatory term for a toupee.

      --
      See my journal for slashdot ID's by year. Mine created in 2005. http://slashdot.org/journal/289875/slashdot-ids-by-year
    3. Re:That's one interpretation by SensitiveMale · · Score: 2, Funny

      The scientists themselves suggest that the liquid state is one of a number of states that quark/gluon soups can take, but that the early Universe was still most likely a gas.

      That's what Mick Jagger said.

    4. Re:That's one interpretation by Vombatus · · Score: 1

      Quark... Adam Quark

      --
      This sig is intentionally blank
    5. Re:That's one interpretation by Raindance · · Score: 4, Informative

      Right. To clarify,

      Matter can be in a "superfluid" state when in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma form (this is a fairly new discovery).

      The term "superfluid" has more to do with whether various properties obtain than being an actual fluid.

    6. Re:That's one interpretation by jericho4.0 · · Score: 4, Informative

      Superfluidity is the complete absence of viscosity, something kind of hard to visualize in a solid.

      --
      "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing" - Alan Perlis
    7. Re:That's one interpretation by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      a number of states that quark/gluon soups can take

      I for one welcome our new Cambells overlords

    8. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Its not a new discovery at all. Glass is a fluid and this has been known for years. All matter of any state can be a fluid. By state I mean solid,liquid or gas. So solids/gases/liquids can be a fluid. I think your confusing the word fluid with liquid/gas in your last sentence.

      States of matter and fluid poperties are totaly different things and are often confused. Hope that clarifies it alittle better.

    9. Re:That's one interpretation by Raindance · · Score: 1

      Yes, technically, my last line should have read,

      The term "superfluid" has more to do with whether various properties obtain than being an actual liquid.

    10. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      My physics instructor used to work there on the STAR project. He recently gave a presentation on this and he said he is not entirely convinced they have enough data to speculate that far.

    11. Re:That's one interpretation by pipingguy · · Score: 1


      Doesn't liquid helium come close to this state? Maybe I'm misremembering.

    12. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      Yes, liquid helium becomes superfluid at sufficiently low temperatures.

    13. Re:That's one interpretation by midav · · Score: 2, Interesting
      I am not sure that you understand what you are talking about.

      Glass is a fluid (a liquid,) it has never ever been a solid. The difference between glass and water is superficial and it is only due to difference in viscosity. Glass only looks to us solid because of specifics of our time perception. If we could percieve microseconds as we do years, water would have looked like a solid to us, if, for example, you tried to break it.

      I hope you will not insist that the state of matter depends on our subjective perception of time.

      Solids are crystals, molecules of which keep order on distances much greater then distance between the neighboring molecules.

      Order distance in liquids (fluids) is comparable with the distance between the molecules. And, finally, gases do not have order at all.

      I am not aware that there is any other definition of solids, liquids and gases. OTOH, if you tell me how to tell a liquid from a fluid, perhaps, I'll learn something new.

    14. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Whether glass is a "solid" depends on your definitions. See this FAQ. Some might call it a high-viscosity liquid, some an amorphous solid; some might say that it's solid on short timescales and liquid on longer; some might say that it's neither solid nor liquid.

    15. Re:That's one interpretation by perspicaciously · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The idea that glass is a liquid is something of an urban myth derived in all likelihood from the method in which glass used to be blown.

      In fact, glass is an amorphous solid. If you heat it up enough, it becomes a supercooled liquid.

      The example generally used to explain how glass is a liquid is that in old houses the glass has "flowed" down over time and is thicker at the bottom of the pane than it is at the top. This isn't necessarily true, but when it is it's generally because of the very old Venetian method of glass blowing, before it became common to float molten glass on mercury to get panes with even thicknesses. If glass actually flowed at rates that were visually perceptible even after centuries, then optical telescopes that rely on massive lenses and mirrors to maintain accuracy to fractions of a second wouldn't last very long at all. This isn't the case.

      In short, mythbusted.

    16. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's spelled "Campbell's", you ignorant burke.

    17. Re:That's one interpretation by Hao+Wu · · Score: 0

      Superfluidity exists OPPOSITE complete absence of viscosity. 1 fluid = 1 state = 1 rotation of the Earth. Existence of such state is impossible, educated stupid 1-day Greenwich.

      --
      I suggest you read Slashdot
    18. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Superfluidity is the complete absence of viscosity, something kind of hard to visualize in a solid.

      Well, solid do flow, such as glas. Just imagine cathedral windows that don't take several centuries to become thicker near the bottom, but that instantly pour themselves on the church floor.

    19. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      -1, Incoherent

    20. Re:That's one interpretation by bloodredsun · · Score: 1

      >>it became common to float molten glass on mercury Surely you mean "float glass on molten tin" as I've never heard the phrase "mad as a glazier" (although it would provide many answers reagarding the suspicious behaviour or double-glazing salespeople!)

    21. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why is this "of course"? Who should have known this was in CVS and why?

    22. Re:That's one interpretation by AviLazar · · Score: 1

      No no no it was a typo, not "gluon" but "glu on" Space was a decal and it had to have "glu on" it so it would stick. Sheesh - you people never rtfa's.

      --

      I mod down so you can mod up. Your welcome.
    23. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      "If glass actually flowed at rates that were visually perceptible even after centuries, then optical telescopes that rely on massive lenses and mirrors to maintain accuracy to fractions of a second wouldn't last very long at all. This isn't the case."
      Exactly, because noone is so dumb as to use a non-crystalized form of silica in those lenses. The parent is completely correct. Please move along.

    24. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Cathedral windows aren't thicker at the bottom because the glass flowed over the centuries, but because of how the panes were constructed; they were thicker from the very beginning. See this FAQ (skip down to the "persistent myth" part).

    25. Re:That's one interpretation by geckoFeet · · Score: 1

      Right - furthermore, old glass pane are thicker at the bottom because they were installed that way for stability.

    26. Re:That's one interpretation by Xilman · · Score: 1
      OTOH, if you tell me how to tell a liquid from a fluid, perhaps, I'll learn something new.

      A fluid flows, by definition. A liquid is a fluid which is relatively incompressible.

      Paul
      --
      Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate
    27. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    28. Re:That's one interpretation by CProgrammer98 · · Score: 1

      wtf is the link in ur sig ranting on about???

      biggest load of bull I ever read!

      --
      And the people shall be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbour Isaiah 3:5
    29. Re:That's one interpretation by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      No, cold glass is solid, and molten glass is liquid.

      The term "glass" refers to the amorphous nature of the atomic order; the atoms are not arranged into a regular periodic crystalline array, but have only short-range order. That is, each atom has a fixed relationship to its neighbors, but you cannot predict where the neighbors' neighbors will be.

      Room temperature SiO2 is quite solid, and has negligible flow.

    30. Re:That's one interpretation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You are educated IDIOT EINSTEIN who misunderestimates the time cube.

  5. Sounds familiar by crottsma · · Score: 0

    Fluidic space? Sounds like a lot of free time, and a whole lot of Star Trek episodes.

  6. -1, redundant by Ray+Alloc · · Score: 0

    Home come Fark.com headlines appear on slashdot the next day or so ?

  7. Already covered this by FunWithHeadlines · · Score: 0, Troll
    Please, this is such old news that it's already in my archives.

    Oh, OK, it's archives from yesterday, but I'll bet I'm the only person who put a California surfer accent to the story...

    1. Re:Already covered this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      clap...clap...clap...

    2. Re:Already covered this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Looks like Timothy has mod points....big surprise....fucker has more mod points than Michael...hmmm...same amount of letters in both names.........nah, Michael loves the young goats though.

    3. Re:Already covered this by FunWithHeadlines · · Score: 1

      Yeah, I was surprised this was modded "Troll." I could understand "Off-topic" if the mod didn't want a lame joke in the thread, or "Funny" if they were in a good mood. But "Troll"? I'm not even anonymous! ;)

    4. Re:Already covered this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      but I'll bet I'm the only person who put a California surfer accent to the story...

      The only person who would possibly think that would have to be an American, probably from California. It's not lame, it's annoying.

  8. Well by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Now I can eat my cornflakes in the morning without one less thing to worry about during the day.

  9. Universe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I have often wondered if the entire universe is just liquid. From solids being ultra dense to gas being low dense. But since it is a fluid, momentum most always be conserved.

    1. Re:Universe by MyLongNickName · · Score: 1, Informative

      Only if you stretch the definition of 'liquid' to the point where it loses any meaning at all. By the commonly accepted definition, no, the entire universe is NOT liquid.

      Liquid (defined by Education Outreach): One of the basic three phases of matter; characterized by free movement of the constituent molecules among themselves but without the tendency to separate.

      This definition precludes most of the real estate in the known Universe.

      --
      See my journal for slashdot ID's by year. Mine created in 2005. http://slashdot.org/journal/289875/slashdot-ids-by-year
    2. Re:Universe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      The Friedmann equations which form the basis for standard cosmology in general relativity, treat the universe as a perfect fluid, a non-interacting medium characterized by only its density and (isotropic) pressure (the Weyl postulate). Basically, it treats whole galaxies as "particles" in a "cosmological fluid".

    3. Re:Universe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      Yes your are correct but he was refering to the fact that the word liquid was being used. Liquid and fluid are to completly different things despite common belief. So technically you both are correct in that the univerise is not a liquid but can be explained by fluidics.

    4. Re:Universe by c0bw3b · · Score: 1

      You may be thinking of the term fluid. Or I could be wrong...

      --
      ||:|::
    5. Re:Universe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah... and to and two, as well as completly and completely are different things. Oh, as well as univerise and universe. refering and referring. Oh, and I won't even difnify "Yes your are correct."

  10. Spillage by Bullfish · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    If time is a continuous loop that gets reborn, then it may all come from some goo (I think it was soup) I spilled in my school cafeteria back in the day. On the other hand, I would not have called it super fluid

  11. Perfect Liquid? by roman_mir · · Score: 4, Funny

    in fact an almost perfect liquid - I knew it! The universe was created from a shot of vodka!

    1. Re:Perfect Liquid? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Vodka...? Pfrrrrt!!! They were talking about BEER, you insensitive clod!!!

    2. Re:Perfect Liquid? by roman_mir · · Score: 2, Funny

      Vodka...? Pfrrrrt!!! They were talking about BEER, you insensitive clod!!! - nah, everyone knows that beer can only produce parallel universes. The originals always start from vodka!

    3. Re:Perfect Liquid? by Neurotoxic666 · · Score: 1

      perfect liquid [...] a shot of vodka

      Whew. Perfect liquid? I'd rather say it was a cask strenght single malt.

      --
      You are more than the sum of what you consume. Desire is not an occupation.
    4. Re:Perfect Liquid? by sharkey · · Score: 1
      They were talking about BEER, you insensitive clod!!!

      Probably Bud or Fosters. It certainly would explain mullets, Michael Jackson and certain foliages in office.

      --

      --
      "Outlook not so good." That magic 8-ball knows everything! I'll ask about Exchange Server next.
    5. Re:Perfect Liquid? by Herr_Nightingale · · Score: 1

      The universe was created from a shot of vodka!

      Sir Adams posits it was the mighty Pan-Galactic Gargleblaster(TM)

    6. Re:Perfect Liquid? by Xtravar · · Score: 0

      More like 198 proof Everclear (which is illegal in 4 states).

      --
      Buckle your ROFL belt, we're in for some LOLs.
    7. Re:Perfect Liquid? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      *ahem*

      The universe was created from a shot of tequila, thank you very much.

      Tequila is a horrible thing, and therefore bad, but gets you drunk beyond belief, and is therefore good. It thus describes the universe perfectly.

      More accurately, God, the ultimate good, had way too much to drink, the ultimate ...debatable... when "He" created the universe, the ultimate screwed-up.

      *hic* Oh, just mod me down already, I have no place in these sorts of discussions. :-)

  12. Black holes also being created at RHIC? by necrofluxneo · · Score: 0, Offtopic
    I for one wouldn't want to work at these labs - according to the following link on their site one of their researchers believe the equivalent of a black hole is being created in the Heavy Ion Collider as well:

    http://www.bnl.gov/RHIC/black_holes.htm

    From the above URL:

    Horatiu Nastase, a member of the high-energy physics theory group at Brown University, has written a paper, posted on the preprint website arxiv.org, in which he claims that collisions at Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) produce the analog of a black hole.

    Horatiu is referring to a mathematical similarity between the physics of the real world, which govern RHIC collisions, and the physics that scientists use to describe a theoretical, "imaginary" black hole in a hypothetical world with a different number of space-time dimensions (more than the four dimensions -- three space directions and time -- that exist in our world). That is, the two situations require similar mathematical wrangling to analyze. This imaginary, mathematical black hole that Horatiu compares to the RHIC fireball is completely different from a black hole in the real universe; in particular, it cannot grow by gobbling up matter. In other words, and because the amount of matter created at RHIC is so tiny, RHIC does not, and cannot possibly, produce a true, star-swallowing black hole.

    This does not mean, however, that RHIC cannot study some of the phenomena that happen in the vicinity of black holes, as explained in a paper we wrote with Kirill Tuchin, also of Brookhaven's theoretical nuclear physics group. The explanation for this begins with Einstein's "Equivalence Principle," which states that gravity and acceleration (or deceleration) are actually equivalent forces. The principle explains why a person going up in an elevator feels slightly heavier, just as they would if gravity on Earth were stronger.

    In the same way, the rapid deceleration of RHIC ions as they smash into each other for a very short period of time (about 10^(-23) second) is similar to the extreme gravitational environment in the vicinity of a black hole. This means that RHIC collisions should emit a bunch of thermal particles similar to the "Hawking radiation" emitted by a black hole. Since Hawking radiation is the cause of black hole decay, not formation, its existence would be yet another reason that RHIC cannot produce a real gravitational black hole.

    1. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by Surt · · Score: 1

      Just so you know, current theory suggests that such tiny black holes aren't self sustaining, and just evaporate before they have any chance to become earth devouring.

      --
      "Who is the Journal of Quantum Physics going to believe?" --Stephen Hawking
    2. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I for one wouldn't want to work at these labs - according to the following link on their site one of their researchers believe the equivalent of a black hole is being created in the Heavy Ion Collider as well:


      If you read the same text you quoted, you would find that what RHIC is creating is only "equivalent" to a black hole in an abstract, mathematical sense, and its REAL behavior is not that of a black hole, it does not have a strong gravitational field, it does not suck things in, and in short is no more dangerous than any other particle physics experiment.
    3. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by coopex · · Score: 1

      You mean no more dangerous than this http://www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org/LA/Ph oto-Pages-2/LAP-217.htm

      I keed, I keed.

      --
      The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
    4. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by Baatezu · · Score: 2, Informative

      Tiny black holes couldn't be earth devouring. A black hole is a mass that has shrunk to the point to where escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. So a tiny black hole that was, say comprised of 200kg, would have no moure earth devouring ability (gravitationally) than a 200kg person.

      if the sun instantly shrunk to a black hole, there would be no change in the earths orbit, or any of the planets, the gravitational pull would be _exactly_ the same as before.

      Just some clarification on what a common misconception of blackholes being 'devouring' objects.

    5. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by bunratty · · Score: 1

      A small black hole certainly could devour the earth. Although its gravitational attraction would be weak, it could make direct contact with other matter and draw it into the black hole. This would increase its gravitational pull and draw more matter in. This would continue until there was no more matter to come into contact with.

      --
      What a fool believes, he sees, no wise man has the power to reason away.
    6. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by ColaMan · · Score: 1

      Hmmm. I'm pretty sure that there's a (theoretical) limit - once your black hole is smaller than an atom, well, it doesn't really bump into too much.

      Of course, I have no idea of how much matter you need to make a non-subatomic-sized black hole.

      --

      You are in a twisty maze of processor lines, all alike.
      There is a lot of hype here.
    7. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by Surt · · Score: 1

      Well, while I believe the current theory about small black holes being too small to devour the earth, it's not for the reason you describe. A 200kg black hole might well be large enough to devour the earth. The problem comes not from the gravitational attraction of 200 kg, but from the growth of that mass. As the black hole is drawn towards the center of mass of the earth, it comes into contact with matter. For instance, it might fall from you experimental apparatus to the floor. Suddenly a small part of the floor joins the mass, and now it masses more than 200kg. Every bit of matter that it comes into contact with on its way to the center of the earth adds to the mass. Soon it reaches the center of the earth, where it resides inside a small vacuum shell that is generated by local mass falling into the hole. Since the center of the earth is presumed fluid, more and more matter continues to fall into the hole, and the hole grows. Eventually, the center of the earth is hollow, and the crust cracks, and the remainder of the earth falls into the hole.

      Bottom line, a sufficiently massive black hole falling into the center of the earth is a scenario which ends badly for us all.

      --
      "Who is the Journal of Quantum Physics going to believe?" --Stephen Hawking
    8. Re:Black holes also being created at RHIC? by evanbd · · Score: 2, Informative
      Hmmm. I'm pretty sure that there's a (theoretical) limit - once your black hole is smaller than an atom, well, it doesn't really bump into too much.

      You're halfway there, but for the wrong reason. A tiny black hole just bumps into atomic nuclei less frequently, since it is sitting in a big pool of them (the Earth, since it fell out of whatever created it).

      The problem with all this, however, is that tiny black holes evaporate, and therefore won't stick around very long. Physics collider ones don't stick around long enough to leave the vacuum chamber, let alone fall through the floor. See also Micro black holes.

  13. So Douglas "Hitchhiker's" Adams was right again by michaeldot · · Score: 5, Funny

    The Great Green Arkleseizure Theory

    "According to that most famous of sages, Douglas Adams, the Jartravartids believe that the entire Universe was, in fact, sneezed out of the nose of a being called the Great Green Arkleseizure. They live in perpetual fear of the time they call the Coming of the Great White Handkerchief..."

  14. Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Interesting

    You know, there's something I always wondered...
    Why isn't the universe uniform, why does it have those awkward clusters of mass like milky ways and stars?

    Does it have something to do with expanding faster than the speed of light? (and the resulting lack of communication between particles I guess)

    1. Re:Question? by millennial · · Score: 1

      I'd guess that it had to do with the out surface of early space-time being curved... as objects formed in expanding space-time, the warps caused their three-dimensional distributions to become uneven. But I wouldn't take anything I say without a chunk of salt.

      --
      I am scientifically inaccurate.
    2. Re:Question? by MyLongNickName · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Considering that this is one of the largest unanswered questions to cosmologists, and the biggest stumbling block to all generally accepted theories of the birth of the universe, I'd say your idea is as good as any other.

      And as bad as any other :)

      --
      See my journal for slashdot ID's by year. Mine created in 2005. http://slashdot.org/journal/289875/slashdot-ids-by-year
    3. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Even if you start with a perfect grid of motionless particles, one at each integer coordinate (Z^3), any tiny imperfection will tend to be amplified by gravity, and lumps of matter will start to form.

    4. Re:Question? by TheBurrito · · Score: 2, Informative

      Entropy. Over cosmic scales, clumping together becomes the lower energy state due to gravity's small but extremely wide-ranging effects.

    5. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well in truth when the universe is looked at whole it is fairly uniform and flat. No one knows why exactly but there are theories. To clarify, when I say "looked at in whole" I mean that if you could see the entire universe by standing outside of it, it would appeare to be rather uniform. Its just that we are so small we conceave the galaxies to be clumps but to the universe the galaxy is really a dot. Considering you have billions if not more dots spread out all over the place you would get the appeareance of a uniform universe. Remember that all things in the universe are relative.

    6. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's called the Jean's instability: a "gas" of gravitating particles is unstable and cannot maintain equilibrium. (This leads to bizarre thermodynamic properties of gravitating systems, such as negative specific heat.)

    7. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      For your soul's sake I hope you're not implying that the God's creation was anything but perfect...

    8. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Perfect != static and unchanging

    9. Re:Question? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Because God created it that way.

  15. Irish people have always known by Timesprout · · Score: 0, Redundant

    the universe was formed from Guinness, a truly super fluid.

    --
    Do not try to read the dupe, thats impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth
    What truth?
    There is no dupe
    1. Re:Irish people have always known by Hao+Wu · · Score: 1
      "the universe was formed from Guinness,"

      This is NOT a joke. It is extremely true and accurate.

      Every molecule was created, including your Guiness Drink. Every atom of those molecule as well.

      Every subatom of those atoms too. It is astounding, but true.

      --
      I suggest you read Slashdot
  16. One liquid + One liquid = One liquid by layer3switch · · Score: 0

    "...an almost perfect liquid."
    Well, that just clearly rules out any possibility about the beginning of universe being two liquids.

    --
    "Don't let fools fool you. They are the clever ones."
  17. You mean... by jhurani · · Score: 5, Funny

    ... Astroglide?

    1. Re:You mean... by Prometheus+Bob · · Score: 1

      I dont know what's more ironic, that someone on slashdot considers astroglide the perfect liquid or that he got modded Offtopic when suggesting that it is. (or someone joking about it in response...)

    2. Re:You mean... by NanoGator · · Score: 1

      Unfortunately for us, this raises questions about why you had that bookmarked in the first place.

      --
      "Derp de derp."
    3. Re:You mean... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Give the guy a break; maybe he suffers from...uh...vaginal dryness.

  18. Not much of a surprise by onyxruby · · Score: 2, Informative
    cosmic microwave background radiation pretty much dictated this three years ago. Rest of comment is a rip off an article I did for K5 a few years ago that dealt CMB.

    The big bang theory gained more credibility today with some news released by the National Science Foundation and collaborated by a United States team called Maxima with astronomers from the University of Minnesota and the University of California, Berkeley.

    The soundwaves that were found are an impression of quantum scale energy fluctuations carried to earth by cosmic microwave background radiation. Scientists were able to measure the waves by looking at cosmic microwave background (CMB). These early soundwaves are thought to have created super and giant clusters of galaxies with their travel. The soundwaves are actually contained in primordial plasma. They are effectively overtones or harmonics of the big bang explosion that is said to have created the universe.

    These soundwaves are important because they show two things that are important for understanding our universe in addition to solidifying the big bang AKA inflationary thoery.

    # First of note is that the study indicates that the universe is geometrically flat, not curved. # This study also gives credence to the thoery that most of the universe is composed of dark matter.

    The discoveries were made by microwave detectors in Antartica, using baloons. The study involved only about 3 percent of the sky, and looked at temperature fluctuations of only 100-millionths of a degree celcius in the CMB.

    1. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Um, stop pretending like you understand what the article is discussing. The CMBR observations did not dictate what the RHIC collaboration is claiming, namely that the early universe was a superfluid -- and, in fact, the linked article isn't claiming that either, merely that it is has essentially zero viscosity.

      (The rest of what you say is correct, but has little to do with the RHIC results, so while it may be Interesting or Informative, it is also Off-Topic.)

    2. Re:Not much of a surprise by onyxruby · · Score: 1
      Hardly offtopic. For the waves to propogate as they have been recorded in CMB would require a medium in which to have traveled. The logical conclusion is that medium was a gas of fluid. Before the universe expanded enough to allow a gas, it had to be something, this would logically have been a fluidic substance since a gas can only occur under a certain pressure. The CMBR results did not dictate the RHIC results, but certainly would have lended credence to their theory they used to do the research in the first place.

      Ergo, when the fluid was there it carried the shockwaves we see today, ergo these waves relate to both the sound that was captured and the state of the early universe. My comment is not offtopic.

    3. Re:Not much of a surprise by jericho4.0 · · Score: 1
      No, it was not 'dictated' by CMB, you're talking out your ass.

      --
      "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing" - Alan Perlis
    4. Re:Not much of a surprise by VStrider · · Score: 1

      First of note is that the study indicates that the universe is geometrically flat, not curved. I had a hard time understanding and convincing myself that string theory and M-theory is (more?) correct and the universe is curved. As far as i understand it, all dimensions are curved; even the four expanded ones, the ones we live in. we just don't feel it, for the same reason we don't feel the earth as a sphere. So, now the universe is flat? Could this be just a mathematical anomaly, because we perceive the beggining of the universe as a point, using classical physics? And if the universe is flat, what happens to M-theory? I'm convinced it's the right way to go about it...it just makes sense...i think :)

      --
      VStrider.
    5. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Of course it's off-topic. It has nothing to do with RHIC's claims regarding the equation of state of quark-gluon plasma. Yes, the universe can be modeled as a fluid. Big deal. That doesn't tell us anything about quark-gluon plasma or the outcome of the RHIC experiment. It doesn't "lend credence" to RHIC either; all the information we've extracted from the CMBR so far does not allow us to probe the quark-gluon phase of the universe. (Maybe in the future.)

    6. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Neither general relativity nor string/M-theory require all dimensions to be curved. In fact, inflationary cosmology requires that the 3 macroscopic dimensions be flat (or very, very, very close to it).

    7. Re:Not much of a surprise by bcrowell · · Score: 4, Informative
      You don't know what you're talking about. The material in your post was all known several years ago. The fact that nuclear matter at high temperatures can be a superfluid (not just a normal fluid) is entirely new and unsuspected, and has nothing to do with what you're talking about in your post.

      For anyone who wants to know something about this, from a source that actually knows something, you might want to start with the wikipedia article on the liquid drop model of the nucleus, and then this one on superfluids in ordinary matter (as opposed to nuclear matter). Nuclear matter in its normal cold state (as found in the nuclei in your body) is a fluid (known since ca. 1930), and is also a superfluid. The mechanism that causes superfluidity in the atomic nucleus is in some ways analogous to the mechanism that causes superfluidity in some types of ordinary (very cold) matter. It's also been known for a long time that if you heated nuclear matter up to high temperatures (on the order of MeV's per nucleon), the superfluidity would vanish. This is exactly analogous to what happens if you heat a superfluid like helium-3 beyond a certain point: it undergoes a phase transition and is no longer a superfluid.

      This new discovery is completely unexpected: if you heat nuclear matter even hotter (to on the order of GeV's per nucleon) it may somehow become a superfluid again (maybe depending on other variables, like pressure). This is the regime where everything is moving at relativistic speeds, and the quarks may actually be free to move around the whole fluid, rather than being bound in sets of three within individual nucleons.

    8. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      I don't think you know what you're talking about, either. The RHIC results being discussed are not referring to a superfluid state of matter; read the papers yourself. No mention of superfluidity, just of a low-viscosity, rapidly thermalizing liquid -- what they refer to as a "color glass condensate". (This is not to say that superfluidity can't occur in QCD; it's just not what the article is talking about.)

    9. Re:Not much of a surprise by VStrider · · Score: 1

      IANAC, but what i understood about string/M-theory is that it requires all dimensions to be curved. Yes, the 3 macroscopic ones are very close to being flat cause of their large radious, but there is a difference between being close to flat but curved and actually being flat, isn't there?

      Actually it doesn't matter whether the radious is too large and close to flat or too small, because there are two properties of a string defining the radious of a dimension. The "vibration" and the "winding". If either one of them increases to R, the other one decreases to 1/R so that the total energy remains the same. And we can only "feel" the large radious of one of these properties.

      general relativity doesn't require this, but general relativity breaks down when you examine the beginning of the universe because of it.

      --
      VStrider.
    10. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, string/M-theory does not require all dimensions to be curved. In fact, it doesn't require any of the dimensions to be curved; e.g. the spacetime R^4 x T^6. In string theory, the spacetime background is fixed, and the effects of gravity come from string interactions, not spacetime curvature (though if you choose a curved spacetime, that affects the gravitational field too). In general relativity, the dimensions do have to be curved if any mass/energy exists, but they can be approximately flat.

    11. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The fact that nuclear matter at high temperatures can be a superfluid (not just a normal fluid) is entirely new and unsuspected

      Strange... I came across some years ago with results predicting that quark stars (if there is such thing, intermediate between a neutron star an a black hole) can have "superfluid" cores. And those cores are not necessarily cold.

      This is the regime where everything is moving at relativistic speeds, and the quarks may actually be free to move around the whole fluid

      I guess that one of the keywords (keyphrases :) ) regarding superfluidity is "strongly interacting". Those systems (quark stars, liquid helium) have in common that the particles are in a regime in which they strongly interact. If in fact the quark-gluon plasma created at RHIC is superfluidic, then the model they used to predict its phase was insufficient.

    12. Re:Not much of a surprise by cheekyboy · · Score: 1

      Like any 'explosion' fom a centre point, it goes outwards, so where is the centre of the universe, that is, a rough center like the center of a supernova. Or did it suck it self senseless in a wizzy dizzy of chaotic mess? Even then you can find the edges and compute the center. So where is this center.

      As skeptics are skeptic on aliens and crop circles, everyone should still be skeptical of a universe thats so young, can you really disproove 100% that the universe isnt infinite in size, but we can only see 15b LY because of all photos dragging themselves lower into the spectrum past IR? In that case an infinite universe is impossible to see, because eventually the photos will redshift so far, they will reach zero or at least get so low as to be absorbed eventually.

      What if our local 30billion wide universe is really a local trillion gallaxy cluster, and there is 100BLY gap until the next 30BLY wide cluster.

      --
      Liberty freedom are no1, not dicks in suits.
    13. Re:Not much of a surprise by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

      You really need to grasp what is meant by Big Bang. Unfortunately the term tends to make people think of firecrackers or propane tank explosions. It is an expansion of space. The universe was once very dense and hot, and began inflating and cooling. There is no center to the universe, or rather, every point is as much the center as any other.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    14. Re:Not much of a surprise by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Like any 'explosion' fom a centre point, it goes outwards, so where is the centre of the universe, that is, a rough center like the center of a supernova. Or did it suck it self senseless in a wizzy dizzy of chaotic mess? Even then you can find the edges and compute the center. So where is this center.

      When we say the universe is expanding, we don't mean that material is moving into some previously empty space. Rather, that the universe is physically becoming larger (i.e., on a whole a fundamental length scale is changing).

      A simple model:

      Inflate a balloon halfway, and pinch the end closed without tying it. Draw a bunch of randomly placed, sort-of-evenly-distributed dots on it with a marker. Each dot is a galaxy. The universe is the surface of the balloon. Inflate the balloon some more. The galaxies get farther apart. The universe has expanded. And there is no center to the universe.

      As skeptics are skeptic on aliens and crop circles, everyone should still be skeptical of a universe thats so young, can you really disproove 100% that the universe isnt infinite in size, but we can only see 15b LY because of all photos dragging themselves lower into the spectrum past IR? In that case an infinite universe is impossible to see, because eventually the photos will redshift so far, they will reach zero or at least get so low as to be absorbed eventually.

      Re: redshifting... It's even worse than that. Before protons and electrons combined to make hydrogen, light could not propagate very far in the universe. So it's probably impossible to use light to look any farther back than the time when the universe cooled down enough for atomic hydrogen to become stable. Fortunately there are other possible techniques for probing this part of the universe's history.

      In any case, AFAIK it's not generally possible to tell the difference between an infinitely large universe and an arbitrarily large but finite universe. All that you can do is to show that it is, or is not, smaller than a some particular size.

  19. I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by millennial · · Score: 1, Interesting

    But is there really a point to this?
    I'm serious. What is the scientific benefit that we can gain from understanding what the universe was like for a microsecond? I'm honestly curious: is there a practical application to this sort of study?

    --
    I am scientifically inaccurate.
    1. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Having been to RHIC, I can say... ...it's because it's really frickin' cool.

    2. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by orpx · · Score: 0

      it proves to be a very good distraction

    3. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Rude+Turnip · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Keep in mind that there have been mathematical formulas hanging around for over 500 years that were utterly useless until technology caught up and we found something practical to do with them. Science isn't about what you can use today...you take what you get when you make discoveries.

    4. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Harish+Rallapali · · Score: 2, Informative

      Obviously nobody profits from the fact that at one time, for a very brief period, the universe acted a little funny.

      However, this has important ramifications in terms of physics. We now know the "what" and "when" - now we need to learn the "why" and "how." Knowledge is never wasted. This may very well be the first baby-step towards warp drive and gravity guns :-)

    5. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm tired of adolescent idiots on Slashdot always thinking there has to be a practical application to something in order to validate it.

      Shut The Fuck Up. STFU.

      Can't something just exist for the "cool" factor alone?

      Nevertheless, yes, there are applications for every scientific discovery/advance. Just use your imagination. If you can't, you're too stupid to understand anyways.

    6. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by rewinn · · Score: 1

      Perhaps if we could figure out where the initial universe got all that energy that eventually turned into little ol' us and a whole lot more of not-us, then we could copy the procedure to generate just a little more energy in a convenient format (subject to a lot of unpleasant scenarios, of course.)

    7. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Wordsmith · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Seeking knowledge for knowledge's sake is a worthwhile endeavor. Every new piece of information leads to a greater understanding of the big picture.

      Besides, "useless" knowledge often proves key to unintendend, unsought, useful advances.

    8. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by MC68000 · · Score: 1

      Because space and time themselves formed during this epoch. The questions involving what space and time intrinsically are remain mysterious. The first microsecond is the most important one in the whole universe.

      --
      E = m c^3 Don't drink and derive E = m c^3
    9. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by TheOriginalRevdoc · · Score: 0, Flamebait

      Yeah, but who seriosuly thinks that particle physics deals with "why" and "how"? All it comes up with are mathematical descriptions, not explanations.

    10. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by millennial · · Score: 1

      Who knows, maybe the Time Cube blinked into and out of exist during this period...
      /i keed.

      --
      I am scientifically inaccurate.
    11. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by VStrider · · Score: 1

      time and space were not as they are today. space expanded after the big bang, and so did time. if we look back at the big bang, alot of things happened in what we perceive today as a microsecond although if you were there it would feel like eons.

      --
      VStrider.
    12. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by niteice · · Score: 1

      Someone mod this insightful. A good chunk of my science class (i'm in 9th grade) seems to think that all this chemistry stuff we just learned is completely useless because they're never going to need chemistry.

      Fucking idiots.

      --
      ROMANES EUNT DOMUS
    13. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What moron modded this "flamebait"? Because it sounds like the truth to me...

    14. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by millennial · · Score: 5, Interesting

      What's even more interesting is the concept that Stephen Hawking and others refer to as 'imaginary time.' Since, as you point out, time expanded alongside space, we can't really measure how old the universe is, since it may be infinitely old from any vantage point within it. (If space was ever infinitely small, then real time is infinite.)

      The 'microsecond' referred to here would be imaginary time. Not imaginary as in 'imaginary numbers' (which don't technically exist but are still useful), but imaginary as in non-relativistic. In other words, the entire process could occur in a microsecond if we reproduced it today, but in relativistic time, it may have, as you said, taken eons.

      --
      I am scientifically inaccurate.
    15. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by halo8 · · Score: 0

      I really really really agree with you.
      and ive read both of Stephan Hawkins books (well the main two, i assume he wrote more)

      But.. it just seems to me.. that physitsts.. all they do is get stoned and write a paper about it.

      "dude.. like imagine.. like.. if the universe was in the form of a liquid.. wow man.. hey are thoes doritoes?"

      --
      The More Knowledge you have the Luckier you Get- J.R. Ewing
    16. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, it's the other way around. Something that happened earlier in the universe very quickly appears to us to have occurred much more slowly, due to cosmological redshift.

    17. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Thanks for feeding the trolls! Have a nice day!

    18. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      You're very confused.

      First, different observers will measure different ages for the universe. But there is a preferred class of observers, comoving with the cosmological fluid (or equivalently, who view the CMBR as isotropic), which we can use to define an absolute "cosmological time" and measure the age that way. The Earth is very close to being in such a frame, so the age we perceive for the universe can be treated as a canonical age.

      The canonical age is also the longest possible time that can be measured; observers moving with respect to such a frame may think that the universe is younger than we do, but none of them will think that it's older (let alone infinitely old).

      I have no idea what you mean by "non-relativistic" and "relativistic" time; there is just time, measured by some observer, in a general-relativistic context. And this doesn't have anything to do with Hawking's imaginary time, which is something else altogether.

    19. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh noes, man seeks reason for existance somewhere other than a book that's been around for less than a hundredth of a percent of that existance, using millions of dollars that, if it had not been spent on this research, would have been better spent buying bigger and better atomic bombs.

      clearly theres a problem with this.

    20. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      but... TEH BIBEL SEZ SO

    21. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by niteice · · Score: 1

      That wasn't troll feeding, he had a very valid point.

      --
      ROMANES EUNT DOMUS
    22. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by jericho4.0 · · Score: 1
      Just because something can be done, and has 'cool' factor, does not mean it should be done. Should India, for example, launch a massive colinization effort on Mars? Probably not.

      Big science costs big money, and that money comes out of the same money that pays for education, roads, defence, etc.

      (I'm not arguing this project is a waste of money)

      --
      "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing" - Alan Perlis
    23. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by millennial · · Score: 1

      The concept of 'frames of observation' is what relativity is all about.
      For example, how relativity relates to the speed of light:
      For reasons not entirely understood, the speed of light is a universal constant. It is not so much a speed as it is a relative velocity. No matter how fast you go (v), the perceived speed of light will always be C+v. The same beam of light can be seen at two entirely different speeds by two people at different speeds. I seem to recall other stories about watches running slightly faster temporarily while in flight, but I doubt their veracity.
      Similarly, if the universe is really, really small, an immense amount of real time would pass during a very brief duration of imaginary time. In the first 'microsecond' of the universe's existence, billions of years may have passed for whatever could observe the universe.

      --
      I am scientifically inaccurate.
    24. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, when the big crunch comes, we're going to need to know how to get back out intact...

      Alternatively, in the big freeze scenario we'll need to know how to jumpstart another universe and migrate into it.

      Living forever takes work, damnit!

    25. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I assure you, I know what relativity is all about. And I stand by my original statement. Your use of the term "imaginary time" is incorrect; there is something called imaginary time, but it has nothing to do with what you're talking about. In relativity, there are not two kinds of time, "real" and "imaginary". There is just proper time as measured by different observers. And those observers are always within the universe; there is no external observer who can "observe the universe" using "real time".

    26. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by pipingguy · · Score: 3, Funny


      What's even more interesting is the concept that Stephen Hawking and others refer to as 'imaginary time.' Since, as you point out, time expanded alongside space, we can't really measure how old the universe is, since it may be infinitely old from any vantage point within it. (If space was ever infinitely small, then real time is infinite.)

      I've been wanting to get paid for this imaginary time for decades, but somehow various employers haven't approved the timesheets. And they've not bought into the idea that I've been solving their problems on the existential plane and working while sleeping (or travelling to work). Then again, I don't have a Ph.D.

      Fucking ungrateful bastards.

    27. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Should India, for example, launch a massive colinization effort on Mars? Probably not."

      Your a rasit. And its spellled "colonization", you ingoramis.

    28. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Jamu · · Score: 1

      I'm honestly curious: is there a practical application to this sort of study?

      Good question. But one that'll only have an answer when there's a practical application.

      --
      Who ordered that?
    29. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Barlo_Mung_42 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      For now it's more of a philosophical curiosity than anything else. The search for the answer to the question of where this all came from.
      Look how many people in this thread posted some reference to Genesis. It's the same search in a way. But instead of just making it up or believing in the made up, this method tries to find some data to back the answer up with.

    30. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by xPsi · · Score: 2, Interesting
      The question is a fair one. First, I claim that understanding the universe is probably itself a pretty reasonable pursuit. But philosophy aside, the goal of the RHIC experiments is not primarily to study the early universe (although that is a natural consequence of what they are doing). The main goal is to study bulk nuclear matter under extreme conditions. "Bulk" in this context meaning "whole nuclei" as opposed to just a couple protons or quarks. "Extreme" meaning ultrarelativistic (v~c) collisions. That is, in effect, to study the phase diagram of nuclear matter (as opposed to "atomic matter", the usual stuff we do chemistry with) by heating it with violent collisions (the temperature of this fluid is estimated to be about a trillion degrees C).

      In principle, understanding the fundamental nature of nuclear matter could have tremendous technological consequences -- in principle. Direct technology from perfect partonic fluids will probably not happen in five years but perhaps in twenty, fifty, or one hundred years. In the mid-to-late 19th century, people asked the same sorts of question the parent is asking about electricity and magnetism: "what's it all good for anyway." I think we all know where that went. The Department of Energy in the US, the main benefactor of the RHIC project, generally supports this sort of basic research precisely because it often leads to huge technological breakthroughs.

      But it isn't just a pipe dream of future technology that drives the DOE. They know that in the process of simply trying to do something as crazy as finding a quark-gluon plasma or a perfect partonic fluid involves learning a lot of new stuff about existing technology and pushing it to its limits. You have to build massive detectors, huge computing facilities, and have ultra-fast electronics to handle the data rates. You also need to educate, train, and employ thousands of Ph.D.'s -- a sure way to ensure some fraction of the population are trained scientists. All of this drives technology in big ways the private sector just can't afford to do -- precisely because there is no profit involved in this kind of dabbling. But in the end everybody wins because even if perfect partonic fluids never become useful, the technology needed to figure that out trickles down perhaps contributing to vastly to future technology.

      --
      i\hbar\dot{\psi}=\hat{H}\psi
    31. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "'imaginary numbers' (which don't technically exist...)".

      Eh, uh. No mathematical object 'technically exists'. Why single out imaginary numbers? Because of the name?

      And, yes, I am a mathematician.

    32. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by VanillaCoke420 · · Score: 1

      Why must there be immediate practical applications for everything?

    33. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by JohnFluxx · · Score: 1

      Going offtopic, but:

      > 'imaginary numbers' (which don't technically exist but are still useful),

      This is a bit of a misnomer.. 'real numbers' don't exist either. We can give meaning to real numbers (This number means the height of person in meters) but we can also give meaning to complex numbers (the real bit means kinetic energy, imaginary bit means potential energy - as used in oscillations, which is a huge part, if not majority, of physics)

    34. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Mant · · Score: 1

      How it was at the very begging directly effects how it is now. The scientific benefit of understanding anything is pretty much understanding it. It may or may not help in other areas of science, but the purpose of science is to understand things.

      As for practical knowledge, who knows? Maybe one day knowledge gained here will help with something practical. If we limited scientific research based on that, we wouldn't have a lot less research.

    35. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Considering that 90% of what YOU spelled is WRONG, shove your balls up your ass and SHUT UP. Oh, and get me another papadum, and some lamb curry.

    36. Re:I hate to sound like I'm trolling... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      FWIW, meta-modded unfair.

  20. Good read on Quantum Gravity by Quirk · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    I read Lee Smolin's book Three Roads to Quantum Gravity over Xmas and thought it was a good read. It provides a good overview to string theory and the inherent problems and proposed solutions.

    --
    "Academicians are more likely to share each other's toothbrush than each other's nomenclature."
    Cohen
    1. Re:Good read on Quantum Gravity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Errrr, Quantum Gravity is a good try but trying to smash Relativity and Quatum Theory together hasn't worked in the past and there are faults and more will be found with this theory. If we are ever going to get it right we are gonna have to start fresh with a new approach. Everyone knows the Relativity and Quantum physics don't mix and that both have flaws. Even Einstein saw that this didn't work and that both theories were wrong. Its a good read but not very enlightening.

  21. wow by Catcher80 · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Yeah...but what is a hotdog made of?

    Nah... I'm incredibly glad I'm not in charge of finding out anything of importance of this magnitude. MAJOR props to anyone willing to go through those college courses to get the job positions to enable them to find out this cool stuff and share it with the world.

    --
    I sell out to The Man every day.
  22. For the scientific atheists... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Genesis 1
    -------------
    3: And God said, Let there be light: and there was light
    ...boom...
    6: And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
    "the quarks and gluons behaved as a liquid - in fact an almost perfect liquid."
    "The Universe is believed to have been in this state in the first microsecond after the Big Bang"
    9: And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
    "Later the quarks and gluons were trapped in the nuclear particles that the visible universe is composed of today"

    Almost enough to make one a scientific believer. Finally, science is coming close to the Truth!

    (Please mod +5 troll lol)

    1. Re:For the scientific atheists... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      > (Please mod +5 troll lol)

      +5, Insightful.

      If God exists, you've got a better grasp of what "omniscient" and "omnipotent" mean than any young-earth creationist.

      Here are two Gods - which one's more worthy of worship? The fundie god who cranks out the things you can understand (rocks, trees)? Or the one who creates things you can't understand, like universes that evolve intelligent life based on nothing more than a handful of physical constants and then letting the math and physics take care of the rest?

      It's the difference between someone cutting and pasting clipart into MS paint, or the guys at Pixar who have to write the rendering engine before they even get started on the movie.

      Can't speak for you, but I know which God I'd rather worship. (The funny bit is that it's the same God - but the fundies refuse to give Him any credit :)

    2. Re:For the scientific atheists... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      ..or simply take Occams Razor to your post and leave out the "god" parts. It still makes sense, and a whole lot of verbiage has been stripped from it.

    3. Re:For the scientific atheists... by changcho · · Score: 1

      "Almost enough to make one a scientific believer. Finally, science is coming close to the Truth!" You are, of course, joking...but it's not very funny.

  23. "Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfluid" by TCM · · Score: 5, Funny

    Splendid, Mr. Data. Continue with your research. Dismissed.

    --
    Of course it runs NetBSD. BTC: 1NT7QvbetmANwaMzhpVL6
    1. Re:"Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfluid" by momerath2003 · · Score: 1

      Well done.

      --
      I had but a simple dream, to destroy all humans.
  24. Bible reference by beaver1024 · · Score: 1, Interesting

    In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.Genesis 1:1-2.

    1. Re:Bible reference by rewinn · · Score: 1

      >the Spirit of God was hovering over the face

      God's Chosen Spirit is, IIRC, aqua vit. But whose was the face?

    2. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Well done. You've managed to find a sentence in Genesis that contains the phrase "waters". Obviously God was alluding to the superfluid state of the early universe. How could we have been so stupid not to see it before now? That's it, I'm converting to Christianity. Obviously a religion whose holy book contains information about quantum particles is The Truth[tm].

    3. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A verse that is specifically talking about the beginning of the creation of the universe that has the term "waters", while maybe just a coincidence, is a little more impressive than just "find a sentence in Genesis that contains the phrase 'waters'".

    4. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Pardon me... but that's the biggest pile of bullshit i've ever heard.

    5. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      and i was talking to the bible referencer

    6. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      hmmmm..... church since i was 5 years old.... can't say i wasn't exposed

    7. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Not particularly. It's about as impressive as interpreting Nostradamus saying something like "stones will fall from the sky" as evidence that he foresaw Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or interpreting lines on a cake as a picture of Jesus.

      People do it all the time because we are hard-wired to spot patterns. People will spot patterns in entirely random data.

      You can differentiate between stupid people and smart people because the smart people will spot the patterns and realise that it doesn't mean anything, while the stupid people will use it as evidence that their pet belief (conspiracy theory, mythology, etc) is true.

      Finding the word "waters" in a book about creation? I'd say that's 100% certain. Even a layman's explanation of evolution would include it. This doesn't mean Charles Darwin understood the origins of the universe, does it?

    8. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And you still have the theology of a toddler today.

    9. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      How so?

    10. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Finding the word "waters" in a book about creation? I'd say that's 100% certain.

      Okay, how about you test your theory and find 3 creation stories (besides Genesis) that begin with a world/universe of water. Then get back to me.

    11. Re:Bible reference by shipwreckedkenny · · Score: 1

      wow.... i agree

    12. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      i'm waiting.......

    13. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      find 3 creation stories (besides Genesis) that begin with a world/universe of water

      1. That isn't what I said. I said "contains the word 'waters'". I did not say "begins with a world/universe of water".

      2. Genesis does not begin with a world/universe of water. It just happens to contain the word "waters".

    14. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Obviously "disagrees with him" == "theology of a toddler".

    15. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      so anyone who doesnt belive the same as you has the theology of a toddler? you sound like a stereo-typical american to me....

    16. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Tossing out any alignment of Genesis with science out of hand. Not considering the nature of God beyond a sub-human being without feeling or body. Placing any discussion of God into the category of myth and justifying a disbelief in God because "weak" people need a "crutch". And at the same time not considering the weakness of an atheist hiding from a disfavorable judgement of the actions throughout his life.

      The theology of a toddler refuses to see God as anything more than a big, invisible adult or rulekeeper that if they want to do what they want, then they must hide from the adult. They are unwilling to consider any perspective that might place them in the wrong, or likewise actively protect themselves from having to consider the perspective by creating or using spurious arguments to discount the beliefs of billions.

    17. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Read it again, moron. I was saying that he obviously thinks that.

    18. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Tossing out any alignment of Genesis with science out of hand.

      He didn't toss out any alignment of Genesis with science. He tossed out this particular alignment of Genesis with science.

      I did the same thing, because it shows no understanding of either the science or Genesis, and the same type of parallel could be found by grep and any other creation myth.

      Not considering the nature of God beyond a sub-human being without feeling or body. Placing any discussion of God into the category of myth and justifying a disbelief in God because "weak" people need a "crutch".

      That's funny, did he write that bit in invisible ink? Because he didn't say anything of the sort in his comment as far as I can see.

    19. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Impatient too...

    20. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      hmmmm.... so whose side are you on

    21. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      same type of parallel could be found by grep and any other creation myth.

      The theology of a toddler also does not realize the variety of religion because he is so steeped in the culture of Christianity.

    22. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Genesis 1:6-8

      6 Then God said, "Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." 7 God made the expanse, and separated the waters which were below the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so. 8 God called the expanse heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

    23. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      i just belive in science.... not the bible. You can prove science (at least more than the bible or any religion for that matter) and i dont need a "crutch" to help me understand what we dont understand. and it may seem that i have "the theology of a todler" only because of the fact that i cant write. ill kick your ass in math and science....

    24. Re:Bible reference by CrazyJim1 · · Score: 1

      I was thinking the same thing when I read it. *shrugs* God spoke with me, so I know he's real. I can't say I can figure all the details though.

    25. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      " ill kick your ass in math and science...."

      Doubt it.

      I got straight A's in math and science (through modern physics and differential equations). I also was the top of the class in C programming at a local college as an 11 year old.

      Just because you choose to ignore theology doesn't make you better for it.

    26. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      1)your probably right.... i most likely couldnt kick your ass in math but you get the point 2) i dont ignore theology... i just really dont agree with alot of it

    27. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      screw this. im going to sleep. belive as you wish and dont push it on people. im going to sleep.

      by the way...this is the athiest guy who started this....

    28. Re:Bible reference by aristotle-dude · · Score: 0, Flamebait

      Grow the fuck up mods. Can't handle the truth eh Nazis?

      --
      Jesus was a compassionate social conservative who called individuals to sin no more.
    29. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dude, shut the fuck up and stop being obsessed about /. karma.
      Calling the moderators nazis won't help you either.

      And stop shoving the religious crap down our throats.

      Here's a newsflash for you: There is no god. As far as we know today, we are alone in this universe.
      It's about time we start exploring it and stop wasting time by going to church.

    30. Re:Bible reference by Barlo_Mung_42 · · Score: 1

      Ok. But it was only fluid for a microsecond. Not some number of days let alone solid AND inhabited by the end of 7. So honestly, what does Genesis have to do with this at all?

    31. Re:Bible reference by Muttley · · Score: 1

      if you can't write, it doesn't matter how good you are in 'math and science' because you are still an idiot.

      communication is more important than solving assigned problems with assigned answers. learn to write well while you can and then you will be a better scientist, communicator and educator for it.

      --
      M.
    32. Re:Bible reference by moz25 · · Score: 1

      Well, that is certainly easier to read than all that science mumbo-jumbo with gluons and what not ;-)

    33. Re:Bible reference by VanillaCoke420 · · Score: 1

      I suppose you have a point, that you will reveal at a later time?

    34. Re:Bible reference by Foolomon · · Score: 1

      Perhaps, but someone needs to tell Him that Mary's been hanging around underneath the overpass near the truck stop again.

    35. Re:Bible reference by teknickle · · Score: 1

      Get off of the '7 days' issue. Before you can chew solid food, you must first be weened from your mother's tit. (to paraphrase the words of Paul)

      I have a photograph on my desk of myself and a loved one. If someone asks me 'how tall are you' I say '6 foot'. But then they pull out a ruler and measure that I am a mere 3" tall. Now I can argue until I am blue in the face that I am indeed 6'0" tall, but they (and they would be correct in their minds) that I am only 3" tall.

      The same holds true for the first 7 days of creation. They are NOT LITERAL 24 hour days (as was TERRIBLY argued in the Scopes Trial).

      It is a reference point for how things fell into place along that stretch of time. Those days might not have even been equal according to our current methods of measuring 'time'.

    36. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's "weaned" you weener.

    37. Re:Bible reference by sydres · · Score: 1

      hey the only maries I have seen under overpass most definately weren't of the virgin type

    38. Re:Bible reference by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's nice that you've found that the bible predicted this. Now if you'd come up with a theory about the superfluidity of the early universe *before* reading an article about it, based on the bible, that would bear some weight.

      Nostradamus made a bunch of predictions that turned out to have similarity with real events.

      Bottom line: predictions only count when they are specific enough to act on. That particular verse could be interpreted about a bajillion ways. Before you found something it could predict, it wasn't predicting anything.

    39. Re:Bible reference by teknickle · · Score: 1

      LOL. And thanks for saying 'weener' as opposed to being a wiener.

    40. Re:Bible reference by shipwreckedkenny · · Score: 1

      i belive you are correct

    41. Re:Bible reference by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      How about this: that the creation of the universe has basically nothing in common with the description in Genesis? In fact, there are *two* incompatible descriptions *within* Genesis, derived from different sources.

      Do you also believe that the sky is a hard dome, with little holes in it? And there is water above the holes, which sometimes comes down as rain, and when it is night, light is shining through the holes to make stars? Because that's what is separating the waters in the Genesis story.

    42. Re:Bible reference by teknickle · · Score: 1

      The only thing more combatant than secular humanism to Christianity is a mutant Christian (aka nutjob or zealot) that strays from the true meaning in the Bible.

      There are NOT 2 incompatible descriptions.
      What you are referring to is the misinterpretation of the Hebrew word raqiya'.

      You didn't attend some lecture down in Florida by Paul H. Seely, did you? He steps to the beat of his own drum and is out of step with the Christian community.

      Read some commentary here:
      http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v13/i2/f irmamen t.asp

      There really is a lot of Truth in the Bible.
      And don't get caught up in other peoples interpretations (study Hebrew root words --and Greek for New Testament to get a better understanding).

      It reminds me of when I lived overseas and watched American movies like 'Ace Ventura: Pet Detective'. No one (except myself) was laughing in the theater for Ace Ventura.
      I began reading the subtitles while listening to the dialogue. While the translation could be considered accurate, every punchline and sarcastic statement was diffused with literal translations.

      Our expression are much different than our friends overseas, and not a single idea got communicated as the director would have intended.

      Bible is very similar when language was used in translation to make it easier for us to relate to, but at the same time understand the differences.
      (like the fact that English only has one word for father and translate Abba kind of loses its powerful context).

      I am sure you can find more people that come out of the woodwork that will turn and twist phrases and meanings to their liking and they all lack a true relationship with God. Organized religion does make people lukewarm and seek out answers they want to hear and not to discover TRUTH.

    43. Re:Bible reference by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      I'm talking about two separate issues.

      1) There are at least two *sequences* of creation, coming from the two different sources. One in which man is created before the plants and animals, and one in which man is created after.

      2) The issue of a raqiya', which I had heard about long before 1991, and I've never heard of Seely. The article you link to is a whole lot of argument to avoid the simplest possible interpretation: the firmament separating the waters is the same picture that the article admits was a common cosmology. The argument you link to is largely based on the supposition that an ancient Hebrew word is referring to modern concepts such as "atmosphere" and "interstellar space."

      The fact is that the ancient Hebrew people were nomads without any significant scientific knowledge. The most likely scenario is that unsophisticated people would have an unsophisticated cosmology. Instead, you literalists twist and contort yourselves to "prove" that Genesis is compatible with modern scientific knowledge.

      That makes sense only to people who make the initial assumption that Genesis is literally true. Why? What do you gain from that? Just some kind of comfort that because you can "prove" it 100% accurate, it must be straight from God. But that is only what you assumed in the first place.

      The point is not that there are passages in Genesis that are 100% incompatible with modern cosmology; the language is too poetic and figurative for that kind of proof. The point is that since the language *is* poetic and figurative, that you should probably consider it *as* poetic and figurative, and the idea that it is 100% scientifically accurate is bizzare.

      When you read Genesis, about 90% of modern cosmological knowledge requires some special pleading about the inadequacy of ancient Hebrew to be scientifically precise. Yet you literalists insist it is still 100% accurate. That just isn't persuasive. I prefer the interpretation that the writers of Genesis just didn't have good information on the topic, and if God was involved, being 100% scientifically accurate was not the point. Otherwise, He would have put the scientific terms in ancient Hebrew, and we would be celebrating all the amazing Hebrew astronomers who even knew the Hubble constant.

  25. Liquids and Gasses are Fluids by theblacksun · · Score: 4, Informative

    The term fluid applies to both states of matter. I'm thinking the proper term for the universe would be superliquid.

    --
    Ignorance kills, complacency kills, hatred kills, but usually not the ones guilty of them.
    1. Re:Liquids and Gasses are Fluids by RaffiRai · · Score: 2, Informative

      Indeed, the definition of fluid also includes Plasmas and some plastic solids.

      The simple high-school chemistry definition is matter with no definite shape.

      Wikipedia article here.

    2. Re:Liquids and Gasses are Fluids by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ok this is very wrong. When in the article did it say that the Quarks acted as a liquid or were in the state of a liquid? It didn't because it was not in the liquid state. Qaurks can't make a liquid but they can form a gas. This gas happens to act like a superfluid. Secondly, the term fluid applies to all states of matter. The correct term for this phenomenon is a superfluid. I'm not going to go find definitions for you because you can type them up on google yourself. But its suffice to say that the guys with Ph.D's and the professional engineers are right.

    3. Re:Liquids and Gasses are Fluids by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative
      When in the article did it say that the Quarks acted as a liquid or were in the state of a liquid?

      The part where they say, "The truly stunning finding at RHIC that the new state of matter created in the collisions of gold ions is more like a liquid than a gas gives us a profound insight into the earliest moments of the universe", for instance.
      Qaurks can't make a liquid but they can form a gas. This gas happens to act like a superfluid.

      This is wrong. Quark-gluon plasma doesn't behave like a superfluid. However, it does behave like a low-viscosity liquid, in some states, according to RHIC.
      The correct term for this phenomenon is a superfluid. I'm not going to go find definitions for you because you can type them up on google yourself.

      A superfluid state occurs when you have condensation of a finite fraction of bosons (true particles or quasiparticles) into the ground state (Bose-Einstein condensation) in a way that leads to non-classical rotational inertia. The article is not talking about a superfluid state.
    4. Re:Liquids and Gasses are Fluids by pipingguy · · Score: 1


      Yes, but one is compressible and the other is (largely) not. Solids also flow, if the particles are small enough, but that is not at the molecular level.

      I'm thinking the proper term for the universe would be "superconfusing" for most non-PhD reseachers without funding. With funding dollars, it all becomes clearer.

  26. This ain't superfluid, dammit. by caffeinated_bunsen · · Score: 4, Informative
    First the nanotube article, which made the mistake of thinking "really good conductor == superconductor" and now "really low-viscosity fluid == superfluid."

    Superfluid means more than low viscosity. Specifically, it indicates that the fluid is a degenarate Bose system, which the quark-gluon whateverthefuckitis is not. But the article submitter probably reads science articles in Wired and the NYT, and thinks he can throw the cool-sounding jargon around without anybody noticing that it's bullshit.

    --

    Bugrit! Millenium hand and shrimp!
    1. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by caffeinated_bunsen · · Score: 1

      And holy shit, I can't spell degenerate. I even previewed that...

      --

      Bugrit! Millenium hand and shrimp!
    2. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Art+Tatum · · Score: 1

      I had a degenerate Bose system. It wasn't always that way, but I knocked it over by accident one night.

    3. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      uhhh they never said it was a superfluid they said it acted near enough to be treated like a superfluid. Thats means that the equations for superfluids produce a good approximation to the data they are observing. You may say that good in not perfect but nothing in science ever is. The math and systems that we have come up with only attempt to model and describe nature to a reasonable level. In no way is anything in physics like this exact. We can only make assumptions and extrapolate the data that we collect. This is called theoretical physics and math where nothing is exact and everything is theory.

    4. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by bcrowell · · Score: 4, Informative

      Specifically, it indicates that the fluid is a degenarate Bose system, which the quark-gluon whateverthefuckitis is not.
      Some superfluids are degenerate Bose systems, e.g., helium-4. But some are fermionic, e.g., helium-3, or nuclear matter in its ordinary (cold) state.

    5. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, despite having low-viscosity, the "color glass condensate" they're discussing is very different from a superfluid, and cannot be approximated by a superfluid wavefunction.

    6. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Yeah, but even in He-3, you're still effectively talking about a degenerate Bose system, because the fermions pair up into boson quasiparticles a la Cooper pair in BCS superconductivity. You need Bose-Einstein condensation -- whether exact or effective -- to get superfluidity to work.

    7. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Quantum+Fizz · · Score: 3, Informative
      The slashdot writeup uses the wrong terminology, but it's a similar concept. So whoever put the title as 'superfluid' was mistaken and should have written 'perfect fluid'.

      A superfluid refers to a viscosity-less fluid. The most common being He4, which is easy to produce, just cool liquid helium down to about 2.2K. This has to do with the quantum interactions between the helium atoms, and is similar but different to a Bose-Einstein Condensate. The He4 atoms have an even number of fermions (two protons, two neutrons, 2 electrons) and act like Bosons. Ie, they aren't restricted to Pauli Exclusion principle, and can all be in the same state.

      Another superfluid can come from He3, a rarer isotope of helium. The He3 atoms themselves, now having an odd number of fermions, act like fermions, and obey Pauli Exclusion. However, at cold enough temperatures (a few mK) they can pair together, thereby acting like a Boson, and can also form a superfluid. This is a process fairly similar to the Cooper pairing of two electrons in a superconductor (in the superconductor the normally repulsive electrons are paired through a phonon interchange mediated through the material's lattice).

      Now regarding the quark-gluon soup, the physicists are talking about a perfect fluid. I just saw a physics colloquium by one of these researchers a few weeks ago, and unfortunately I don't remember the details. But basically if you take a ratio or some other mathematical function of the viscosity and another hydrodynamic parameter I can't remember, like surface tension or something, in a perfect fluid these approach some standard value such as unity or zero or some such. (this confuses me now because the ratio in question is either zero or infinity if a helium superfluid viscosity is exactly zero, so this is why i am hesitant to say anything definitively about which mathematical function or quantities are measured).

      No such perfect fluid is known to exist, and of all known fluids the closest one can come to it is a cryogenic superfluid, which has a value like 4 or 4pi or something like that. All other known fluids have this value substantially larger.

      Regarding the quark-plasma soup, I believe the speaker said this wouldn' necessarily display the same properties of a quantum superfluid, maybe not perfect viscosity, I really don't remember exactly. I was trying to talk to him a bit afterwards, but I didn't know enough about the physics of superfluidity to really get into the details.

    8. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by myowntrueself · · Score: 1

      "or nuclear matter in its ordinary (cold) state"

      So glass really is a superfluid then?

      --
      In the free world the media isn't government run; the government is media run.
    9. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by xPsi · · Score: 1
      As the parent suggests, the system created at RHIC not a superfluid. But I don't think this was ever the claim.

      The article submitter uses the term "perfect fluid." Indeed the language that is actually used in both the article and the STAR white paper (a technical summary from one of the four RHIC experiments) is, in fact, "perfect fluid" (see p.42 in the link below). In the white paper, the term is also used in quotes and is qualified by the clarification that this means, in this context, a fluid free of of viscosity.

      STAR white paper

      --
      i\hbar\dot{\psi}=\hat{H}\psi
    10. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm not sure why you're bringing glass into this but it isn't a liquid. In liquids the molecules move freely but still have enough attraction for eachother to cluster together. In glass you have a bunch of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together so that they're fixed in place. However, glass is different from most solids in that it has no crystalline structure. All of the bonds between silicon and oxygen atoms are in random directions.

    11. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by myowntrueself · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      "I'm not sure why you're bringing glass into this but it isn't a liquid."

      I forgot the smiley, it was a play on the old urban myth about glass is a liquid.

      It'll get modded 'off topic' now, you watch.

      :)

      --
      In the free world the media isn't government run; the government is media run.
    12. Re:This ain't superfluid, dammit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A parameter that can be used to characterized the closeness of a given fluid to being perfect is the ratio of its viscosity to its volume density of entropy. This ratio is conjectured to be always larger than hbar/(4 pi) (hbar being the Planck constant).

      At first sight this conjecture is violated by superfluid helium. But according to Landau superfluid helium at nonzero temperature can be thought of as having two components: the superfluid component which can flow without friction, and the normal component which has finite viscosity. The viscosity of the normal component satisfies the conjecture.

      See this article or this blog.

  27. light travel problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If the universe is ~6.8 billion years old,
    how can we see things that are 40 Billion light years away?

    1. Re:light travel problem by rewinn · · Score: 1

      By waiting about 33.2 Billion years

    2. Re:light travel problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      I'll bite.

      The universe is not 6.8 billion years old. It's far older and the proof is our sun. Sol is a third generation star, its makeup is proof in that it's a meager yellow dwarf which will grow large then collapse into a white dwarf. Its parent and grandparent detonated in an amazing supernova which led to the ignition of Sol.

      The fact that our solar system is full of heavier elements is proof of our sun's age and lineage. Each atom of lithium, carbon and iron was created in the heat of a supernova.

    3. Re:light travel problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      See this FAQ.

      P.S. The universe is about 13.7 billion years old, twice what you said.

  28. Mmm... by Fjornir · · Score: 4, Funny

    Why you whippersnappers! I remember before we had Data suggesting superfluid universes we had Spock. Spock was always solid and reliable. Spock taught us how to be people none of this gibberish about the beginnign of universes... Why at Amok Time he said, ""It is undignified for a woman to play servant to a man who is not hers." -- and that's as true now as it was then.

    --
    I want a new world. I think this one is broken.
  29. So is it good for... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So, lets see if I can distill this down into laymans terms.

    If one were to put some Early Universe (tm), into their engines crankcase, it would make it last longer, and get better milage?

    Me? I'm skepty-cal...

    I mean, with all those gluons in the mix, it seems like it would slow things down, even if it is in fact, an almost perfect liquid (tm).

  30. Wow, a 1000 billion! by MeatEntity · · Score: 1

    ..more than 1000 billion degrees.

    Aw, damn. I always thought it was a hundred gazillion bazillion degrees. Isn't that just 1 trillion to us laymen?

    1. Re:Wow, a 1000 billion! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's a trillion in the American system. Its a milliard or billiard or somesuch in the British nomenclature. So to keep the article readable to the English speaking world, maybe they should just use scientific notation: "folks, we have twelve zeroes here."

  31. Wait a gosh darned minute by Craig_P92669 · · Score: 1

    I thought it was SuperFly.

    --
    http://xs4.xs.to/pics/04481/p556222.gif
  32. Whats the big deal? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Compress a gas enough and it behaves like a liquid. (Supercritical fluid) So what is the big revalation here? Look for on slashdot for "Earliest universe ever was a solid!" soon.

  33. We call it a Trillion by Overzeetop · · Score: 4, Informative

    Yes, thousands of Billions, because people are too stupid to know that the word Trillion exists?

    Well, now I know why nobody is worried about the US national debt. 7 Trillion is, like, practially nothing. Let me know when we get to 7000 Billion and I'll start getting worried. And don't tell me that millions of millions crap - it just gets confusing. Besides, a million isn't as much as it used to be. Inflation, you know.

    Hint: after Trillion, the next is Quadrillion, and then (hold you breath) Quintillion. Gosh it's, like, a pattern!

    --
    Is it just my observation, or are there way too many stupid people in the world?
    1. Re:We call it a Trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Not to us brits. Our have a different naming scheme, that counts by factors of 6 after a factor of 18, as opposed to by factors of 3 after 3.

      109 - millard (billion)
      1018 - billion (quintillion)
      1024 - trillion (septillion)

      And so forth.

      You insensitive clod!

    2. Re:We call it a Trillion by rossdee · · Score: 2, Funny

      "Hint: if you're not american, after billion comes billiard."

      And what comes after Billiards?

      Snooker ?

    3. Re:We call it a Trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We call it Billion in Europe. You guys don't have Milliard. That is cool unit.

    4. Re:We call it a Trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      Trillion. See Names of large numbers..

    5. Re:We call it a Trillion by menace3society · · Score: 1

      Actually, in most places after billion comes 'billiard.' It's just us damn yanks that always jump the gun on these things and want to start changing the root of the word before we're supposed to.

    6. Re:We call it a Trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Unless you're unamerican. Look up "milliard". Generally, though, they manage to use multiples of million to keep everyone on the same order of magnitude.

    7. Re:We call it a Trillion by strider44 · · Score: 1


      *sigh* you're american so I suppose I can forgive you for ignorance.
      </joke>

      For pretty much everyone who speaks English (as opposed to American) until perhaps very recently it goes like this:

      10^3: Thousand
      10^6: Million
      10^9: Millard (not commonly used)
      10^12: Billion
      10^15: Billard (not commonly used)
      10^18: Trillian
      and so on.
      According to their meanings, Million means one set of 6 zeros. Billion means two sets of 6 zeros. Trillion means three, and then there's quadrillion, quintillion etc.

      Officially in science the newer "short scale" (which is the scale you are mentioning) is used. I'm pretty sure it's now officially the scale of Britain and Australia. However, especially when the audience of a specific paper is international, saying "one thousand million" or "one million million" or, much better, "10^9", avoids confusion, since it is not official in all countries. However looking back at the comment I just made, saying "1000 billion" avoids no confusion, since it could read "10^12" or "10^15", perhaps it means "10^15" since he didn't say "trillion". I don't know, I haven't read the article.

    8. Re:We call it a Trillion by sbryant · · Score: 3, Informative

      10^9: Millard (not commonly used)

      Not in English so much, but very common in German. A billion in Germany is always 10^12, and never 10^9.

      Damn those 17th century Frenchies for changing the 200 year old long scale to the short scale, I say! Well, the Germans may not be known for their humour, but they are very good engineers, and they don't like their mathematical standards being changed. Actually, the Americans only changed because they were on better terms with the French than the British after their revolution.

      I wasn't aware that the official scale in the UK and Oz had been changed, but when I did physics and maths at school, we never used "million" or "billion" as terms - we always had to specify large numbers like this: 1.234 * 10^12.

      Here's a link with more info on the subject.

      -- Steve

    9. Re:We call it a Trillion by hashwolf · · Score: 1

      Here is what a value in trillions looks like.

      Enjoy.

      --
      - "They misunderestimated me."
  34. Turtles by Profane+MuthaFucka · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    It's exotic matter superfluid turtles... ALL the fucking way down!

    --
    Fascism trolls keeping me up every night. When I starts a preachin', he HITS ME WITH HIS REICH!
  35. Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by spankey51 · · Score: 2, Funny

    Yeah Ted? Well there is a new Pope in town... And he is pissed! You have, as of late, chosen to acknowledge the existance of: 1- Quarks, 2- Gluons, 3- the scientific method, and worst of all: 4- the "big bang." You are a witch and will be prosecuted as such... just as soon as everyone gets back from the Imax theater.

    --
    -ubuntu others as you would have others ubuntu you.
    1. Re:Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Actually, the guy who popularised the theory of the big bang was a catholic priest, and for it was given a medal by the Pope for advancing the cause of religion!*

      You may go wtf? But remember back then the steady state universe was the dominant theory. And so you had all these scientists running around going on about how creation was a crock because they had *proof* that the universe had always been the way it was, and that to even suggest that it could have appeared out of nothing was errant nonsense.

      So nice try at a troll, but no biscuit for you! Get back under the bridge till you come up with something better!

      *Or something like that.

      Here's an article that explains this
      http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/ sc0022.html/

      NB: time to Google that baby up, less than 30 seconds!

      From the article:

      For his work, Lemaitre was inducted as a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium. An international commission awarded him the Francqui Prize. The archbishop of Malines, Cardinal Josef Van Roey, made Lemaitre a canon of the cathedral in 1935. The next year Pope Pius XI inducted Lemaitre into the Pontifical Academy of Science.

      Okay, my bad, it wasn't a medal from the Pope. Close enough for rock and roll though.

      As a sidenote, this may also help explain some of the hostility of *protestant* fundamentalists to the Big Bang theory.

    2. Re:Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by zuhone · · Score: 1

      I love how people who know practically nothing about the church or Christianity seem to think that they know everything about it. Fact of the matter is that the Roman Catholic church has been saying that the big bang model of the universe's origin and Darwinian theory are correct scientific theories for many years now. John Paul II said this much, it is not likely that someone who has been dubbed his "intellectual bedfellow" is going to say any different. It's time for people to do their homework. Oh, I forgot...this is Slashdot.

    3. Re:Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Catholic belief is not in opposition to the Big Bang theory. In fact, the Catholic Church encouraged the Big Bang theory when it first was bandied about.

      You meant to mock those OTHER religious guys that insist on a literal six 24-hour days to create the cosmos and that don't believe dinosaurs existed (the whole skeleton thing is a hoax), et cetera, because they're never mentioned in the Bible.

    4. Re:Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      He also said that scientist weren't allowed to look into the big bang as this was the ultimate moment of creation, and therefore the work of god.

      You religious types really don't get it, do you? In science nobody can make autoritative statements. Everything has to be backed up by experiments and then goes into peer review. And even then all conclusions are only tentative. The pope, or any other religious leader, simply does not have the authority to make any sort of proclamation either for or against any scientific theory. And if they think they have something useful to contribute they can bloody well go and try to get their paper published in the apropriate peer reviewed scientific journal.

    5. Re:Yeah? Well the white smoke suggests... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      FYI, the Roman popes these days are not much opposed to the Big Bang & scientific method. That distinctive belongs to American (and other) Evangelicalism's many little petty-popes.

  36. I toured the RHIC a while back.. by the_rajah · · Score: 0

    what a kick-ass piece of geek gear!!

    --


    "Do the Right Thing. It will gratify some people and astound the rest." - Mark Twain
  37. I hat e to sound like a grammar nazi... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    But three sentences all meaning the same thing is borderline junior marketing.

    1. Re:I hat e to sound like a grammar nazi... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Rule number one of making fun of peoples' spelling or grammar: any time you do it, no matter how impeccable your own grammar and spelling under normal circumstances, you will make a grammatical or spelling mistake.

  38. Science? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Come on...what is all this science crap?

    We all know that the answer is creationism. All this "research" is a big waste of money!

  39. Superfluid by Luigi30 · · Score: 1

    "We've got Subfluid, Fluid, and Superfluid!"
    "What's Superfluid?"
    "Watch this. HEY YOU! JOIN THE UNIVERSE!"
    "Eh, why not!"

    --
    503 Sig Unavailable

    The Signature could not be accessed. Please try again later or contact the administrator
    1. Re:Superfluid by Neoncow · · Score: 0

      Esreviveu eht nioj!

  40. Three chears for the ludites. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What good can possibly come from understanding the weird behavior of cathode rays, or why alpha particles bounce back from whisper thin sheets of Gold? After all, all that we know and need ever know was clearly prayed into existance.

    Who could possibly care about explaining the precession in Mercury's orbit and crafting a more complete theory of gravity which might one day describe a universe so vast that at the forging of the theory we can't even imagine it possibility?

    It might seem esoteric, and we can make guesses about what these kinds of endevours might make possible. But the truth will likely be stranger if we find the wisdom and courage to see it through. On balance, it is the *most* esoteric pursuits of the past that form the basis of our world today.

    Without the photoelectric effect and relativity I can say with some certainty your life would end. That's largely because you're not a hunter-gather who's only opportunity for sweets comes at the expense of bees who're just looking after themselves.

    If the past is any kind of guide at all, this is the most important form of exploration we could be doing.

    1. Re:Three chears for the ludites. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The difference is that those experiments all dealt with things that can still happen. The Universe is here now; it'd be damn hard to reproduce it.

    2. Re:Three chears for the ludites. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Good god. What a travesty. Those experiments and theories uncovered fundemental truths which others exploited to unimaginable degrees. No one cares that alpha particles bounce off gold atoms any more. Even little kids have comparatively sophisticated understanding of atoms. Insights which the every person who'd lived for the first 20 millenia following the invention of agriculture failed to grasp. The world which is economically important now is the direct legacy of the most esoteric questions of the early 1900s. All of that wealth, so much that the some total of all other human activity, imagine it gone. That's the fucking difference. These truths that are so difficult to unravel are even more fundemental. Trying to guess at what the fruit of those truths might be is even more difficult that asking a man from the turn of the twentieth century to guess at machines that can think, near instantanious world wide communications, images from anywhere within minutes or seconds!, suitcases that can destroy who cities, food so cheap to produce people starve, or a world where man can visit the bodies of the solar system but choses to send mechanical proxies out of expediency.

  41. Only 1000 Billion? by dark+grep · · Score: 0

    Hey, if you live in Perth (Western Australia), in summer it gets to 1000 billion _in the shade_. Hence no doubt West Aussies apreciation of the super-est super fluid of them all - Beer!

  42. Super... by lappy512 · · Score: 0

    What will be next, ultra-fluid? Then mega fluid and...

  43. Shaken, not stirred by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    an almost perfect liquid

    Darn. But only one Universe, so no almost perfect mixer with which to make an almost perfect drink.

  44. Duh to them by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    "Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfluid"

    Yeah but a lot of water has gone under the bridge since then.

    Allsquat

  45. Re:A perfect fluid? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    for a fluid to be considered perfect, it would have to make you feel better the next day, oh and better in bed that night ;-)

  46. Now that that's taken care of... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You can get started on that nastygram to Carl Sagan, and the complaint to the Wall Street Journal about the spelling of Google.

    This is slashdot. You're lucky you didn't get something like "seven times seventy hogsheads of Canadian pennies."

  47. Numbers are naughty!!! by ErikTheRed · · Score: 2, Funny
    Hint: after Trillion, the next is Quadrillion, and then (hold you breath) Quintillion. Gosh it's, like, a pattern!
    You didn't even go to sextillion! If the drier technical definition is hard to grasp, just think of a sextillion as being the amount of pr0n on the 'net.
    --

    Help save the critically endangered Blue Iguana
  48. Supersolids by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    However, it may well be possible for solids to exhibit superfluid flow. How? Imagine the flow of a liquid, except that all the atoms in the liquid have a crystal structure, and that entire structure is flowing in lockstep while maintaining a rigid crystalline structure. When Bose-Einstein condensation comes into play, you can have macroscopic coherence of atoms across the entire bulk of material.

    Kim and Chan at Penn State claim to have created a supersolid state of matter in helium (and now, hydrogen). It's arguably the biggest experimental result in condensed matter physics right now; if confirmed, it will probably mean the Nobel Prize. However, theoretical studies have so far failed to unambiguously predict the existence of such as state of matter; there are arguments for and against, and the dust hasn't settled. If other experimental groups can replicate these results, we'll know for sure, regardless of whether theory has caught up with nature.

    1. Re:Supersolids by Anonym1ty · · Score: 1
      Imagine the flow of a liquid, except that all the atoms in the liquid have a crystal structure, and that entire structure is flowing in lockstep while maintaining a rigid crystalline structure.

      You mean kinda like a glacier?

  49. Think logarithmically by Lapsed+Catholic · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I'm serious. What is the scientific benefit that we can gain from understanding what the universe was like for a microsecond? I'm honestly curious: is there a practical application to this sort of study?

    To understand this you first need to abandon your familiar linear timescale, and learn to think about time logarithmically. This is also important for understanding particle decay times as well- strange particles were originally called "strange" because they hung around for 10e-10 seconds instead of the usual 10e-15 to 10e-20 seconds for particles based on up/down quarks. If particle physicists were thinking on a linear timescale, they would just say "gee all these particles are gone in a jiffy!" and we wouldn't have strange quarks today- with all their accompanying technological advantages!

    Remember, the few billion years that the universe has been around is going to seem like a really short time 10e60 years from now. The slow-moving beings of that era are going to post to their discussion boards asking why anyone would care about what the universe was like for its first 10e10 years.

    1. Re:Think logarithmically by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Assuming, of course, that it lasts 10e60 years...

    2. Re:Think logarithmically by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I can just imagine the jokes..

      In the KOREA of earth, 10e50 years ago, OLD people were damn fast!

      Imagine a beowulf cluster of atomic particles!

      Yes, but does it run Linux 2.7.1.8.2.8.1.7.1.5?

  50. is it theoretically possible, however unlikely by WormholeFiend · · Score: 0

    that some parts of the early super fluid universe were supercaffeinated?

  51. "in fact an almost perfect liquid." by Craig_P92669 · · Score: 2, Funny

    Tequila?

    --
    http://xs4.xs.to/pics/04481/p556222.gif
  52. Cmon guys by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Even FARK got this article before us.

    Dumbasses.

  53. The perfect liquid eh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Something like this superfluid then?

  54. FURTHER proof, my friends: by Herr_Nightingale · · Score: 1

    The scientists themselves suggest that the liquid state is one of a number of states that quark/gluon soups can take, but that the early Universe was still most likely a gas.

    Further proof, should you need it, that hindsight is *not* 20/20. I fscking hate that cliché; here is my public thanks for this story.

  55. A perfect fluid? by Gilmoure · · Score: 1

    You mean 4 parts gin, 1/2 part sweet vermouth and 1/2 part dry?

    Hmmm...martini...

    --
    I drank what? -- Socrates
  56. Icky! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    the Spirit of God was hovering over the face

    Eeeewwww!!! That's disgusting!
    --
    AC

  57. And God saw that it was wet. by fr2asbury · · Score: 1

    Then the universe evaporated. Or uh . .. .something like that.

  58. Mod parent down - incorrect. by dr.+loser · · Score: 4, Informative

    The parent comment is a non-sequitor.

    The CMB results have very little to do with the Brookhaven RHIC results. The CMB uniformity tells you nothing about the hydrodynamic properties of the quark-gluon plasma. The CMB does tell you about the electron-nucleon plasma that happened later.

    And yes, I am a physicist.

  59. Get the papers here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

    The papers from the RHIC collaborations. The "liquid" state of quark-gluon plasma being discussed is called a color glass condensate.

  60. Re:Intel Gluon® by mapmaker · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    I heard that Gluon was one of the rejected names for Intel's new kludgy dual core processor. They decided it was a little too close to home..

  61. Dang this fast-moving thing called science! by mbrother · · Score: 1

    Stuff like this, for an observer like me, is hard to keep on top of. That wouldn't be a big deal, but I have to teach cosmology at the grad level. There go my class notes again. Dang it!

    --
    Professor of Astronomy, Author of Spider Star & Star Dragon (Tor)
  62. Hm.. was this already written in the Quran? by Schumps · · Score: 0

    Al-Qur'an 021.030 as translated by Adnan Oktar: Do those who are disbelievers not see that the heavens and the earth were sewn together and then We unstitched them and that We made from water every living thing? So will they not have faith? Maybe this water refers to quarks and gluons? Again, water being symbolic of course..

    1. Re:Hm.. was this already written in the Quran? by VanillaCoke420 · · Score: 1

      That's the beauty of religious texts. They were written way before humankind was even close to have this sort of knowledge, and yet educated adult people today honestly believe there is some sort of wisdom to gather from these texts - but only in hindsight of course. Before this new state of matter was discovered, water was probably interpreted as water. It's like Nostradamus' predictions that are confirmed only after something happened that someone think fits the prediction.

  63. at first I thought that read... by mr_burns · · Score: 1

    "Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfly"

    --
    "Let him go, Ralph. He knows what he's doing." --Otto Mann (simpsons)
  64. You mean?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You mean to tell us that the universe was creted out of bawls?

  65. A perfect liquid? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    in fact an almost perfect liquid.

    You mean, like this nearly perfect liquid?

  66. Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 0, Redundant

    ..the researchers can create matter that is composed of the fundamental building blocks of nature, quarks and gluons..

    Nothing is more fundamental than simple awareness, from which all matter originates. Quarks and gluons cannot be final as long as they require a conscious observer to give them context. Quarks and gluons are comprised of consciousness, the universe's true primordial building block. Any scientist that fails to make that observation is missing the only part of their theory that truly matters.

    - IP

    1. Re:Nope by the_2nd_coming · · Score: 2

      yeah.. umm.. see.. we have, as a society, moved beyond meta-physics and into real physics. thanks for playing though.

      --



      I am the Alpha and the Omega-3
    2. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1

      yeah.. umm.. see.. we have, as a society, moved beyond meta-physics and into real physics. thanks for playing though.

      The universe driven by your physics is eliminated the moment you close your eyes and go to sleep. Time, space and matter -- destroyed. All phenomena, including those your limited physics strive to explain, are created, driven by and dependent upon your awareness.

      Consciousness and the universe are not mutually exclusive; they're one in the same. So once you've understood the nature of conciousness, something no science in all of eternity could ever explain, only then you'll fully understand the basis of all the universe's phenomenae.

      - IP

    3. Re:Nope by Tony+Hoyle · · Score: 1

      Did you make that up or did your guru tell it to you?

      Newsflash. We are a part of the universe. A small part. A tiny, insignificant part. It doesn't depend on us for *anything*.

    4. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      [The universe] doesn't depend on us for *anything*.

      The universe is a conscious entity. It ain't there if consciousness ain't there, regardless of what you think.

      - IP

    5. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Get back to us when you want to discuss actual experimentally-verified physics, not unjustifiable assertions that you wish were true.

    6. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What a self-important concept.

      Your 'consciousness' is a system of matter and energy just like everything else contained in the the universe. There is nothing special about your brain cells' ability to seemingly remember and observe. The universe doesn't give a damn about you. It's cold in space, you know.

    7. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 0, Redundant


      Get back to us when you want to discuss actual experimentally-verified physics, not unjustifiable assertions that you wish were true.

      Physics. Its own foundations are based upon truths which are assumed to be self-evident. Only assumptions. That's what axioms are, yes? But has anyone ever attempted to prove those axioms true? Physics is nothing more than an ongoing exercise in subjectivity. Funny thing is, loop those axioms back in on themselves; attempt to use physics to explain physics and up comes paradox, inconsistency, incompleteness. If you're content with that, great, believe with all your might that science is capable of reaching infinitely into the universe's bottomless pit of truth. Only know that a finite number of axioms can only reveal a finite number of truths, and it might not do so reliably either. Put your axioms into action and there's always a risk of the result being tainted with incompletion. With a failure rate, any failure rate, even if infinitesimal, how reliable can physics be beyond explaining simple things?

      There will never be a theory of everything. Face it. There will never in a zillion lifetimes come a neat little equation capable of explaining everything and anything. And scientists will toil for an eternity arrogantly believing they'll solve it. Science cannot provide us with the answer to the universe's purpose.

      Tell me, when will physics declare everything in the universe answered? When will physics no longer be needed? Answer, it will always be needed, and that poses a problem to the intrepid scientist hoping to explain everything.

      Physics exists squrely within of time, but do something as simple as close your eyes to sleep, what becomes of your physics then? What becomes of you, all of matter, space and time?

      - IP

    8. Re:Nope by forlornhope · · Score: 1

      Stop being so concieted. The universe exists with or without you. The universe was here before you were born and it will continue to be here after you are dead and gone. Deal with it.

      --
      "We Don't Need No Truthless Heros!" - Project 86
    9. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      Your 'consciousness' is a system of matter and energy just like everything else contained in the the universe.

      Even more basic than that, the above observation manifested out of your awareness. You are conscious first, and you make these observations second. If you weren't aware of the phenomenae taking place, you'd have nothing to say about it; you couldn't possibly say anything about it.

      The universe doesn't give a damn about you.

      Have you conclusively figured out what 'you' are that allows you to make such a definite statement?

      - IP

    10. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      The universe exists with or without you.

      Prove it, and do so without vicariously thinking you're someone else. Do it within the context of you, not what you believe others experience in your absence. That's exactly what you're doing.

      - IP

    11. Re:Nope by AlexV · · Score: 1

      If you are unconcious, or asleep, and the universe ceases to exist, where does all the information to recreate it when you awaken go? It can't be contained within you, as the universe is defined as everything that exists, which means that it cannot be a contained within anything, as it's defenition has to include the container.

    12. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Physics. Its own foundations are based upon truths which are assumed to be self-evident. Only assumptions.


      Trite and irrelevant. It has nothing to do with your fantasy that the universe is conscious, a claim with no empirical support.

      There will never be a theory of everything. Face it. There will never in a zillion lifetimes come a neat little equation capable of explaining everything and anything. And scientists will toil for an eternity arrogantly believing they'll solve it.

      Thus demonstrating that you don't know what a physical "theory of everything" is or is supposed to do, either.

      Your philosophy is as naive and uninformed as your physics.
    13. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Even more basic than that, the above observation manifested out of your awareness. You are conscious first, and you make these observations second. If you weren't aware of the phenomenae taking place, you'd have nothing to say about it; you couldn't possibly say anything about it.

      Wow, you just rediscovered Descartes. What are you, a freshman?

      Your observation has nothing to do with your claim that the universe is conscious, or requires consciousness to exist. It only says something about our requiring consciousness to perceive it in the way we do.
    14. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      It has nothing to do with your fantasy that the universe is conscious, a claim with no empirical support.

      This is an easy one. Without time, there cannot be matter. Without matter, space loses its context. Time goes out the window the moment I close my eyes to sleep. If the flow of time is dependent on your awareness of it, everything else is too.

      - IP

    15. Re:Nope by Mant · · Score: 1

      You are spouting Solipsism

      . People who discover it think they are really deep at first and seem to like to show off on web forums because it cannot be disproved.

      Yes, you can't disprove solipism, all your information about the universe comes from your interpretation of sensory data by your brain from your body. There is no external source you can go to for verification.

      It is a practical and philosophical dead end though. You can babble about how you need to understand your consciousness to understand the universe, but the people doing that actual science will come up with theories that actually explain things and are actually useful.

      I'll take thier understanding over your wafling any day.

    16. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Without time, there cannot be matter.

      That doesn't follow. It might be possible to argue that without time, there cannot be motion of matter, but even that can be debated; see the works of Julian Barbour.
      Without matter, space loses its context.

      That also doesn't follow. Maybe if you're an extreme Machian, or follow Leibniz's monads, or something.. but that is a philosophical assumption. Given the existence of things like gravitational geons, I'd say that it's far from obvious why you have to require matter to speak of space and relative positions. Read Barbour, Rovelli, Smolin, Isham, and Stachel, among others, on this subject.
      Time goes out the window the moment I close my eyes to sleep.

      That doesn't follow either. All it means is that you, personally, are not conscious of the passage of time.
      If the flow of time is dependent on your awareness of it, everything else is too.

      There is no reason to believe that the flow of time is dependent on your awareness of it, and plenty of reason to believe otherwise. And it also doesn't follow that if the flow of time is dependent on awareness, then "everything else" is dependent on it too. Finally, even if "everything else" was dependent on awareness or consciousness, that does not imply that the universe itself is conscious.

      You're 0 for 6 here. Care to keep going? Like I said, both your physics and your philosophy are pathetically naive, and I'd add "your logic" to that list as well.
    17. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      There is no reason to believe that the flow of time is dependent on your awareness of it, and plenty of reason to believe otherwise.

      You fall asleep one moment, have no conscious perception of time passing, and you wake up the next. How much more evidence you do need? Come on, time is supposed to be an unassailable universal property! If it exists independent of our awareness, mind explaining to me why I don't perceive six or seven hours passing while I'm snoring away the way I do while fully awake?

      You're 0 for 6 here. Care to keep going? Like I said, both your physics and your philosophy are pathetically naive, and I'd add "your logic" to that list as well.

      Keeping score, are ya? Since when have you become the authority you arrogant bastard?

      Talk about assumptions. The entire foundation of physics is a complex assumption itself. When it can answer the question of human purpose, the why instead of the how, then it will be fit for that task. As it stands, physics operates within limited parameters that at best cannot verify its own truths. It arrogantly strives to answer questions it's ill-equiped to handle. It's a cheap digital substitute of real inquiry into truth.

      Affirm or deny, there's only one purpose for all of science. The acquisition of that holy grail of truth, and they ain't gonna get to that point. Not within multiples of a zillionth of a percentage point.

      I challenge any mathematician to put in even a quarter lifetime worth of work without considering even once how the human mind factors into the equation of existence, matter and motion.

      Bottom line, your time will come. If you're serious about your physics, you will eventually question the value of it and whether it has any real purpose for assessing the human condition and the universe you live in.

      - IP

    18. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1

      ..but the people doing that actual science will come up with theories that actually explain things and are actually useful.

      Science could attempt to come up with a theory attempting to explain the frequency individual drops fling off a stream of urine headed to the toilet, but that's all it would ever be -- theory. Theories don't explain things to any kind of finality, they're merely meant to satisfy our voracious ego's need to know now, have now, until we get bored of that and begin thinking up a new and improved theory.

      - IP

    19. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      You fall asleep one moment, have no conscious perception of time passing, and you wake up the next. How much more evidence you do need?

      If you fall asleep and have no conscious perception of time passing, what that establishes is: you have no conscious perception of time passing. That in no way establishes that the flow of time is dependent on your conscious perception of it. You have such a huge logical gap in your argument that you're apparently to dense to even recognize.
      Come on, time is supposed to be an unassailable universal property!

      So? The fact that there are times when we're not conscious does not establish anything about the flow of time.
      Keeping score, are ya? Since when have you become the authority you arrogant bastard?

      I don't need to be an "authority" to point out that every single point you've made is logically flawed and your reasoning is hopelessly amateur and incompetent.
      It arrogantly strives to answer questions it's ill-equiped to handle.

      On the contrary, physics is extremely successful at answering the questions it is designed to answer. Your fallacy is in misapplying it, and concluding that it doesn't work.
      Affirm or deny, there's only one purpose for all of science. The acquisition of that holy grail of truth

      Deny.

      If you're serious about your physics, you will eventually question the value of it and whether it has any real purpose for assessing the human condition and the universe you live in.
      "Assessing the human condition?" No, it's not designed to do that. Modeling physical observations of our universe whose predictions quantitatively agree with observations? That's it's purpose, and it's admirably suited for it.

      Sheesh. "Your time will come." You sound like those religious nuts: "Sure, you wicked atheist, you may disbelieve now, but you will eventually see the error of your ways."

    20. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Maybe you should stop pushing your theory that the universe is conscious, then, since it doesn't explain anything. (And, for that matter, isn't even true, as far as any evidence we have is concerned.)

    21. Re:Nope by Icephreak1 · · Score: 1


      "Sure, you wicked atheist, you may disbelieve now, but you will eventually see the error of your ways."

      Please. If you're an atheist, you're as much as a moron as a theist.

      - IP

    22. Re:Nope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I used to think you were an idiot, but with this last rejoinder, I bow to your razor-sharp logic. Well-played, sir. You truly are a philosopher-king. The Conscious Universe looks upon you with pride.

    23. Re:Nope by nimblebrain · · Score: 1

      My apologies to all - and remember, kids, don't install Autoform on your Firefox without being aware of the consequences (like having it re-load your last posted comment :)

      Now, to try and re-create what I actually wrote...

      Nothing is more fundamental than simple awareness, from which all matter originates.

      IMO, nothing is more complicated than simple awareness, and especially consciousness. It takes a lot of extra machinery to do the 'introspection' part - the part we would call consciousness. We have an astounding amount of working memory and attention systems to support it. Books like Joseph LeDoux's Synaptic Self and even the more impenetrable Walter Freeman's How Brains Make Up Their Minds are fascinating tomes on what goes on in that wonderful grey pudding in our noggins.

      I also take issue with the astounding human-centric idea that it takes "consciousness" to collapse quantum probabilities. Stretching that idea out to the idea that the equipment was in several superpositions of state until a human came along quickly enters the realm of pulp fiction. It's our modern-day "if a tree falls in the forest..." question, and I'll put my hat in the ring on the "yes" side.

      Our current-day quantum experiments behave effectively like closed systems; they are not actually closed systems, and when it comes time to measure things, the measurement instruments come to participate in the quantum system. They're expressed mathematically as 'measurement operators' when they get turned into classical information. The entanglement or other quantum states may very well be transferred to and lost in the measurement device - probably any measured quantum state that the No-Cloning Theorem applies to.

      *grin* You, of course, are more than welcome to speculate on whether neutrons are composed of 3 units of peace, 4 units of contemplation inside a 4*pi radius of transcendentalism :)

      I'm sorry, that was a bit cheeky. You're more than welcome to your Eastern Mysticism - and that I will respect. I would, however, challenge you to come up with any way a scientist could ever usefully include 'consciousness' or 'awareness' in their research :)

      -- Ritchie

      --
      Binary geeks can count to 1,023 on their fingers :)
  67. Data Suggests Early Universe was Superfluid... by pithraul · · Score: 1

    ...and Geordie agrees.

  68. Am I the only one who read that as: by gotr00t · · Score: 1

    Data suggests early universe was stupified?

  69. What else would by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    god ejaculate?

  70. Re:Of course! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Troll

    Right next to the part about Allah wants you to kill all non-Muslims, but before the part about all females are property.

    Not to mention the sun-parched pederast that drooled forth such an abonimably barbaric and hateful cult of death and insanity.

    I refuse to give any credence to horoscopes, chicken entrails, phrenology, or bloodthirsty silicate-strolling, toga-wearing atavists from the Dark Ages.

    Welcome to the 21st century. Please wipe your feet.

  71. Superfluid or Not a Superfluid? by Phroon · · Score: 1

    The problem I see is, something is either a superfluid or it isn't.

    From the article, it appears that the quark-gluon plasma behaves close to a low viscosity fluid, not a superfluid.

    The difference is with a low viscosity fluid you can usually estimate it as having no viscosity and have your calculations come out close. However, a superfluid actually has no viscosity due to a quantum mechanical effect, but also has other interesting properties.

    So is it a Superfulid? I'll have to read the paper when it is published.

    Oh, the BNL source article (with links) is here.

  72. 1 trillion by doppe1 · · Score: 4, Informative
    From trillion

    We are all agreed that 1 million = 1x10^6.

    In the world (Britain, France, and Germany) where 1 billion = 1 million million (1x10^12), then 1 trillion = 1 million billion (1x10^18) or another way 1 trillion = 1 million million million (tri-million), or million cubed, to the power of three, as in tri.

    In the parts of the wolrd (US & Canada) where 1 billion = 1000 million (1x10^9), then 1 trillion = 1 million million (1x10^12) so 1 trillion = 1000 billion.

    As it is an American lab, it will be 1x10^12.
    Personally, i feel the Americans just like their numbers sounding bigger.

    1. Re:1 trillion by leehwtsohg · · Score: 3, Interesting

      To make things more interesting, german also has "milliarde", "billiarde", "trilliarde"
      milliarde = 1000 million (UK) = 1 billion (US) = 10^9
      billiarde = 1000 billion (UK) = 1 quadrillion (US)= 10^15
      trilliarde = 1000 trillion (UK) = 1 sextillion= 10^21

      (It seems that this is also sometimes used in english - milliard, billiard, triliard(?))

    2. Re:1 trillion by Velox_SwiftFox · · Score: 1

      That could make a german game of billiard balls interesting, if logistically difficult.

    3. Re:1 trillion by mdwh2 · · Score: 1

      Although to add to that, here in the UK the "US" version of a billion (ie, 10^9) seems to be common, and possibly more common than the older "English" version. Certainly the UK media always use billion to mean 10^9.

      Given how often terms like "billion" are used in the media, yet people still refer to an english billion being 10^12, I do sometimes wonder how many people misinterpret the number..

    4. Re:1 trillion by nuttzy · · Score: 1
      Personally, i feel the Americans just like their numbers sounding bigger.
      Well the most frequent time we use "trillion" is to describe our federal deficit, and trust me, it's large enough without adding more zero's ;-) -Nuttzy
    5. Re:1 trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In the world (Britain, France, and Germany) where 1 billion = 1 million million

      You can't list France in anything you're trying to justify numbers making sense.

      Come on, anywhere who thinks that "91" should be spoken as "Four times twenty plus eleven" (instead of having a single word for it) can't be taken seriously when it comes to numbers.

    6. Re:1 trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually this is a bit of an old hat thing that gets trotted out from time to time but hasn't been true for years. In the Uk and Europe we decided to give in to a billion being a thousand million years ago. We're just saving up the big guns to reinforce that there really is a second 'i' in aluminium.....

    7. Re:1 trillion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The Germans have a much more satisfying bar game than billiards. It's called beer.

  73. Perfect liquid? by Pedrito · · Score: 1

    ...the quarks and gluons behaved as a liquid - in fact an almost perfect liquid.

    So what are you saying? It got them drunk? I mean, it's like beer or something, but no hangover? Cool.

  74. I wonder by c0bw3b · · Score: 1

    I wonder if in our efforts to understand how our universe came into being, whether we are creating little universes of our own in the laboratory. And if in those universes there are beings trying to figure out where they came from, how their universe was created and why is the sky green? And where do baby tentacle beasts come from? What is God, and why is his representative on earth a ferocious three legged razor weasel?

    And I haven't even smoked pot today.

    --
    ||:|::
  75. read the post you're replying to? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Parent: Rest of comment is a rip off an article I did for K5 a few years ago that dealt CMB.

    You: The material in your post was all known several years ago.

    Your links were informative, though.

  76. The Bible says so by terminal.dk · · Score: 3, Funny

    Isn't that what The Holy Bible say ? First that was nothing, then there was water, then land.

    Guess the aliens that left the bible on earth was more advanced than we are

    1. Re:The Bible says so by aristotle-dude · · Score: 0, Troll
      So someone throws in an "alien" reference and it's "ok" but the "Bible reference" one get's modded as a off topic? What the fuck are the mods smoking?

      Fuck, I'm starting to hate slashbot more and more each day.

      --
      Jesus was a compassionate social conservative who called individuals to sin no more.
    2. Re:The Bible says so by Moraelin · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Even then, I doubt that the big bang is what the bible referred to.

      See, the Big Bang was more like, first there was liquid, then there was GAS (a step utterly missing in the bible), then there was liquid again as gravity collapsed clouds of hydrogen, then there was plasma as the star ignited, then it went bang and it was gas again... and only after a few more such cycles you had enough of the heavier elements to have land as we know it.

      Besides, the last time I've read the bible it was more about Earth than about the universe as a whole.

      Don't get me wrong, you can fit the Genesys is a lot of funny ways into the history of Earth. (My own pet theory is that God was a student, seein' as he did it all in the last 7 days.) But fitting the Big Bang in it is just not supported by _anything_ in the bible.

      --
      A polar bear is a cartesian bear after a coordinate transform.
    3. Re:The Bible says so by Gilmoure · · Score: 1

      Fuck, I'm starting to hate slashbot more and more each day.

      In Soviet Russia, Slashdot hates you less and less each night, Fuck!

      --
      I drank what? -- Socrates
    4. Re:The Bible says so by CFTM · · Score: 1

      *boos*
      Get over the Soviet Russia Jokes, it's like Paris Hilton's cooch ... too many people go there and it's getting old and boring.

  77. I always wonder about this by Anonymous+Cowdog · · Score: 1

    I always read about how (insert foo event here) happened N microseconds after the big bang. What I wonder is how can N microseconds even have any meaning, when time is relative. I mean, did time even mean the same thing back then? What is a post-big-bang microsecond, anyway? Is there some cosmic constant this is measured against? Color me clueless.

    1. Re:I always wonder about this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Read this post.

  78. Your bill this month is $7,773,389,225,454.06 by cheekyboy · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    The Debt To the Penny

    Current Amount

    04/18/2005 $7,773,389,225,454.06
    04/15/2005 $7,776,849,150,918.91
    04/14/2005 $7,786,560,972,566.27
    04/13/2005 $7,792,607,796,216.29

    Dont worry, it will never be paid back , so dont bother paying your CC back either, just keep it flat, or rising with inflation. Thats the point of inflation, keep it rising faster than debt and its covered, its all relative. Dont you know all money is created out of thin air from nothing, its just carefully managed so that only worthy people get it according to their earning potential which really earns money from other credit created monies.

    (btw slashdot "Reason: Please use fewer 'junk' characters.", stupid code guys)

    --
    Liberty freedom are no1, not dicks in suits.
  79. Shhhh! by The-Perl-CD-Bookshel · · Score: 1
    If you cause too much of a stir about this *so called* "big bang" thing, President Bush might just pull the plug on the funding for this pagan science!

    Jokes aside, this goes a long way to galvanize the theories of hydrodynamics (see: fluid dynamics for wikipedia).

    --
    I don't keep a lid on my coffee so when I walk around I look busy -me
  80. Re: The Distribution of Galaxies in the Universe by some+guy+I+know · · Score: 1
    Considering you have billions if not more dots spread out all over the place you would get the appeareance of a uniform universe.
    Actually, my understanding is that, on a very large scale, the galaxies in the universe are distributed in a way that resembles the surfaces of bubbles in foam.
    That is, the universe contains huge roughly spherical voids, and most galaxies are located where these voids meet.
    --
    Those who sacrifice security to condemn liberty deserve to repeat history or something. - Benjamin Santayana
  81. In The Beginning by jonhuang · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    1
    In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
    2
    And the earth was without form, and void;
    and darkness was upon the face of the deep.
    And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
    3
    And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

    1. Re:In The Beginning by Barlo_Mung_42 · · Score: 1, Troll

      So all scientific achievement can be reduced down to "Some magical all powerful being did it. And if you cock your head just right and squint while reading this book it will prove it."
      Cool!

    2. Re:In The Beginning by jonhuang · · Score: 1

      Please lighten up. I'm saying that it's a nice, poetic coincidence; I thought some might be interested. Thanks.

    3. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Different question, really. Science hasn't offered an answer to the question of a First Cause. (i.e. If the universe had a beginning, then what caused it to come into being.)

      A supreme being as a first cause isn't a completely unreasonable theory, and scientific observation hasn't eliminated the possibility or proven the theory. Occams razor has two edges on this one, too. You can say "Is it likely that a magical being created the universe?" But you can also say "If the universe came into existence is it likely that it just magically appeared for no reason, or is it more likely that something caused it?"

      You have a theory? Legitimately curious.

    4. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Aw, crap, here we go.

      First of all, many, many people have tried to answer this question, people smarter than you and I, and failed to answer it to satisfaction.

      That said, is it more likely that the creation of the universe was caused by something or somebeing?

      Occam's Razor is recursive. The ultimate answer is that there is no known ultimate answer.

    5. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A supreme entity as a first cause is not that unreasonable. What's unreasonable is fast-forwarding to stating that this entity is the one of religion X and we should all worship it if we don't want to burn in hell.

      From what we know today, I would say that this entity has the utmost respect for the laws of physics and for consistency and thus 99.999% of the time, anything that happens can be explained easilu from a naturalistic world view.

    6. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      That said, is it more likely that the creation of the universe was caused by something or somebeing?

      I'd have to say that a First Cause is more likely to be a being, given what we've observed about the universe thus far, et cetera. I'm more on the "intelligent design" side of that fence.
    7. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      A supreme entity as a first cause is not that unreasonable. What's unreasonable is fast-forwarding to stating that this entity is the one of religion X and we should all worship it if we don't want to burn in hell.

      Sure. If we can't know about the First Cause, and can't say anything about it, then agnosticism is the only reasonable position.

      Of course, religion's answer to that problem is the whole concept of revelation (i.e. the First Cause, God, revealing himself to man). For anyone to be both reasonable and honestly religious, he needs to accept the validity of a given (proposed) revelation.

      The most reasonable and religious approach I've come across is Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica, which may not be perfect, but is certainly intriguing. Aquinas was certainly not a ignorant fool.
    8. Re:In The Beginning by VanillaCoke420 · · Score: 1

      Who says that a universe needs a first cause? And to add a magical mythioal god is just to say "ok, we give up, let's make something up and call it a day". Why would anyone do that? Isn't it better to just say "we don't know, but maybe one day we will, and not thanks to religion anyway".

    9. Re:In The Beginning by bigdave42 · · Score: 1

      The thing that no-one seems to answer is, if there is a supreme being who created the universe etc., etc., then who created the supreme being? Where did he/she/it come from? What laws of physics does the supreme being obey? If none, why not?

      Just because there might be a big white beard in the sky, it doesn't answer the questions about the origin, it just moves them.

    10. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Who says that a universe needs a first cause?

      In a universe where everything we observe has a chain of causation associated with it, I find it more reasonable to expect a first cause than to expect that this chain of causation popped out of nowhere for no reason.

      See The First Cause Argument

      And to add a magical mythioal god is just to say "ok, we give up, let's make something up and call it a day". Why would anyone do that? Isn't it better to just say "we don't know, but maybe one day we will, and not thanks to religion anyway".

      If we have no additional information about the first cause, and are truly adding a made-up god, then I wholeheartedly agree with you. Thinking religious people (yes, yes, we've all heard the oxymoron jokes) don't do that. Rather, they've become convinced that God has revealed himself to man, and have become convinced of the veracity of a particular revelation.

      However, that's jumping way beyond the First Cause question, and starts opening up all sorts of potential nasty tangents.
    11. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Basically, every object/being either exists by itself, as part of its basic essence, or it does not exist by itself. If it exists by itself of ites own essence, then it exists "necessarily and eternally" -- outside of time, et cetera. It is an independent being. If it does not exist by itself, it requires a cause, and is a contingent/dependent object/being. For example, everything that exists in time is clearly contingent/dependent, as there is a definite chain of causation in time.

      The First Cause argument avoids your dilemma by proposing that the First Cause is independent, rather than dependent. That is, the First Cause is eternal and has no cause.

      I know the other objections: infinite chain of causation, cause not applicable to intangibles, et cetera. Check out The First Cause Argument for a brief summary of how they're addressed.

    12. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A supreme being as a first cause isn't a completely unreasonable theory,

      Why?

      and scientific observation hasn't eliminated the possibility or proven the theory.

      That's because it's not a scientific theory, and cannot be proven or disproven. That's a bug, not a feature.

      Occams razor has two edges on this one, too. You can say "Is it likely that a magical being created the universe?" But you can also say "If the universe came into existence is it likely that it just magically appeared for no reason, or is it more likely that something caused it?"

      False dichotomy. No physicist thinks that the universe "magically appeared for no reason"; they think it was naturally caused according to the laws of physics. It's just that the don't know what the laws that were important back then may be.

      How can you apply Occam's Razor and get a creator? "Universe + some unimaginably powerful sentient being" is always more complicated than "universe". When you claim to be appealing to Occam's Razor, you're really appealing to the argument from incredulity: "I don't know how the universe could be created other than by a creator". There is, however, no reason to suppose that universes can't be created through the action of natural law. (And there is some reason to suppose the opposite: there are at least some tentative theories that show how a Big Bang could happen; probably most, if not all of them are wrong, but it at least seems plausible within the context of what we already know about the laws of physics.)
    13. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In a universe where everything we observe has a chain of causation associated with it, I find it more reasonable to expect a first cause than to expect that this chain of causation popped out of nowhere for no reason.

      In ordinary quantum mechanics, particles can and do "pop out of nowhere". Apply this to a universe, with a classical spacetime appearing via quantum fluctuation from a quantum state that has no interpretation in terms of classical space and time.

      For that matter, given that quantum gravity is what governed the early universe, we have no reason to expect ordinary causation to hold: causal structure is determined by the geometry of spacetime, according to Einstein, but if you quantize spacetime, the causal structure may well become uncertain too, just like every other observable becomes uncertain upon quantization in ordinary quantum mechanics.
    14. Re:In The Beginning by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Even if you want to assume a First Cause, there is no reason to suppose it has anything to do with a sentient being, let alone an omnipotent, omniscient, benevolent, etc. sentient being., or with anything outside of natural law.

      You also don't have to assume a First Cause; the universe could be eternal and without cause, too. There are a number of physical theories that address that possibility.

      The First Cause argument also breaks down if causality becomes vague, an approximation that cannot be applied to all states of the universe.

    15. Re:In The Beginning by Kehvarl · · Score: 1

      Questions about a First Cause or Prime Mover generally break down to the principle of Sufficient Reason, which basically says: if something happens then it didn't happen with no motivating factors.
      This is a nicely intuitive concept, but it only comes into play because people dislike the ideas of infinite regression (which all First Cause arguments eventually degenerate into).
      Infiite Recursion is only problematic for people because the idea of there being no beginning seems nonsensical and counter-intuitive.

    16. Re:In The Beginning by Yunzil · · Score: 1

      And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

      Except that there wasn't any water at all for at least several million years, since oxygen wasn't built yet.

  82. Nobel price? What's it for? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    I thought Nobel price was originally awarded for research and inventions that benefitted the human kind, but now it has degenerated into a farce. Last year, for instance, the only guys who really deserved the price were the MRI inventors. That's concrete applicable science that has been of enormous benefit to the human kind.

    Superfluids, theories of superconductivity or cosmology, it's all pipe dreaming that benefits only a very select group of people who have been annointed into that particular field of science.

    1. Re:Nobel price? What's it for? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Most in the field of physics, especially theoretical physics (and basically science in general), believe that furthering our knowledge of any subject is a benefit to humanity.

      You must be a doctor or a religous person. I'll give you a little help: "benefit the human kind" != curing sick people.

      Idiot.

    2. Re:Nobel price? What's it for? by Oligonicella · · Score: 1

      "Most in the field of physics, especially theoretical physics (and basically science in general), ..."

      That would be the small group of people he mentioned. While discovering that the NA woods frog goes into extreme hibernation is interesting, it's not NP worthy. Some might see the super fluid aspect in much the same light.

      Here's an equation for you: improve esoteric knowledge slightly != "benefit the human kind".

    3. Re:Nobel price? What's it for? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I thought Nobel price was originally awarded for research and inventions that benefitted the human kind, but now it has degenerated into a farce.

      The Nobel Prize in a scientific field is awarded "to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within" that field. And if you look at what the very first prizes were awarded for, from the very beginning many have been given to discoveries without clear practical application (at least at the time); there has been no degeneration in purpose.
    4. Re:Nobel price? What's it for? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Here's an equation for you: improve esoteric knowledge slightly != "benefit the human kind".

      You appear to be using your mom's definition of 'esoteric'. And if you actually thought a bit instead of jumping the gun, you'd have realized that all the scientific progress that made your life s comfortable as it is now came through things that were at one time 'esoteric knowledge'.

    5. Re:Nobel price? What's it for? by Urkki · · Score: 1
      • Here's an equation for you: improve esoteric knowledge slightly != "benefit the human kind".

      Yes. However, it's also true that:
      "never improve esoteric knowledge" == "still live in a cave with an expected life span of 15 years"
  83. Re:A Quick Question by nimblebrain · · Score: 1

    Hear, hear.

    I've been quite surprised at the influx of "odd" observations over the past few years; I certainly wasn't expecting local pancake structures.

    You raise a pretty good point, though, on the structure of disks, large and small, in the first place.

    Plasma physicists jump up and down that the in-vogue theories treat large-scale magnetic fields and currents as non-existent, as though charge must cancel out on the large scale, therefore it has no effect. Sometimes, they make a good point - some of the disk systems do resemble dynamos.

    Some of the papers I've read in passing on "push" gravity theories estimate that the force of gravity is proportional to 1/d**2 locally, but trends to 1/d on the outsides of the galaxy. Otherwise, there's a lot of unseen matter there (and we haven't seen anything resembling the high-velocity clouds gathering on the edges of the galaxy)... or, alternately, we're ignoring a dynamo effect.

    Or... etc. (Assuming we stop before postulating that angels sit on the edge fanning galaxies with their wings ;)

    It's the bank of poorly-explained pieces that will lead us to our next big theoretical breakthrough (or revolution) - but it takes some special vigilance to keep track of what hasn't actually been explained properly, and what's been merely papered over.

    Too many tweaks. They should have realized something was wrong sometime between inflation theory, and dark-energy-requiring ever-increasing-acceleration theory. Plenty of duct tape on things already :)

    By the way, speaking of aether... ;)

    I can understand the establishment position somewhat... it's either duct tape or anarchy. There's got to be a standard to measure against, but if the explanations start stretching thin, they need an exit strategy.

    If that day comes, they will need to exit to something, though. What's out there that can explain the pancakes at multiple scales of the universe and other phenomena as well?

    Perhaps they need to take a page out of other research and development, and apportion some funds to "blue sky" research.

    The biggest dividends will come from research that's reviewed for logic, self-consistency and explanation of phenomena without regard to how well it fits into prior patterns. Pro-Ams and people in fields with more easily measureable results (applied sciences, for one) realize these benefits, but being in a field where so many assumptions have to be made to interpret the results in the first place make this next to impossible for the theoreticians to condone dissent.

    Everybody's MMV :)

    -- Ritchie

    --
    Binary geeks can count to 1,023 on their fingers :)
  84. Re:Bible reference - simplistic mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You make a simplistic mistake when you claim atheists hide from disfavorable judgment. If one does not believe in a higher entity, one will know no fear for it... exactly like you probably never take part in Ramadan. Why don't you pray towards Mecca? My guess is that you think it's nonsense. Do not be surprised when others consider your religion nonsense as well. ;-)

  85. Well he actually was ignorant by Nicolas+MONNET · · Score: 1

    He was ignorant of everything science taught us since then.

    And that's quite a lot.

    1. Re:Well he actually was ignorant by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Of course he was ignorant of scientific knowledge gained since his time. However, that isn't relevant to the questions of first causes, or to most of his philosophical and theological work.

      What post-Aquinas scientific knowledge invalidates his work?

    2. Re:Well he actually was ignorant by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      Um, these guys named "Galileo," "Newton," "Laplace," "Mach," "Maxwell," "Einstein," "Heisenberg" made a great deal of contributions to the theory of "cause" and "effect."

      The whole concept of "cause" has been revolutionized by physical science. The very idea that we can write down differential equations which accurately describe the things like planetary motion, molecular chemistry, optics, behavior of atoms, microchips, and diode lasers, among countless other things, means that we have developed a much more precise notion of what a causal mechanism could be.

      Thomas Aquinas would be absolutely baffled by the mathematical analysis of initial conditions. Yet Netwon's equations are second-order differential equations, the evolution of which are *completely* determined by the positions and velocities of particles at an instant in time, and requires no change in the equations to fully capture the dynamics. Similar boundary conditions suffice to specify the behavior of quantum systems.

      Given that kind of precision with which we can analyze physical problems, the vague idea of a "Prime Mover" seems rather primitive, no?

  86. There is No First Cause by Nicolas+MONNET · · Score: 1

    Different question, really. Science hasn't offered an answer to the question of a First Cause

    There is no "first cause"; there needs not be. The desire to find a 'cause' or a 'meaning' in natural events is just a continuation, a perversion of humans' social nature. In a social context, it is important, well actually it is absolutely necessary to be able to infer the intent of others' that caused the current state of social things.

    We have evolved into being able to do this; and we need to do this all the time, lest we live alone and recluse.

    Religious people fail to grasp that natural events do not need have a cause. Didn't ancients use to believe that earthquakes, volcanoes, plagues, storms and patterns on grilled cheese sandwiches were the manifestation of a divine purpose? And don't you laugh at them?

    1. Re:There is No First Cause by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Earthquakes, volcanoes, plagues, et cetera all are events or objects that have causes. Each of them has a chain of causation that can be followed back in time.

      From other posts, it is apparent that you are not alone in denying the necessity of a first cause, but I find this unreasonable. Rather than lay out the entire First Cause argument, here, I'll just link to a summary of it. It addresses several of the objections that have been raised.

      The First Cause Argument

  87. LHC in CERN is bigger by chibitoku · · Score: 1

    I used to work at the RHIC. The LHC at CERN in Geneva Switzerland is a bit larger. It also has more power.

    1. Re:LHC in CERN is bigger by xfmr_expert · · Score: 1

      "My nuclear collider is bigger than yours!"

    2. Re:LHC in CERN is bigger by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's not the size that counts, it's how you use it!

    3. Re:LHC in CERN is bigger by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      Except LHC only collides protons ("H" for "hadron") with antiprotons, while RHIC collides heavy ions ("HI" for "heavy ion")

      Which means there is a whole lot more quark matter concentrated into a small volume.

  88. Cosmic Foam by HomerJayS · · Score: 1
    As this link proves, the perfect liquid of the early universe was most definately beer, not vodka.

    Last time I checked, my vodka was not bubbly.

  89. Ok, ok, I'll be the one to actually say it. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Fluid?

    That puts a whole new spin on that "Big Bang" thing.

  90. Imaginary Numbers by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    'Imaginary' numbers do exist, at least in the same way that 'real' numbers do. 'Imaginary' is actually a poor choice of name; complex is better. Can you point out a concrete example of the number 1? I'm not asking you to use the number to identify a quantity. I'm asking for a concrete example of the number itself for which no comparable expression of i (the complex unit) exists.

    Good luck.

    1. Re:Imaginary Numbers by millennial · · Score: 1

      Numbers ARE quantity. To say "Show me a number without a quantity" is meaningless.
      You can have 1 apple. You cannot have i apples.

      --
      I am scientifically inaccurate.
    2. Re:Imaginary Numbers by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Conversely, imaginary numbers *do* exist in some sense as being a measurable property. Magnetic field strength can be thought of as being the imaginary component of electric field strength.

      Basically, the point is:
      Science (e.g. physics) is using models to represent the real world. In physics in particular, mathematical models are extremely useful. Some of the best mathematical models (e.g. quantum theory and maxwell's equations) use complex numbers (sum of imag. and real). These theories predict *very* accurately what numbers will show up on our instruments after an experiment.

      Whether the numbers used in your equations can count apples or not (negative numbers can't) is not relevant.

  91. Why bother mentioning the age of the universe? by mindflow · · Score: 1

    Funny how people can round the age of the unviverse up/down to the thousands of billions of years, as if not important. ("Just give or take a few thousand million years and it's close enuogh"). And at the same time be extremly spesific about that mikrosecond after time began. That mikrosecond seems very lonely in a timespan of "a few thousand million years".

    1. Re:Why bother mentioning the age of the universe? by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      Well, we use completely different methods to compute these quantities.

      "Age of the universe" are based on astronomical measurements. The distance to astronomical objects is generally impossible to determine directly; things are dim for two reasons: being not very bright, or being far away, and you can't tell just by looking which one it is. Instead, we must almost always make some assumptions about the behavior and intrinsic brightness of "standard candles" such as supernovas of various types. There is a lower bound on the age of the universe from "age of a rock" and "age of meteorites" determined pretty accurately by radioactive dating.

      "Seconds after the big bang" are determined by calculations involving fundamental particles at high energies. These can be confirmed to some extent by laboratory experiment at facilities like particle colliders.

      A simpler description is that our universe was evolving very rapidly at the early stages, so that a 3 minute old universe looks much different from a 10,000 year old universe. While a 15 billion and 16 billion year-old universe looks about the same.

      Ever notice how quickly an infant develops, and how gradually adults change appearance? Same idea.

  92. No need for a first cause... by JohnnyCannuk · · Score: 1

    Michio Kaku and other M\String theorists along with some qunatum theorists have come up with a fairly reasonable set of "many worlds" theories that may explain it.

    "Our" universe is just one of a possibly infinite number of universes poping in and out of existance all the time. "Ours" may be only 12 to 14 Billion years old, but it was part of another similar universe before that, which itself was part of a similar universe before that etc etc ad infinitum. the "Metaverse" itself is infinite - no beginning and no end.

    So, this is one hypothosis that does not require a first cause or a creator. No need for a God. No begining and no end.

    Check out a very good radio programme from last Saturday on this very subject: Multiple Worlds, Parallel Universes on CBC's Quirks and Quarks.

    Besides, just because we can't yet explain the "First Cause" doesn't mean that it must therefore be "God". A God of the gaps always grows smaller in the face of scientific discovery.

    Oh, and if you are claiming that there is a supreme being, the onus is on you to prove the existance of this God, not on science to prove that it doesn't exist. The evidence for the non-existance of God is simply a logical byproduct of scientific discovery of the nature around us.

    --
    Never by hatred has hatred been appeased, only by kindness - the Buddha
    1. Re:No need for a first cause... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In other words, it's turtles all the way down.

    2. Re:No need for a first cause... by JohnnyCannuk · · Score: 1

      Pretty much....

      --
      Never by hatred has hatred been appeased, only by kindness - the Buddha
  93. glass not a liquid urban legend by cinnamon+colbert · · Score: 1

    Wow - u qualify as a slashdot uber expert

  94. I was taught this in sunday school by ylikone · · Score: 1
    I was taught that when God created the earth, it was just a big blob of water.

    Also, I was taught that time has been slowing down since creation. This explains why the biblical age of the Earth is about 6000 years. At creation, time was moving almost infinitely fast, then started exponentially slowing down. Also explains why biblical characters in the old testament often lived to be around 800-900 years old. Instead of time moving faster though, I would guess just the earths rotation has slowed down.

    I have long since dropped all those crazy theories and am no longer a practicing Christian... but it is interesting to see how the Christians get more fodder for their "proof" of God and all things related.

    --
    Meh.
  95. That should be... by jotok · · Score: 1

    The data suggest that the universe was a superfluid. Not suggests.

    If they had one datum, the sentence would have been correct; however, I would then doubt the validity of conclusions drawn from one data point :)

  96. Re:A Quick Question by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Wow, do you repost the same tripe to every science thread? Karma whore.

  97. 1000 billion degrees by d_54321 · · Score: 0

    "Fahrenheit or Celsius?"

    "First one, then the other."

  98. we all started out as fluid by taanstaafl · · Score: 1

    ... after all

  99. Not the biggest collider... by polemon · · Score: 1

    The statement "The biggest collider" is not correct, a simmilar installation, but by ways larger is the CERN in Genf (Switzerland). The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) measures about 7 Kilometers, or 4.34 Miles in Circumference. According to the CERN Website, a new gigantic collider is planned, that will measure incomprehensable 49 Kilometers in circumference. Another new hadron collider is the TESLA Installation in Hamburg (Germany). It will be a Tandem linear Collider, with it's origin in the DESY complex, wich is a pretty large Research installation itself, check their Website.

    --
    EOF
  100. ...Not The biggest Collider by polemon · · Score: 2, Informative

    The statement "The biggest collider" is not correct, a simmilar installation, but by ways larger is the CERN in Genf (Switzerland). The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) measures about 7 Kilometers, or 4.34 Miles in Circumference. According to the CERN Website, a new gigantic collider is planned, that will measure incomprehensable 49 Kilometers in circumference. Another new hadron collider is the TESLA Installation in Hamburg (Germany). It will be a Tandem linear Collider, with it's origin in the DESY complex, wich is a pretty large Research installation itself, check their Website.

    --
    EOF
  101. please mod this dope down... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    There's nothing informative about his lack of understanding or his incomprehensible anger.

  102. genesis by magwm · · Score: 1
    this shreds new light on the first verses of the bible!! because it says (Genesis 1, 2-3):

    .. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

    so, must we interpret literally after all? first the waters (fluid) and then the light (big bang)!

    personally, i just think like Zaphod Beeblebrox that it's all a Gib Gnab..

    1. Re:genesis by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      A concrete interpretation of the description in Genesis would work equally well for any sequence of events of the form

      1) There was stuff
      2) Something happened to the stuff

      The fact that this stuff was pretty unlike ordinary water in all respects, and that the event of the big bang seems to have pretty little to do with electromagnetic radiation (which couldn't propagate freely until after the plasma of electrons+nuclei condensed into neutral atoms), means that "water" and "light" hardly count as a solid foundation for literal interpretation.

  103. That's /Commander/ Data to you... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...isn't it?

    1. Re:That's /Commander/ Data to you... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In some navies it acceptable for a ships captain to identify officers or non-coms as "Mr.". Then again, on the show Picard occasionally said just "Data" without honorific or rank.

  104. nature of the universe by vikny · · Score: 1

    another good reading is "The Pillar of Celestial Fire" by Robert Cox.
    Has anyone read it yet? .. If not .. it's a must read.

  105. uhmm... late but nevermind by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    in philosophy there's been a major war going
    on between the realists and idealist. in short
    one side believes in reality and everything being
    unique, whilst the other side declare that
    everything in reality is a copy of one "master
    object" ... some steps have been resolved by
    abelaerd and later on wittgenstein ...
    by concern is with this physics experiments, which
    side is right? is every experiment (*BOOM*) unique
    and just that -or- might it be that doing this
    experiment to reach a situation in space-time that
    resembles "THE BEGGING(TM)" we are stearing up
    some age old slumbering dragon?

    in other worlds could it be that is is not an
    experiment but a command to the universe? we are
    acctually doing(!) something TO it!?

    sure one can argue there are way more massive
    collisions going on naturally in the universe
    around baby stars or blackholes or whatever, but
    this is according to evolution since "THE
    BEGGING(TM)" ... e.g. natural. if the universe
    does allow a free will to exist ... we might be
    doing something dangerous.

    kids do this alot. they want to know how far
    they can take something until breaks, falls down
    etc. but then again they are limited. with
    the effort of many many thousand "children" the
    breaking might not be so "harmless"?

  106. Glass is a bad example, true, by jonskerr · · Score: 1

    but solids obviously do flow. How about sand? Cat litter? Gravel? I can pour flour out of a jar into a mixing bowl, etc etc. Really anything made of individual bits in a pile can flow, I s'pose..

    --
    O~ Him that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green. -- Francis Bacon
    1. Re:Glass is a bad example, true, by jaoswald · · Score: 1

      The most-used technical definition of a solid is a phase which can support a shear stress. This can depend on the frequency of the applied stress.

      The individual grains of your material are solid, but the individual grains are not getting distorted in the way an element of liquid does when it is poured. Only the grains considered as a group participate in the flow.

      What you describe is usually called "granular flow". Not solid, but very different from fluids.

  107. not superfluid, perfect by percy69 · · Score: 1

    Superfluid=single quantum state
    Perfect fluid=no viscosity Different.

  108. Re:A Quick Question by nimblebrain · · Score: 1

    Spit, spit, spit.

    No, worse than that - I made the mistake of not only installing Autoform, but not adding Slashdot to the Autoload URLs ignore list.

    Now my comment, which expressed annoyance with the concept of 'consciousness' as a fundamental unit of anything as well as bashing the idea that a conscious observer has to be present to 'collapse the wave function' (measurement operators don't require a human brain behind them), is lost to the four winds, overwritten by the last dang thing I wrote.

    At least I have a chance to go back and redo it and apologize for the mess.

    Thanks for pointing it out *shakes head* *sigh*.

    It wouldn't be for karma - my karma's already excellent :)

    --
    Binary geeks can count to 1,023 on their fingers :)