My take on this situation was not that the EFF had problems with the government attempting to thwart counterfeiters, but with the government using this method to track other documents printed on these machines; the markings on those documents could be pretty easily removed by running them through a grainy photocopier (you could use a really old one, thus neatly solving the problems of a low-res copy and finding one without a similar chip in it in one stroke).
So if the government ever did intend to use this system to track anything beyond counterfeit money or other documents that require very high quality, they're pretty much out of luck.
I believe EFF on this one, since it sounds exactly like something the government would come up with: expensive, secret, very effective in theory, but in practice probably totally destroyed by simply making a low-res photocopy of the document in question.
I like the way the spokespeople in the article speak entirely as though the recording industry's major problem with filesharing is not that it's illegal, but that it costs them money - probably a more accurate reflection of their sentiments, but certainly not the line the RIAA has been spouting.
Here's hoping the footage from those 117 cameras or so that NASA placed around the Shuttle to check for damage is eventually made available to the public, once it's been checked by the engineers. Imagine 117 angles on a Shuttle liftoff...
People are beat to death by mafia goons all the time.
You're absolutely right, but for a different reason: the point of a Mafia hit is usually twofold. One, the annoying person is taken care of, and two, everyone else gets the message. Simply making someone disappear doesn't send the kind of shock like seeing someone else's brutally mangled body and knowing that that could be you if you decide to screw around with the perpetrator.
There's an interesting article (pdf here) in the January 2005 Scientific American about this very problem and one company's solution...apparently, Microsoft is test-driving a system called Bestcom that uses Bayesian decision-making incorporating information about keyboard & mouse usage, recent calls, recent emails, and other markers such as whether or not the caller is listed in the recipient's address book. After evaluating all the parameters, it decides whether or not a phone call/email/whatever (including, interestingly enough, application alerts/dialogs) is important enough to disturb the employee.
Well, doctors are automatically bad for you, because they think they're all smart and knowledgeable just because they've gone through several years of medical school and extensive practice. They're not regular people like you, so how could you ever expect them to really *understand* what's wrong?
"People who would not believe a High Priest if he said the sky was blue, and was able to produce signed affidavits to this effect from his white-haired old mother and three Vestal virgins, would trust just about anything whispered darkly behind their hand by a complete stranger in a pub."
--Maskerade
Personally, I feel like it has something to do with the source of the information. People automatically distrust doctors because they believe doctors have a vested interest in the outcome, whereas information on the Internet is of course provided free out of the goodness of strangers' hearts who have nothing to sell you.
One thing I'm wondering is where the keyboard will get its layout data. The FAQ notes that the SDK will be freely available, but will you actually be able to create some sort of mediating plugin or will application programmers have to rewrite their apps to take advantage of this keyboard?
Although it's awesome, I can't see it becoming more than a niche product for quite some time. So except for high-end applications like Photoshop or Final Cut whose users rely on extensive keyboard shortcuts or multilingual apps that switch alphabets, most developers probably won't feel a lot of pressure to integrate support.
I'm surprised no one mentioned this (or if they did, I didn't catch it) but if you're getting a GPS and worrying about power already, you may as well shell out the cash for Google Earth Plus ($20) or Google Earth Pro ($400 with a 7-day free trial).
Besides the fact that they're awesome, these programs have satellite maps of pretty much everywhere, so if the villages have been in the same place for the last few years they're almost certainly in the photos if not technically "mapped." Plus, I've discovered that Google Earth is a spectacular ice-breaker; showing people pictures of the Grand Canyon or Mount Etna or even their own house is almost always enjoyable, and photos translate into any language.
Apple was making a big deal about some sort of announcement that was going to happen "on or before Thursday, July 7th," right? Everyone thought it had something to do with the iPods, but since they just shuffled (ha ha) the line around with the Podcasting release, this must be the big announcement they were promising. So Apple machines, by that logic, are a near certainty.
In the new iPod designs with the Clickwheel, the buttons really are under the scroll wheel, so that when the user pushes the wheel on one side it hits the button underneath. That's how the Clickwheel works.
Actually, come to think of it, would ISN consider doing investigative news? As in, checking the latest software for vulnerability, or investigating how companies are alerted to vulnerabilities and why and when they issue patches? If Microsoft knew that its latest vulnerability would be broadcast all over the internet, it would certainly force them to get working on a patch right away, or maybe even stop leaving so many in in the first place. ISN could even start covering the legal issues associated with network security, such as new laws to target crackers or virus writers or the prosecution of spammers or botnet runners.
This might also be a great way for the technical community to start convincing the rest of the world that not all hackers are up to no good.
Let's hope it won't be exactly like CNN, by which I mean won't soon come to feature endless "commentary" and "talk" shows devoted to making a lot of noise out of a little news. I'm personally quite sick of hearing rambling, repetitive discussion rather than some actual information.
Which begs the question of: how much actual security news is there to report? During a large virus or worm attack, as during a war for CNN, there is certainly enough to fill 24 hours; otherwise, what exactly will they talk about all the time?
The body does learn to live symbiotically with some bacteria, such as the E. coli living in our GI tract. If researchers could figure out the mechanism by which the body learns to tell "good" bacteria from "bad," we could theoretically teach it to live symbiotically with Geobacter.
I was rather surprised by this study, since it seems evolutionary biologists have been trending towards the opposite viewpoint for several years - that while cranial capacity matters, it matters less than the organization of the brain.
The discovery of the "hobbits" who lived on Flores has definitely thrown some solid evidence on the "organization matters" side of the argument, since H. floresiensis displayed tool-making on a level with modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic, the use of fire, and cooperative hunting - some have even argued for the existence of language. But H. floresiensis' brain, at 380 cubic centimeters, is at the low end of the range for chimpanzees, nearly one-fourth the size of our modern brains. Since H.floresiensis is almost certainly a dwarfed version of H. erectus, however, it retained the organization of the brain while sacrificing size and thus retained H. erectus' mental advantages.
I'd love to cite the pertinent Scientific American articles, but they're still under "digital subscription." You can read the paper version in the February 2005 issue.
Many of the pranks are just to get Caltech's name out...the point of Prefrosh weekend is to help undecided prefrosh pick a school, and there are a fair amount who have a choice between MIT and Caltech. If it appears that Caltech is smart enough to prank MIT with impunity, it will convince some undecideds that Caltech really is the place with the better education, a fact that previous posters have mentioned is much more important to Caltech (~200 undergrads per class) than it is to MIT (~1000 undergrads per class).
Having been there when the gauntlet was thrown down (and sadly having been a victim of the t-shirt prank), I can tell you that a) most of the prefrosh weren't entirely aware that anything was going on and b) it took a while for MIT to react because it was hard for anyone to imagine that Caltech undergrads would fly cross country just to harass us.
The pranks were not as bad as they seem to have been reported. The balloons did go up under the dome, but very few people noticed them. The palm tree also went up on the dome, but it was not up there for more than a few minutes before it was retrieved and spray-painted white to appear covered in snow. The t-shirts were handed out at the Academic Fair which a fair number of prefrosh didn't even go to, and the laser on the side of the Green Building...well, let's just say I witnessed a few people departing to make that guy's life miserable. The banner reading "That Other [Institute of Technology]" was also rapidly counter-hacked to read "The Only [Institute of Technology]".
It took a while for people to realize that Caltech students really had taken the time to fly out here and bother us (the smart money was originally on Caltech alumni at the grad school). MIT may have a rivalry with Caltech, but it's quite far away and not supported by any sort of sports team encounters. Caltech may have only MIT to focus on, but MIT spends a lot of its energy harassing Harvard, which has the advantages of being easily mocked and just down the road. Caltech has had some great hacks in the past - the Rose Bowl prank, the Hollywood sign - but MIT has a greater culture of regular hacking that involves much of the community. Thus, it's a little surprising that Caltech would throw down the gauntlet like this...and the invitation to prank their prefrosh weekend can mean only trouble.
But it would probably be trouble for Caltech. They seem to have invested a lot of pride in this, but most of the prefrosh at least didn't even know it was happening. If MIT heads to Caltech and gets humiliated, Caltech might be cheering but the rest of MIT might not even know about it. I hope they know what they're getting in to.
A full-scale superpower war would probably only target cities in the superpowers, though. Did the Cylon invasion target all cities, or just the major strategic sites? I suppose they would have only targeted strategic sites, to preserve as much as possible for their own use...but if they're after extermination, they might have just carpet-bombed the place. In that case, it might be better to compare the Cylon invasion to the meteor that wiped out the dinosaurs.
I can't find a screenshot, but I do remember that in the set shots that signal a transition to the planet's surface (a little message flashes up saying "Cylon-occupied Caprica") the planet's atmosphere looks extremely yellow and cloudy.
In a nuclear winter, the first effect of multiple detonations would indeed be a ton of rain, as all the fallout in the air seeds tons of rainclouds. Then, as the dust blanket spreads around the planet, temperatures would plummet and the ozone layer would disintegrate due to the effects of the nitrous oxides released in the explosions. I'm fairly certain most of that constant rain has cleared up, so it should get very dark and cold soon.
-SPOILERS-
Baltar really is great. He's a perfect example of a character who toes the line between the "good" and "evil" sides, without committing too much to one or the other. Unlike a lot of "renegade" characters who never do anything truly objectionable, even though they might work for the other side, Baltar does things we like and things we hate.
I also like the fact that the Cylons are monotheistic and the humans are polytheistic, insofar as they are religious. There's a tendency in our society to see monotheism as a more sophisticated or advanced philosophy, and usually when we see a polytheistic society fighting a monotheistic one, the monotheistic one is the more advanced and "good" side. Mixing it up like this really gives one an insight into how we unconsciously bias towards societies with religions similar to our own.
Cubicles grate on my nerves endlessly for two reasons: one, the desk is often positioned so that in order to work you must keep your back to the "door", thus taking paranoia to a whole new level; and two, the nonstop sound of footsteps moving past your cube is guaranteed to shatter whatever train of thought you've been riding.
These two feed off each other, since if you hear footsteps and you're not already looking at the entrance, you have to turn around every time. Plus, the lack of a desk between you and your visitor seems to leave you at a disadvantage in confrontations, since you're sitting down. Put in real walls or don't put in walls at all - what sort of message does it send when the conference room is nicer than the offices?
I hate fluorescent lighting with a passion. Try to put in different means of lighting, but in any case add light switches or allow employees to put glare shields or drapes around their spaces - programmers and other nocturnal beings are especially sensitive to bad lighting.
-Trust (the company trusts its employees to handle themselves, and the employees trust the company to look out for them)
Don't use web blocking or filtering software. It may be true that people will surf the web when they should be working, but blocking and filtering sends the message that you don't trust them to use their time wisely. The company won't go bankrupt if someone checks their webcomics during lunch. On that theme, doors: trusting people not to goof off all day.
If business is bad and things are tight, don't look to the office budget as the first place to shave money from. A dip in stock seems distant to employees, whereas the lack of soda has an immediate and demoralizing impact.
Storage cabinets that lock are a must, especially for a programmer's treasured collection of books.
Again, light switches (trusting an employee to control their own environment).
-Comfort
Cookies and random, unlooked-for goodies are a huge plus, as well as coffee/soda alternatives (like hot chocolate and tea).
Once again, ye gods, the fluorescent lighting. On a bad or sleep-deprived day, those rods and their incessant whining, buzzing drone bit into my brain like an auger. There are many alternatives out there - please make use of them.
Colors! Please, please, please, some colors! Real, vivid colors - no wimpy pastels or grey-blues or (god forbid) beige. Windows and plant life (not the cheap rental kind - everybody knows that one) and again windows. There's a lot of free decorating right outside.
Convenient printers/copiers/faxes/restrooms, as well as computers to test code on. Also bookshelves for employees to store their own literature (I find when on lunch or waiting for some reason that a quick read is an excellent way to keep my mind fresh and awake), perhaps even providing reading material (real reading material, not just the company newsletter).
Readily accessible/changeable climate control. Long and hard were the days of shivering or baking - if the rooms are not at the right temperature, it's extremely hard to think.
Really, the best workspace is the one that's as convenient and comfortable as your own home. If you couldn't live comfortably at your office, you can't work there, either.
I would try and work out what his real priorities are - ask questions such as, "If an employee does really superb work, but has a habit of arriving to work and meetings five minutes late and not always adhering to the dress code, would you chastise them?" or "A programmer says he can complete the necessary project in a way that fits all requirements - but he'd rather use hardware/compiler/OS of his preference. Would you let him?"
And see if he/she has a sense of humor - that's always an asset.
Best thing I got for cleaning and defending my school's networks was trust, in the form of full root privileges on my account, including the ability to disable the monitoring software the school usually installs.
I've also had friends bake me brownies, and between sugar and trust I'll take sugar.
I'll definitely try to get the word out to anyone I know around this strangely-company town; but I have known a few Congresscritters and the main reason that I've found for so much FUD and "copyright protection" law being passed is that most of the people elected don't understand what they're making a law against.
Let's face it: they know a lot of things, but some of them are lucky if they can get Microsoft Word to start up. A sufficient amount, especially the ones without much seniority or facing tough election campaigns, are going to go with what big-money associations such as the RIAA and MPAA say because they a: don't see why it's worth it to fight such powerful lobbying groups and b: are only being provided information by one side.
So the long-term solution might be two-fold: a little lobbying of our own, in terms of presenting our side of the argument and why it's worth the blood and sweat programmers pour into it; and some basic coursework in Internet 101.
Slashdot Mirror
...How long before someone sues Apple for making them want a laptop so much?
My take on this situation was not that the EFF had problems with the government attempting to thwart counterfeiters, but with the government using this method to track other documents printed on these machines; the markings on those documents could be pretty easily removed by running them through a grainy photocopier (you could use a really old one, thus neatly solving the problems of a low-res copy and finding one without a similar chip in it in one stroke). So if the government ever did intend to use this system to track anything beyond counterfeit money or other documents that require very high quality, they're pretty much out of luck.
I believe EFF on this one, since it sounds exactly like something the government would come up with: expensive, secret, very effective in theory, but in practice probably totally destroyed by simply making a low-res photocopy of the document in question.
I like the way the spokespeople in the article speak entirely as though the recording industry's major problem with filesharing is not that it's illegal, but that it costs them money - probably a more accurate reflection of their sentiments, but certainly not the line the RIAA has been spouting.
Here's hoping the footage from those 117 cameras or so that NASA placed around the Shuttle to check for damage is eventually made available to the public, once it's been checked by the engineers. Imagine 117 angles on a Shuttle liftoff...
And good luck to everyone aboard Discovery.
You're absolutely right, but for a different reason: the point of a Mafia hit is usually twofold. One, the annoying person is taken care of, and two, everyone else gets the message. Simply making someone disappear doesn't send the kind of shock like seeing someone else's brutally mangled body and knowing that that could be you if you decide to screw around with the perpetrator.
There's an interesting article (pdf here) in the January 2005 Scientific American about this very problem and one company's solution...apparently, Microsoft is test-driving a system called Bestcom that uses Bayesian decision-making incorporating information about keyboard & mouse usage, recent calls, recent emails, and other markers such as whether or not the caller is listed in the recipient's address book. After evaluating all the parameters, it decides whether or not a phone call/email/whatever (including, interestingly enough, application alerts/dialogs) is important enough to disturb the employee.
Well, doctors are automatically bad for you, because they think they're all smart and knowledgeable just because they've gone through several years of medical school and extensive practice. They're not regular people like you, so how could you ever expect them to really *understand* what's wrong?
"People who would not believe a High Priest if he said the sky was blue, and was able to produce signed affidavits to this effect from his white-haired old mother and three Vestal virgins, would trust just about anything whispered darkly behind their hand by a complete stranger in a pub."
--Maskerade
Personally, I feel like it has something to do with the source of the information. People automatically distrust doctors because they believe doctors have a vested interest in the outcome, whereas information on the Internet is of course provided free out of the goodness of strangers' hearts who have nothing to sell you.
Although it's awesome, I can't see it becoming more than a niche product for quite some time. So except for high-end applications like Photoshop or Final Cut whose users rely on extensive keyboard shortcuts or multilingual apps that switch alphabets, most developers probably won't feel a lot of pressure to integrate support.
Besides the fact that they're awesome, these programs have satellite maps of pretty much everywhere, so if the villages have been in the same place for the last few years they're almost certainly in the photos if not technically "mapped." Plus, I've discovered that Google Earth is a spectacular ice-breaker; showing people pictures of the Grand Canyon or Mount Etna or even their own house is almost always enjoyable, and photos translate into any language.
Apple was making a big deal about some sort of announcement that was going to happen "on or before Thursday, July 7th," right? Everyone thought it had something to do with the iPods, but since they just shuffled (ha ha) the line around with the Podcasting release, this must be the big announcement they were promising. So Apple machines, by that logic, are a near certainty.
In the new iPod designs with the Clickwheel, the buttons really are under the scroll wheel, so that when the user pushes the wheel on one side it hits the button underneath. That's how the Clickwheel works.
This might also be a great way for the technical community to start convincing the rest of the world that not all hackers are up to no good.
Let's hope it won't be exactly like CNN, by which I mean won't soon come to feature endless "commentary" and "talk" shows devoted to making a lot of noise out of a little news. I'm personally quite sick of hearing rambling, repetitive discussion rather than some actual information.
Which begs the question of: how much actual security news is there to report? During a large virus or worm attack, as during a war for CNN, there is certainly enough to fill 24 hours; otherwise, what exactly will they talk about all the time?
The body does learn to live symbiotically with some bacteria, such as the E. coli living in our GI tract. If researchers could figure out the mechanism by which the body learns to tell "good" bacteria from "bad," we could theoretically teach it to live symbiotically with Geobacter.
The discovery of the "hobbits" who lived on Flores has definitely thrown some solid evidence on the "organization matters" side of the argument, since H. floresiensis displayed tool-making on a level with modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic, the use of fire, and cooperative hunting - some have even argued for the existence of language. But H. floresiensis' brain, at 380 cubic centimeters, is at the low end of the range for chimpanzees, nearly one-fourth the size of our modern brains. Since H.floresiensis is almost certainly a dwarfed version of H. erectus, however, it retained the organization of the brain while sacrificing size and thus retained H. erectus' mental advantages.
I'd love to cite the pertinent Scientific American articles, but they're still under "digital subscription." You can read the paper version in the February 2005 issue.
Many of the pranks are just to get Caltech's name out...the point of Prefrosh weekend is to help undecided prefrosh pick a school, and there are a fair amount who have a choice between MIT and Caltech. If it appears that Caltech is smart enough to prank MIT with impunity, it will convince some undecideds that Caltech really is the place with the better education, a fact that previous posters have mentioned is much more important to Caltech (~200 undergrads per class) than it is to MIT (~1000 undergrads per class).
The pranks were not as bad as they seem to have been reported. The balloons did go up under the dome, but very few people noticed them. The palm tree also went up on the dome, but it was not up there for more than a few minutes before it was retrieved and spray-painted white to appear covered in snow. The t-shirts were handed out at the Academic Fair which a fair number of prefrosh didn't even go to, and the laser on the side of the Green Building...well, let's just say I witnessed a few people departing to make that guy's life miserable. The banner reading "That Other [Institute of Technology]" was also rapidly counter-hacked to read "The Only [Institute of Technology]".
It took a while for people to realize that Caltech students really had taken the time to fly out here and bother us (the smart money was originally on Caltech alumni at the grad school). MIT may have a rivalry with Caltech, but it's quite far away and not supported by any sort of sports team encounters. Caltech may have only MIT to focus on, but MIT spends a lot of its energy harassing Harvard, which has the advantages of being easily mocked and just down the road. Caltech has had some great hacks in the past - the Rose Bowl prank, the Hollywood sign - but MIT has a greater culture of regular hacking that involves much of the community. Thus, it's a little surprising that Caltech would throw down the gauntlet like this...and the invitation to prank their prefrosh weekend can mean only trouble.
But it would probably be trouble for Caltech. They seem to have invested a lot of pride in this, but most of the prefrosh at least didn't even know it was happening. If MIT heads to Caltech and gets humiliated, Caltech might be cheering but the rest of MIT might not even know about it. I hope they know what they're getting in to.
A full-scale superpower war would probably only target cities in the superpowers, though. Did the Cylon invasion target all cities, or just the major strategic sites? I suppose they would have only targeted strategic sites, to preserve as much as possible for their own use...but if they're after extermination, they might have just carpet-bombed the place. In that case, it might be better to compare the Cylon invasion to the meteor that wiped out the dinosaurs.
I can't find a screenshot, but I do remember that in the set shots that signal a transition to the planet's surface (a little message flashes up saying "Cylon-occupied Caprica") the planet's atmosphere looks extremely yellow and cloudy.
In a nuclear winter, the first effect of multiple detonations would indeed be a ton of rain, as all the fallout in the air seeds tons of rainclouds. Then, as the dust blanket spreads around the planet, temperatures would plummet and the ozone layer would disintegrate due to the effects of the nitrous oxides released in the explosions. I'm fairly certain most of that constant rain has cleared up, so it should get very dark and cold soon.
-SPOILERS-
Baltar really is great. He's a perfect example of a character who toes the line between the "good" and "evil" sides, without committing too much to one or the other. Unlike a lot of "renegade" characters who never do anything truly objectionable, even though they might work for the other side, Baltar does things we like and things we hate.
I also like the fact that the Cylons are monotheistic and the humans are polytheistic, insofar as they are religious. There's a tendency in our society to see monotheism as a more sophisticated or advanced philosophy, and usually when we see a polytheistic society fighting a monotheistic one, the monotheistic one is the more advanced and "good" side. Mixing it up like this really gives one an insight into how we unconsciously bias towards societies with religions similar to our own.
-Privacy and freedom from distraction:
Cubicles grate on my nerves endlessly for two reasons: one, the desk is often positioned so that in order to work you must keep your back to the "door", thus taking paranoia to a whole new level; and two, the nonstop sound of footsteps moving past your cube is guaranteed to shatter whatever train of thought you've been riding.
These two feed off each other, since if you hear footsteps and you're not already looking at the entrance, you have to turn around every time. Plus, the lack of a desk between you and your visitor seems to leave you at a disadvantage in confrontations, since you're sitting down. Put in real walls or don't put in walls at all - what sort of message does it send when the conference room is nicer than the offices?
I hate fluorescent lighting with a passion. Try to put in different means of lighting, but in any case add light switches or allow employees to put glare shields or drapes around their spaces - programmers and other nocturnal beings are especially sensitive to bad lighting.
-Trust (the company trusts its employees to handle themselves, and the employees trust the company to look out for them)
Don't use web blocking or filtering software. It may be true that people will surf the web when they should be working, but blocking and filtering sends the message that you don't trust them to use their time wisely. The company won't go bankrupt if someone checks their webcomics during lunch. On that theme, doors: trusting people not to goof off all day.
If business is bad and things are tight, don't look to the office budget as the first place to shave money from. A dip in stock seems distant to employees, whereas the lack of soda has an immediate and demoralizing impact.
Storage cabinets that lock are a must, especially for a programmer's treasured collection of books.
Again, light switches (trusting an employee to control their own environment).
-Comfort
Cookies and random, unlooked-for goodies are a huge plus, as well as coffee/soda alternatives (like hot chocolate and tea).
Once again, ye gods, the fluorescent lighting. On a bad or sleep-deprived day, those rods and their incessant whining, buzzing drone bit into my brain like an auger. There are many alternatives out there - please make use of them.
Colors! Please, please, please, some colors! Real, vivid colors - no wimpy pastels or grey-blues or (god forbid) beige. Windows and plant life (not the cheap rental kind - everybody knows that one) and again windows. There's a lot of free decorating right outside.
Convenient printers/copiers/faxes/restrooms, as well as computers to test code on. Also bookshelves for employees to store their own literature (I find when on lunch or waiting for some reason that a quick read is an excellent way to keep my mind fresh and awake), perhaps even providing reading material (real reading material, not just the company newsletter).
Readily accessible/changeable climate control. Long and hard were the days of shivering or baking - if the rooms are not at the right temperature, it's extremely hard to think.
Really, the best workspace is the one that's as convenient and comfortable as your own home. If you couldn't live comfortably at your office, you can't work there, either.
And see if he/she has a sense of humor - that's always an asset.
Best thing I got for cleaning and defending my school's networks was trust, in the form of full root privileges on my account, including the ability to disable the monitoring software the school usually installs.
I've also had friends bake me brownies, and between sugar and trust I'll take sugar.
Let's face it: they know a lot of things, but some of them are lucky if they can get Microsoft Word to start up. A sufficient amount, especially the ones without much seniority or facing tough election campaigns, are going to go with what big-money associations such as the RIAA and MPAA say because they a: don't see why it's worth it to fight such powerful lobbying groups and b: are only being provided information by one side.
So the long-term solution might be two-fold: a little lobbying of our own, in terms of presenting our side of the argument and why it's worth the blood and sweat programmers pour into it; and some basic coursework in Internet 101.