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Could We Have Had Cell Phones In The 60s?
TheSync writes: "MIT's Technology Review has a short article claiming "were it not for regulatory red tape, cell phones might have been available...in the 1960s"
Despite the basics of cellular technology being developed in 1947, FCC regulation kept cellular on-hold until 1975. While modern cellphones are clearly more advanced (900 MHz) than anything that could have been developed in the 60's, clearly we could have had VHF or UHF band cellular phones." Interesting to speculate what things such regulation may have prevented, as well as what developments they've spurred. (In Sabrina , though, Linus Larrabee has a radio phone in his car, and so did Alfred Hitchcock in the Three Investigators books. But I certainly couldn't have had any kind of radio phone then.)
The main one being that there did not exist any good monitoring technology back then. Back then, just as now, people cannot be trusted and require constant government monitoring to ensure compliance with the law. They might be talking about terrorism, illegal drugs, hacking, etc which needs to be curtailed. That's why Carnivore and Echelon, DMCA, War on Drugs are all perfectly valid and Constitutional.
Freedom is only valid if the government agrees with it and that it doesn't hurt the profits of large corporations.
I know it might not be popular here on slashdot, but I am *very* pro-DMCA. Hacking needs curtailed at all costs and if it means loss of the first amendment (which, IMO is crap anyways) or a bunch of "hackers" and "linux dorks" getting their asses raped in prison and infected with AIDS then it's worth it.
You could have had them. The backpack would have weighed about 50 lbs and given about 10 minutes of airtime before needing to be thrown out and replaced (not recharged).
Of course, back then, the government actually cared about things that influenced public health, and wouldn't have allowed the cancer-causing phones to enter the market. Nowadays we are much smarter, and can see the value of causing cancer in the name of convenience and corporate profits for telecoms.
What regulations prevent wiring the last mile? Except for the laws of economics, that is.
Wow, that's really funny... in 1985.
AFAIK Finland had ARP (comes from the words Auto Radio Puhelin, "Car Radio Phone") in the 1970s, development started in the 1960s. It was a big portable box with which you called the operator, and then the operator would connect you to an ordinary telephone and then you could talk while driving in your car. The line was into one direction only and you had to use the tangent button in the headpiece to let them know you were talking, just like old radios.
>These two developments, plus an enormous amount of elbow grease, allowed AT&T to deploy AMPS in Chicago in 1983 (right before >the Consent Decree broke them up into the Baby >Bells) - the world's first high-capacity cell-based full-duplex communication system, You forget NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System). It wen into air 1981 and was even multinational and cellular system. NMT is usually considered to be the first succesful and widely deployed modern mobile system. Read more from http://www.privateline.com/PCS/history9.htm Among the first countries to introduce the NMT were Finland and Sweden (home of Ericsson and Nokia, suprise :))
It's my understanding that the US governments refusal to get involved is an inhibiting factor in the spread of wireless communication. I get a Nextel phone, I can't use it on Sprint's network and vice versa. No big deal you say. But if you travel a lot outside of larger metropolitan areas, you start to notice how your phone can't be used in other parts of the country-- though the locals have mobile phones that work just fine on THEIR network. I won't go so far as to say that more government will solve our problems, but clearly mandating uniform communications standards is a governmental kind of activity-- sure can't leave it up to those corporate kids.
Timothy, It would seem that you do not understand reality. Big government does this. It is governments very nature. Sharks kill eat and swim, that is a sharks nature. Government kills, restricts, controls and censures, and that is its nature. Therefore to oppose one instance of big, controlling government yet support another is illogical. To then do so as a result of the selfish desires and interests of one aspect of big government is foolish and hypocritical. To stand up and speak of freedom, yet advocate the restrictions of freedom of others on grounds that you don't own/practice/care about that particular aspect, or because you just don't agree and thus dislike the effected group... well, that is really sad and pathetic. When you seek to control your neighbors, you give up your own freedom, choice and security to others. When you implement (which includes any support) ways to enact the control and restriction of others, you empower them to control and restrict you as well. To attempt to argue for one over the other is to devolve back to childhood where your ID needs overweigh all TRUE concern for both others, and the bigger picture (which of course includes the long term) that ultimately effects you as well.
In the USA the radio phones operated at around 150 MHz. They were very similar to a ham radio 2m rig and operated adjacent to that band. To place a call you had to pick up the microphone and talk to the mobile phone operator who would then place your call for you. There was no privacy, really. You had to remind the person on the other end of the line that you were on a mobile phone and not to say anything that you wouldn't want heard in public. Anyone could buy a multi-band radio at Radio Shack to eavesdrop on the mobile phone band.
I am using wireless broadband inet access.. check it out at www.sprintbroadband.com Power to the people!
You have it backwards. Brain cancer causes cell phone usage.
*sigh* This is what's wrong with marketing. People don't understand what the hell people mean when companies say things. I *work* at a cell phone company and I had the hardest time just getting a straight answer on what PCS meant, from people who should really know these things.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) is the "original" cell system developed by Motorola and Bell Labs. That's why Motorola was so big in analog systems. They helped develop them.
Other people have pointed this out but I'll do it here anyhow:
PCS is basically any 2G system run at 1900 Mhz. Could be TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), could be CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). It involves some of the functionality of GSM but it's not the same thing as GSM in Europe and Japan.
GSM is, of course, the standard across much of the world. Too bad for us in the U.S. that providers are so invested in the current infrastructure that we're (yet again!) different. From what I understand there are a few small GSM sites up in urban areas in the US but like I said, providers are invested in other technologies already.
Nextel is NOT a cell phone system. They are a provider of Motorola's iDEN systems. iDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network) is a TDMA system that runs on 800 or 900 Mhz. It is based closely off the GSM system with some added things like the dispatch function which is what makes it unique.
Now as far as 3G is concerned, most companies (Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia) are developing both UMTS (a wideband CDMA technology based off the GSM infrastructure which runs TDMA) and 3G CMDA-1x Ev-Dv which is based on (duh) 2G CDMA technology. Everyone but the US will likely go with UMTS (except some portions of Japan), and what American providers will end up with has yet to be determined. My guess is it depends on how much more money they've got to invest to migrate to the GSM based UMTS.
My basic point (apart from "Don't just listen to buzzwords") is that the US is usually different technology-wise than the rest of the world because everyone else has the sense to recognize that they've got to coexist.
And I suppose that all phones would be owned by Bell and merely leased to us?
Given that the best process they had in the 60s was around 1000 microns, something tells me such a cellphone would require carrying a backpack à la GhostBusters.
The U.S. were the only country regulated by FCC. If it had been possible to develop cell phones in the 60ies, it would have happened in Europe, or even in Japan.
Speaking of regulations and cell phones, has anyone heard news on GSM progress in America? It seems that the rest of the world is quite a bit ahead of us in that regard. As I understand it, the FCC already allocated the frequencies that GSM would've used (?), and if that is indeed the case then I dunno how it could be resolved :(.
Alex Bischoff
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Alex Bischoff
HTML/CSS coder for hire
"SPORK REMINDS AMERICANS THAT GSM MAKE CELLULAR TELEPHONY VERY POPULAR AND GSM WRITTEN BY EUROPEAN COMMITTEE AND ENFORCED ACROSS EUROPE!!! REGULATION CAUSE CELL PHONE SUCCESS NOT HINDER IT!!! "
remind spork that gsm standard have two purposes:
* build interoperable phone network as spork describe
* lock MOTOROLA out of european market for several years so nokia, ericsson, etc. have chance to recover from total us domination of world market.
mission successful
sPh
Partly due to installed base issues, partly becuase the voice quality of digital cell phones is so inferior to analog that it is hard to get poeple to give up their analog phones. O ce yo hav lis n d to a dig l phon you w ll w nt our an o ph e ba k.
sPh
"Compared to the Ericssons or the Nokias, they are a) big, b) ugly, and c) unreliable."
Agreed, but I was talking about the 1989 - 1991 time period, when Motorola did dominate the market worldwide. I am pretty confident that what I said about the GSM standard is correct.
That in mind, I also had a lot of friends who worked for Motorola Cellular 1992 - 1998, and they tell me that Motorola essentially shot its own foot off by ignoring its international customers and not taking GSM seriously. They also had a lot of the technology in-house for very small phones, designer phones, etc. in 1995, but their marketing group felt that there would be no demand for such devices. At the same time their executives were out of the office most of the time teaching "Six Sigma" to other companies. Oops.
sPh
Totally different technology though - you had to make a direct radio connection to a central Bell facility, where an operator would route your call to the local exchange. Sort of a throw-back to the 1920's. And IIRC the total capacity of the Chicago system, for example, was about 20 simultaneous calls.
sPh
"So how is this different than a cellphone? The only thing different now from what you describe above is increased capacity and we replaced operators with computers"
Radiophone: one big antenna, one central transmission point, high power transmitter, one set of circuits.
Cellphone = cellular tower technology = many antennas, many transmission points, low power transmitter, handoff of signal from one antenna to the next as the mobile unit moves, many circuits on same frequency across geographical area.
sPh
The FCC did a bad enough job on Cellular in the 80's and 90's. There are at least between 4 redundant cellular systems (AMPS, "PCS", GSM, Nextel) on different bands, wasting lots of bandwidth, mostly due to the auction scheme.
FCC needs to abandon the auction method and go back to being a spectrum manager.
Thanks
Bruce
Bruce Perens.
This is way over-rated, but since I'm posting not moderating:
Cell-phones do not have and are not likely to gain GPS receivers soon. The same techniques are being used for finding the location of cell-phones; the difference is that this can now be done automatically on a routine basis and there are standard means for network operators to pass on this information to parties such as emergency services and location-based information services.
GSM networks outside the US use frequencies around either 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Neither is 'giving way' to the other; they're just two different bands that were available in most countries' radio spectra, and which are sufficiently far apart that a dual-band handset can be made fairly cheaply. The US PCS band is different because that was what was available.
'TDMA' and 'CDMA' are two different techniques of dividing out bandwidth in an efficient way. Confusingly, the terms are also used more specifically for the common IS-54 and IS-95 systems (I could be wrong about those numbers) which are respectively based on those two techniques. GSM is a different TDMA-based system.
It wasn't -
The last time I saw something on this - the cell phone concept was first tried in the mid-seventies, and I believe it was Motorolla(could be ATT -not clear on that..)
The systems you are talking about were radio telephones.
Have you compiled your kernel today??
I remember my neighbor had a phone in his truck. I believe it was UHF powered, he would call an operator, and they would make the call for him. If there was an incoming call there was some sort of hookup to the horn in the truck, an American, full sized 4x4, lots of horn power. Many of the contractors in the area subscribed to this service, and they all parked their trucks in front of the same bar after the hard construction workday. Sometimes there would be dualing horns going.
I don't know about the models that are sold in Oz and NZ, but I've had several Nokia phones. Each and every one was a piece of crap. Lousy reception inside buildings, lost the tower WAY earlier than anyone elses phone, horrible sound quality.
On the other hand, I've never had a single reason to complain about any of the three StarTacs I've had. They're great little phones.
How many people get injured in car accidents because of a cellphone
The last time I saw any statistics, cell phones rated somewhere underneath "adjusting the radio" as a cause of accidents. Sure, it happens, but not enough to get alarmed about.
What DOES piss me off, though, are the people who, for some inexplicable reason, feel the need to slow down an entire lane of traffic by 15 mph once they get on their phone.
Only the analog cell phones that are AFAIK only still used in the US.
I am not sure how it is now with all the digital cell phones and what not... Some at least probably have encryption or just don't transmit anything that a human would understand without another cell phone at the end decoding it.
These are packetized to share bandwidth on the same frequency and is also using multiple frequencies at the same time, IIRC. With the common scanner you would get a big mess listening on one frequency, additionally the connections are encrypted.
The encryption is weak however, and man-in-the-middle attacks have been successfully demonstrated. Build your own phone cell which forwards to the real network and off you go, handling and listening on all calls while the respective phones consider your cell to be the strongest in range.
that we didn't have cell phones back then. The crash technology has finally evolved to the point that we now no longer need to worry about hitting each other while talking on cell phones and driving. Think of how bad it would have been in the '60s without airbags!
In college in the 60s we were still using
vacuum tubes. I would guess that your
cellular telephone would be a little
hard to carry. You forgot that part
in your text.
An other issue would be cost. I don't
think anyone in the general public would
have been able to afford it. For one thing
the persons who would be willing to carry
those around would have to be morons and
the numbers would have been relatively
small thus a very high cost.
In the early 80s when the electronic started
to be smaller for those transmitter/receivers
the cost was still very high.
Yes, radiotelephones were around for some time. An article at britannica.com reviews the history pretty well. This old wireless phone talk reminds me of the forgotten classic movie The Plot Against Harry (1969) (not Hitchcock's The Trouble with Harry), where Harry was a small time gangster with a phone in his car. Great classic funny movie, check it out.
However, the assumption that the masses will all start listening to "quality" - whatever that is - if exposed to it is just crap. From all that we've heard, the overwhelming majority of Napster users just want their Britney Spears and Offspring MP3's.
However, that still doesn't alter the fact that many more frequencies could and should be made available, so that if you want a station that specialises in, say, 60's Motown, or big band music, or whatever's getting played in the edgier local pubs, you can find one.
Go you big red fire engine!
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo
--Andy Finkel (J. Klass?)
Didn't the lead investigator on the Perry Mason show have a car phone? The show is black and white and definitely before 1975
"Just like we could have better industry now if it weren't for all these damn environmental regulations. No CO2, no CO, no S, and no radioactive dumps. But think about it, what has the environment ever done for us? It's a haven for wolves, bears, and sharks, all of which kill thousands of humans each year. Not only that, but its elements (tornados, hurricanes) destroy our cities and towns on a constant basis.
:)
I say fight back against this "mother nature"! It's a mother we never wanted! The FCC regulations went down, and so should all environmental regulations!"
Direct quote from the speech George W. Bush will make tomorrow in front of congress. Sorry to ruin the surprise.
And the men from U.N.C.L.E. (Illiazd Kuriakin & Napoléon Solo) their pen phones...
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Sigh - Aaah, the good old times of mobile car phones... When we got bored listening to railroad radio traffic while hanging near busy junctions, (this was in my roaming FRN days), we'd tune into the mobile phones. Once we heard a slut calling her pimp and telling him how she was about to rob her client while he was in the shower...
Speaking of suppressed technology, if big-mouth Kennedy hadn't had his stupid race-to-the-moon speech, there would have been an operational space shuttle by the late 60's. After that, space station AND going to the moon would have been a breeze, instead of being a technological dead-end.
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When I was a kid, there was this clown on TV named "Sol" (ground) who went around with a phone handset in his pocket. He was a precursor of cellular phone-toting people... Now, we have grown up, and so did his act, 30+ years later... (Can you imagine if Captain Kangaroo's act had grown up with him?)
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Just like 100 years ago...
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A cellular telephone transceiver needs a frequency synthesizer, modem and a controller, such as a simple microprocessor. These could be built out of discrete components or early integrated circuits, but the result would be expensive, use a lot of space, electrical power and have questionable reliability. Ask anyone who has worked in a two-way radio shop about how their customers abuse the equipment. A car is a hostile environment for electronics.
I briefly worked as a mobile radiotelephone operator back in the pre-cellular era. Our main customers were funeral directors, real estate agents, car salesmen and pimps (really).
Mea navis aericumbens anguillis abundat
Anyone whose watched old television shows or movies knows that the US had mobile telephone systems in place by the 1960s, if not earlier. The question is how soon cellular tech could have been rolled out.
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Business. Numbers. Money. People. Computer World.
If they'd used 60s tech, it would have been a cell phone the size of a jail cell. Well, all right, not that big. But the tiny phones we have today were well beyond the capacity of their pre-microprocessor electronics. Every cell phone today uses a digital signal processor. Those things used to fill a room. Sure, they had portable phones that fit in a car. But in a pocket? I think not.
Hiawatha Bray
Tech Reporter
Boston Globe
Interesting. The Romans were famous for their civil engineering prowress (aquaducts, Colosseum, et al), but did they have the tooling and measurement systems to produce the kinds of sophisticated, high tolerance machines that we normally associate with steam? Crude pistons for moving doors are one thing, but a multipiston engine and drive system may have been beyond their engineering skills.
It's always fun to wonder what might have happened if "revolutionary" technologies had been grasped much earlier in history.
And why nearly all of you run around with this ugly analog cell Phones (with this pull-out Antennas *shudder*) while analog cell Phone systems got shut down in Europe years ago, and everyone got gsm
what decade are you referring to? In 2001, most people in the US use digital phones (or dual).
Lets please try to keep in mind that building coverage for any country in Europe is about the same as covering one STATE in the US. It has nothing to do with technological superiority, but the fact that:
1) We have good, always-on, flat-rate land lines
2) it's a lot harder to build cells to cover our land mass. Any metropolis in the US has as good coverage with modern digital tech as any metropolis in Europe. Its only on the 5 hour drive between one city and another that you'll drop service (of course in 5 hours you could drive across 3+ countries in Europe)
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Recursive: Adj. See Recursive.
You forget that the Romans didn't have the necessary cosmovision. The world to them was highly magic and tradition was far more important than advancements in knowledge.
The same was true of the ancient Chinese people, who invented lots of things and had far better navigation than Discovery Era Portuguese people, but lacked the motivation to use it effectively.
Even if the Greeks had a more rational mindset their culture was already decadent because of state-cities fighting each other, too much dependence on slave work and general decline of moral values. So the Romans conquered then and later failed too when they also went decadent, but then much knowledge was already lost.
As a side note, even if there was a bit of knowledge lost or severely restricted during the Dark (Middle) Age, the political agenda of Renaissance times that partially endures to this day keeps us from realizing that wise men even during the Dark Age knew a lot more than we usually suppose. For example, that the Earth is round was widely know by scholars of the time, it just wasn't accepted by the Tomist (Aristotelic) faction then dominant in the Roman Church that then dominated Western Europe.
It wasn't until Reformation and Renaissance that the world got the mindset necessary to foster widespread adoption of technological advancements and free communication of scientifical concepts.
Sad thing is that with copyright and patent laws misuse we might be going backwards in this mindset issue.
--
Leandro Guimarães Faria Corsetti Dutra
DBA, SysAdmin
Leandro Guimarães Faria Corcete DUTRA
DA, DBA, SysAdmin, Data Modeller
GNU Project, Debian GNU/Lin
I do that to my friends...show up at their house and phone them from their driveway, telling them I'm on my way over to visit and then five seconds later, while I'm still on the phone, I'll hit the doorbell...freaks 'em right out! >:-)
My journal has hot
It's funny really about Ma Bell, the AMPS and NAMPS standards were of course drafted in 1947. Very simple of course, no SS7 - and it does resemble a base-station 900Mhz phone of today when thought about. However it could have been entirely possible that we would have saw Mobile Phones during the era that CSS6 (common channel signaling 6) also known as SS6. To make things more interesting IS-41 was not even started until 1984 (the year that Ma Bell was broke up). IS-41 just was accepted (as in a few months ago) by ANSI and is now an ANSI standard (ANSI-41). I for one am rather happy to see that the Baby Bells are being gentrified as the winners in the internet space (see earlier today) rather than AT&T - usually LECs have much more to do to please the customers then AT&T ever did ... which gets back to why we didn't have cell phones in 1960.
Then we could have "enjoyed" hearing phone conversations in the theatre during the original Star Wars, rather than having to wait for the prequels.
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Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
if you consider the possibilities, there are differences.
Sunlight heats from the outside in. That's radiant heat.
Microwave heats uniformly, so the heating action (albeit very very tiny from a cellphone) is happening inside your head, where temperatures are very tightly regulated.
The mechanism of action is different as well. Sunlight heats through absorption of infrared.
Microwaves heat through causing water molecules to vibrate in the EM field they create.
Oh. Also.. microwave ovens work at 2.4Ghz... would an 800Mhz microwave oven have the same effect? or 5Ghz? I wonder....
that a microwave oven with no door has the kind of radiation pattern you think it does? Something tells me you just solved for a perfect omni source..which a microwave oven with no door certainly isn't.
You know.. Something has always bothered me about regulation. Now, being Canadian, I'm talking about the CRTC (Canadian Radio-Television Commission), our equivalent of the FCC.
Years ago, in my hometown, some entrepreneurs applied for an FM license. They had all the funds for equipment, transmitters, staff, etc. They were very serious.. and the CRTC turned them down.. why? Not because there was no spectrum left (we only have 3 FM stations).. but because 'The Market in that town is not large enough to support a 4th FM station'. Now that set off alarm bells.
I always pictured their role as being one of regulating a public resource (radio spectrum) to ensure it was used fairly and responsibly, not to regulate the MARKET that those airwaves bring about.
People have to remember, the airwaves are a public resource, and we want them managed properly. It's silly for big business to be able to tie up airwaves with old technology when other newer stuff that could advance society is available.
Having a UHF or VHF phone would have been very interesting indeed. I can't say that I would have used one, but could they have been safer as far as radiation goes? Or would having a small UHF/VHF transmitter next to your head have been worse then todays transmitters?
Yes, they were out there in the late 60's.
I have a super 8 movie from 1969 with a guy sitting in an MG or a Triumph in traffic before the toll plaza on the (SF) Bay Bridge talking on his car phone. Anyone got a good way to digitize super 8?
Slashdot!? Write "do your homework before trying to educate all of us about the technological inferiority of the US" and the moderation score coes up to 4!? Allthough there are no facts here whatsoever... Here we go:
1950- The swedish company Ericsson and Telia builds the worlds first mobile phone prototype. It fills up the trunk of a car.
1955- The worlds first fully automatic mobile/cellular phone system is introduced in
Stockholm, Sweden. The price for a phone and installation is about 750 dollars.
1956- The system has 19 users in Stockholm and 8 in Gothenburg.
I dont know what teacher Petros definition of a cell phone system is. If it must be digital to comply to his definition then there where no cell phones before 1991, when the first digital system was brought on line.
And the Ericssons and Telias system was NOT just a radio phone. It was fully automatic system.
Do YOUR homework next time
For that matter, in World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm II (or Kaiser Bill ;-) ) had a Mercedes limosine, on display at the Daimler-Benz museum in Stuttgart, that had a mobile radio system -- so that old Bill could keep in touch with the general staff. Whether it was like a cellphone or more like a CB, though, I don't know. But interesting to note how far ahead of its time *that* was.
(On that note: How do you pronounce "DaimlerChrysler"? The "chrysler" is silent...) ;-P
Cheers,
John
Everyone wants to be Ethelred. Even I want to be Ethelred.
Of course, Maxwell Smart had a shoe phone.
And the Man From U.N.C.L.E had an ISDN pen phone. "Open channel D".
1955- The worlds first fully automatic mobile/cellular phone system is introduced in Stockholm, Sweden. The price for a phone and installation is about 750 dollars.
Note that this equates to probably 10's of thousands of USD in todays terms.
Heh. That didn't even occur to me :-) Indeed, go to your local cell phone accersory "store". :-)
S.t.e.v.e.
1. Thousands of accidents related to cell phones. What is it about a cell phone that makes people think they should navigate along the highway with one hand on their phone, while the other desperately tries to steer, shift geers, drink the coffee, changes the radio station.
2. Many many hours of enjoyment in a cell-phone free movie theatre. Ok ok, so you forgot to turn your cell off in the theatre. What makes you think that in the case it does ring, you should answer it and talk? jeez.
The list goes on. While I think cell phones have their place in modern society it seems to me that they have become more of a fashion statement than a functional device. Just go to your local mall and take a look at the various cell phone accesory sites.
I think one of the funnier moments I had related to cell phones was on a trip to france. I got off the plane and was walking down the ramp, while the person next to me, who had immediately turned on their phone as soon as they got off was saying something to the effect of (french isn't too good) "I'm here I just got off the plane.... Oh good you're waiting for me right outside the ramp". Is it really necesary? I dunno. Maybe it's just cuz I hate the phone in general.
S.t.e.v.e.
... a CB Radio?
Strange that thousands of accidents weren't blamed on them every year.
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If a tree falls on an anonymous coward yelling 'first post' in the forest, does anybody hear?
AMPS allowed up to 600 mW for handheld phones. "Bag phones" and phones installed in cars were allowed up to 3W, but I don't think those have been sold in years. The various digital systems use even less power...the GSM PCS phone I used until about a year ago maxed out at 125 mW according to the manual.
20 January 2017: the End of an Error.
Although battery capacities (relative to weight) have improved a lot since 6 years ago (thanks to NiMH and LiIon batteries), the main reason we have much better standby and talk times today is because analog phones (that were the norm a few years ago) use a lot more power than digital phones, both in standby and when you're on a call.
You probably haven't been to the US in the last couple of years, because you hardly see analog phones any more (at least in metro areas)... But in any case, why adoption of digital has been slower in the US (and Canada, for that matter) is a long discussion, that I'm not going to start right now because it's almost 3am ;-).
btw, my original message to which you replied wasn't suggesting that the US is way ahead of the Scandinavian countries when it comes to mobile communications. I was correcting another poster that claimed that Finland and Sweden were *30 years* ahead in cellular technology, and based that claim on a different technology (radio telephones). We can certainly have a long argument on the relative merits of the ways things happened in North America vs Europe in the cellular industry, but this wasn't my point.
Seriously, there are reasons why you can't have cellular at any frequency... I don't pretend to understand RF very much, but different freqencies spread in different ways in the environment. Cellular technology depends on geographic channel reuse to achieve high capacity... The more able you are to control how far a signal travels before it becomes irrelevant, the smaller cells you can make, and thus the higher capacity you can achieve. This is why cellular systems use high frequencies, close-to-microwave or microwave. I'm not sure what is a good practical limit, but if you go too low the signals travel too far to make them practical for cellular systems.
Since you mentioned 400Mhz, there *are* cellular systems at 400Mhz. The first version of NMT was at 400Mhz (later it was also offered at 900Mhz), and I believe there was an early 400Mhz system in use in Alberta, Canada at some point. My understanding is that they are good for rural areas... AFAIK NMT-400 systems are still live, and there is a GSM-400 standard in the works, which will gradually replace NMT-400.
As others mentioned, yes, there were mobile phones since the 1950s or so, but they were not cellular. They were two-way radios, with the base station connected to the phone system. There was only one base station, so both it and the mobile stations has to use high power transmitters to cover an entire city. Only a few channels were allocated, so since there was no channel reuse (which is what cellular technology is all about) the capacity of the system was very small. Also, at first you had to ask an operator to place your calls, although later on direct dial systems appeared as well.
Technically, PCS refers to the 1900Mhz that the FCC allocated for cellular (for cellular, there is also a PCS paging band allocated, I think). The problem is the way the term was used by marketing, but you can always count on them to do something wrong... People keep comparing PCS with cellular, as if they are two distinct things, and even worse you have companies like Sprint that claim to be "the clear alternative to cellular".
I like the word cellular. It's not too general, like mobile or radiophone would be, but it's not too specific either: it could be analog or digital, 800, 900 or 1900Mhz, CDMA or GSM etc.
I did another quick search, but I can't find any indication that the system you are talking about was cellular. I don't think cellular is an ambiguous term. It means that the coverage area is divided into smaller areas (cells), each served by a relatively low power transmitter. Non-adjacent cells can use the same channels, and calls are handed off from one cell to another as the user moves in the cellular system (which requires that cells have some overlap, obviously).
So, please, point me to a reference that shows that the 1955 system was cellular, as opposed to automatic radiophone. If this is the case, I'll admit the error of my ways, and will have learned something new in the process. I have done my homework, and I haven't found any evidence that there were any commercial cellular systems anywhere in the 1950s...
Sorry to tell you that these were not cellular phones, just mobile radio telephones, and that these were also available in the US. Commercial cellular service started in the (very) early 1980s (don't remember exactly), and Scandinavian countries did beat the US to it by a couple of years. IIRC the first commercial system in the US went live in 1984 in Chicago. I believe that there was a considerable delay between the time AMPS was ready and the time it went live, because it happened at the same time as the AT&T breakup.
So, next time do your homework before trying to educate all of us about the technological inferiority of the US.
So I can safely overclock my brain? Sweet. Grad school, here I come!
You cannot apply a technological solution to a sociological problem. (Edwards' Law)
There was intense competition to be the architect of the cellphone standard, a competition that Motorola won. This was not surprising in light of the fact that Motorola had commercialized most of the key technical capabilities in a range of mobile radio products (police and fire radios in particular) that are still in service today.
In the bad old days each radio had a transmit and a receive frequency. When each mobile unit was on the same frequencies, they stepped on each other (remember to say over, listen before speaking, and other disciplines that still survive in the CB world). When you gave each mobile unit its own frequencies you consumed lots of bandwidth and there had to be a very big system in the central office.
Motorola solved this problem by building flexible systems that used a number of frequencies plus a special channel that was only used very briefly in the instant when you pressed the "push to talk" button. During a tiny interval when this button was pushed the mobile set would transmit a request for a channel to the central station and get a response assigning it a frequency to use, to which it would tune its transmitter. All of the mobile receivers were tuned to the same frequency, thus for N mobile sets you only needed N+3 channels (N inbound, 1 request, 1 response, and 1 central broadcast). The ability to build frequency-agile transmitters was all that it took, and Motorola mastered that.
That, in essence, is the root of first-generation cell phone systems. The only thing required to make it all work was the basic cellular architecture, the handoff system that lets you rebind from one cell to another as you move around, and little more. Microprocessors, which arrived in the early 1970s, made it possible to do all of this affordably.
I remember following the debates over the technical details of cellular systems in the early and mid 1970s and I remember two specific examples of short-sightedness that stand out in retrospect:
A lot of the commentary in this thread seems to me to be overly paranoid. I may be a Pollyanna, but I remember the electronics of the early 1970s. The estimates that drove decisions were not unreasonable or irrational. In retrospect they didn't include Moore's law (or an appropriate corrollary for analog electonics) and as a result they were way off for capability, cost, and size, but I don't think there was a conspiracy. I don't think the AT&T bureaucracy was smart enough or paranoid enough back then to have been that scheming. They were amazingly arrogant, and that led them to dismiss things they hadn't invented or thought of themselves. They really never learned to factor in the dynamic of change, but it would be giving them far too much credit to accuse them of having enough savvy to deliberately sabotage the cellphone movement.
If it weren't for the regulation of society through the mechanism of slavery, and hence the suppression of the free market, we could have had the industrial revolution 2000 years ago.
200 BC: Alexandria, Egypt: A cultured city with a population of 500,000, the world's first lighthouse, university, library with 500,000 manuscripts/books, multi-decked shipping, theatres, temples with automatic sliding doors, and engineers working with a simple steam engine. From: Peter James and Nick Thorpe, Ancient Inventions.
In which case we would be about where we are now in high-tech back in AD 200. By AD
230 Billus Gaticus and Laurence of Ellisonius would be multi-trillionaires, clone many offspring, build a sanctuary in space, and then des troy the planet, so they can make version 3.1 the way it was supposed to be, and then encode their plan in DNA, enslave their new creations, and create a secret society so the information isn't lost.
Who needs money when you can have a planet of slaves?
Not a myth just a different thread of the multiverse.
See my comment regarding the Industrial Revolution 2000 years ago here.
AJ
My suspicion would be that cell phones wouldn't be anywhere near the biggest problem with holding magnets near your head. The magnets in the cell phone speaker are quite a bit smaller than those in a good set of head phones and a whole lot smaller than the monster inside the old phone you used to rent from Bell.
I don't want free as in beer. I just want free beer.
Let's think about this. An actual microwave oven puts out about 1000W of power (700 if you buy a cheap one) nearly all of this power gets absorbed by the food since the sides of the oven are microwave reflective. A cell phone puts out less than one Watt worth of RF power. Unless you put the antenna in your mouth at least half of the energy is radiated away from your head. Think about how long it would take to noticably heat 4 Kg of scrambled eggs in a microwave oven. Now multiply that by at least 2000. Then add in a large factor to compensate for the fact that your head is liquid cooled and it should be apparent that the risk to your health due to heating your head via microwaves from a phone is much smaller than the risk from stepping outside or holding a discharging battery near your head.
I don't want free as in beer. I just want free beer.
So using this as a history lesson that we can learn from, and hopefully not repeat. What tech is possible right now that The Powers That Be are preventing us from using, and how can we fix that to give ourselves access to that tech.
Um, DSL? IP telephony? Video on demand?
The telecom industry is still very heavily regulated. It's no wonder working DSL is so hard to get. The FCC is trying to force ILECs to cooperate with CLECs, but it is never going to work. I say we do away with regulations that prevent multiple telco/cable comapnies from wiring the last mile, then stand back and let them all compete for customers.
--
There was an episode of Hawaii Five O where someone had a portable phone in an attache case. This was back in the 70's I think. The phone company did offer this stuff (and picture phone service too) back then, but cost was high and availabity limited.
Let's also not forget that we're dealing with 60's technology here. How much stronger would the radiation have to be to work with the transmission/reception mechanisms available at the time? Weren't microwave ovens also first developed in the 50's or 60's, but didn't become widespread until much later due to safety concerns? Weren't TV's developed before the 1970's also notorious for emitting high levels of radiation? With these considerations, perhaps it was a good thing cell phones and other microwave technology didn't become common until recently.
No, we don't want to risk creating a human with the head of a fly.
I tend to see the current power elites as more determined position to protect their interests from encroachment than were the earlier elites, although I have over-estimated the effectiveness of that determination before, so Randy's prediction may end up proving correct.
Interesting times...
Seastead this.
It was largely as a result of that experience in trying to advance technological frontiers with the US Federal Government that I came up with a white paper on a net asset tax to not only offload tax burdens from capital gains, income and sales, but also to open up all undefined assets to private claims without government intervention, except as defender of the legal system under which claims to those rights were made valuable assets.
The Telecommunications Act of 1934 got government into the business of handing out "the people's airwaves" to the politically connected media giants (a pattern that is continuing to this day with Reston, VA-based AOL/Time-Warner enjoying a government assist against Microsoft), as well as establishing a state-backed monopoly on wire communications. I'm actually of the opinion that the banking panic of 1907, the great stock market crash of 1929 and the New Economy Crash of 2000 were, all, part of a pattern in which new media technologies are created, social controls are being threatened and capital manipulations occur in such a way as to depress prices of newly emerging media companies enabling them to be bought on the cheap. Such social controls need not, of course, be consciously planned since they may be evolutionary emergent controls and evolution is, almost by definition, not a conscious process. Nevertheless, if this theory is correct, then just as cinema came under the control of a few giants after 1907 and broadcast came under the control of those same giants after 1929 (via the TCA of 1934), the NASDAQ crash of 2000 may allow giants to buy up and centralize Web/Internet media assets on the cheap. This sort of nonsense is profoundly destructive to culture, itself the basis of human social organization including technological advances, given the key role media companies play in defining culture.
Seastead this.
I remember the mobile phones of the day, and also making telephone calls by marine radio. The calls were not scrambled, and could be monitored by anyone with a proper AM receiver. The charges, ship or automobile, were about $3.25 a minute, when $100 a week was very good wages, and $10K a year was a sign of success.
Yeah, we hams have a lot of cool gadgets that were quite ahead of conventional acceptance of things.
:)
WeFAX, or weather fax, is another popular mode usually found on HF (high-frequency, or the more popular 'shortwave') bands. You can hook up your SoundBlaster card to a receiver and decode the signals from the weather sats directly. Pretty cool stuff. There's also SSTV (slow-scan television) so we have that too. All the cool bases covered.
de k2kd
nlh
Ferrari and other exotic car rentals in New York
I was going to comment on this and ask how long this has been around...
"Autopatch" as it's called, was something I had a lot of fun with when I first became a ham back in 1991. This was well before cell phones were anything close to mainstream (especially with 8th graders, as they are these days)
The "cell" site you're talking about is actually a repeater, which is a popular ham way of extending the range of a radio and congregating on a frequency (same concept as an ethernet repeater)
I remember bringing my 2m handheld to school and showing everyone how I could make phone calls from anywhere by patching through on the local repeater. I remember one kid saying how badly he wanted to become a ham, and my having to explain that there's a bit more to amateur radio than making pseudo phone calls (and half-duplex ones, at that)
Anyone know when the first repeater -> phone autopatch arrived on the scene?
nlh
Ferrari and other exotic car rentals in New York
So using this as a history lesson that we can learn from, and hopefully not repeat. What tech is possible right now that The Powers That Be are preventing us from using, and how can we fix that to give ourselves access to that tech.
I am thinking regulations on private rocketry, genetic engineering, hydrogen/fuel-cell powered vehicles, and high quality encryption. Though the last one is making headway. Anyone have some other suggestions.
Is this the end yet?...How 'bout now...how 'bout now...how 'bout now?
-snip-
I think it would be FUNNIER THAN EVER if we just talked about ALTERNATE
TIMELINES! Ha HAAAAA!
Imagine the fun! We could ponder things like:
- Ron Howard, First Man on Moon?
- What if Flubber REALLY EXISTED?
- Canada? Gateway to Gehenna?
- What if money was edible?
- What if DeForrest Kelley were still alive?
- What if Hitler's first name was Stanley?
- What if Mike Nesmith's mother DIDN'T invent Liquid Paper?
- What would have happened if the world blew up in Ought Nine?
- Book learnin': What if it were outlawed?
- What is SLIDERS were just a made-up show on television?
-/snip-
The most striking example of this for me was when I was looking at some old movies at the internet moving picture archive and watched "Once Upon a Honeymoon 1956" featuring color telephones as a color accessory in the home. An angel in big white brimmed glasses is sent down to earth. While in transit (he's just kinda falling out of the sky) he reaches into his robe and pulls out a wireless phone, just like our modern day cell phones, only larger to accomodate for the rotary dialer!
I'm sure we could point to many other examples. It's important that we pay attention to our creative thinkers for such ideas because they not only come up with challenges for scientists to grapple with, but they also help to demonstrate whether or not it would even make sense to invent X or Y.
It's unfortunate that Regulation is such a necessarily slow process. Otherwise we could be moving ideas from their testbed on the screen to full scale productions in the real world with unprecedented speed.
...the risk to your health due to heating your head via microwaves from a phone is much smaller...
I didn't talk about really heating the head. It's more about local effects of energy concentrated in one specific band... One of the things they think could cause cancer is the fact that microwaves kill some cells from the immune system, allowing tumors to form.
If you consider a one Watt phone (it's probably a bit below that on more recent phones, but it's still reasonable), your head receives about 1/2 Watt of energy. This energy probably affects at most a 100 cm^2 area of your head.
Now, what if you stand at 1 meter from a microwave oven working with the door removed. The proportion of radiation you'll get is 0,01m^2/(4*pi*1m^2) = 0,0008. So if you stand in front of this microwave oven at 1 meter, you get 700W*0,0008 = 0,5 Watts.
So when you talk with a cellphone, your head receives the same amount of microwaves you would get standing a 1 meter from an open microwave oven.
Opus: the Swiss army knife of audio codec
Supported or not (remember how much time it took before we knew that tobaco caused cancer - some still don't believe that), I don't understand how you can feel safe having a tiny microwave oven near your head (knowing the radiation energy goes in 1/r^2) for several hours a day.
It may not cause cancer, but who knows the long-term effects...
Opus: the Swiss army knife of audio codec
Why the mods decided to post this and not the below articled I submitted, I'll never know:
Please mod it up...
U.S. Government mandates tracking of all wireless devices by 2005.
Foxnews has an article that cell-phone manufacturers are under a federal mandate to equip mobiles with location-tracking technology beginning this October. By 2005, 95 percent of all cell phones must be able to be traced with an accuracy of about 1,000 feet or better.
The hidden thing is these GPS modules look to be required in all cell type devices, including palm pilots and maybe even wireless communication parts for notebook computers.
I think you're overlooking the obvious, which is the govt always expands it's power past the limits it even sets. (Not that the FCC even has the legitiment lawful powerful to require this in the first place.)
Now I ask you from what you've read, if your laptop is capable of making an 'E911' call with it's celluar modem, would it not be covered by these rules? Of course.
This is all true if any putative health impact is caused by bulk heating of brain tissue. In other words, you have just effectively argued that if cell phone usage causes damage to brain, the mechanism is not bulk heating. This much seems obvious.
Biology, however, is often very subtle. It is possible that the RF energy from a cell phone could be interacting with brain in some more localized manner.
The normal way to answer a question such as: "does cell phone usage increase the risk for brain cancer?" is to run a study to check if people who use cell phones have a higher incedence than those who do not. If they dont, then there is probably no problem. If they do have more cancer, then one has (maybe) found a correlation between cell phone usage and cancer, but one can say nothing about causality ; maybe there are other differences which cause cell phone users to get more cancer than non-users.
Only after one was fairly certain that a causal relationship existed would one begin to test possible mechanisms. Of course, bulk heating would not be a likely mechanism, for the reasons you have pointed out.
The point is: Although what you say is true, it does not speak to the issue of whether or not cell phone usage can lead to cancer. It is non sequitor .
Personaly, I doubt that there is any health risk from cell phone usage, but I can not prove this.
Don't forget, Maxwell Smart had his shoe phone.
GeneralKael -- Slacker Extraordinaire
50s technology included such things as vacuum tubes. Solid state circuits were made of discrete components. My grandmother's garage door opener was a black box, under the hood, eight inches on a side with glowing tubes inside.
Mobile phones were around, but they were HUGE. Does anyone remember those Korean War movies where the "communications specialist" carried the radio in a pack on his back? It WAS the pack on his back.
Just because it is theoretically possible does not mean it is practical.
Because there's no moderation option for "unsupported FUD"?
Dahlmann tightly grips the knife, which he may have no idea how to use, and steps out into the plain.
Reference to "US Govt document", please? FCC location requirement is for mobile phone handsets for E911 only. It does not mandate GPS, and as a matter of fact, GPS is NOT the preferred technology (multi cell time difference of arrival is). Location reporting is NOT required in all wireless devices, that's a quote from a lawyer who appears to be "stirring the pot". The FCCs ACTUAL requirements are here and differ substantially from what you have written. In summary, location information is ONLY required on 911 calls, so you could disable it at other times.
Oops...here's the URL: http://www.fcc.gov/e911/factsheet_requirements_012 001.txt
blessings,
"Only in their dreams can men truly be free 'twas always thus, and always thus will be."
--Tom Schulman
A quick google search shows that waveguides were theorized in 1890 and proven in the 1930's.
Delphion's patent search for waveguides returns stuff so old they don't even have it online.
My November 1962 copy of CQ (which retailed for a buck) shows how to make a 10db transistorized preamp for 420 megacycles (it wasn't megahertz back then) in a .5" x 1.25" x 1" box, barely larger than the BNC connectors attached to it, with less than ten components. The article mentions that this particular design "shows significant improvement in signals up to 800 mc."
The only thing that had to be digital about original cell phones was that you had to dial the number with your fingers. NTSC (do I need to tell you how long that's been around?) uses the same 25khz-wide FM signal as the original US cellular standard, AMPS. That's why people can modify old 60's television sets that tuned channels 82-84 (the same frequencies as AMPS cellular) to recieve transmissions from cellular towers.
Great!! That finally makes something fall in place that has always buggedme.
;) that just popped into my head. Cool!
I remember a movie with Mel Gibon Payback I think. I always thought that was out of place but definitely intentional! The things people remember
Jeremy
It was to set the mood of course! THere might be some oldish reference im missing but the mood it gave the movie was the kind of "bleak" and "real" feeling instead of kinda unrealistic feel many movies such as that have.
Jeremy
I agree. We had fax machines before the 80s too. In fact, there were cumbersome faxes in the 19th century.
The keyword here is "we". If the "we" is companies and individuals with lots of money and/or very special needs, then "we" had mobile telephony a long time ago.
What you really should have said was "could we have had inexpensive mobile telephony aimed at average consumers in the 1960s". The answer is most likely "no".
Need XML expertise? crism consulting
For all intensive purposes, "whom" is no longer a word. That begs the question, "who cares"?
Organisations that are set up to control who can broadcast what over the airways just piss me off. Here in Melbourne, Australia, there are probably about 10 FM frequencies in use, most of which are commercial bollocks. Meanwhile, there are many smaller radio stations battling for their full-time liscences, taking turns (2 month slots) to broadcast.
Why can't anyone who can display a professional use of the spectrum be allowed to broadcast? It's not as if we've even nearly exhausted the FM frequency range. It just makes me think that the ABA, or FCC, are serving the interests of the commercial networks that force-feed their crap to the masses, due to lack of any real alternative.
[/rant]
Sure there were radiophones. They were on the buisness band of the VHF spectrum. But if they had become wide-spread, the spectrum that was in use by other radio services would have been auctioned off much like the portion of 220Mhz used by ham radio operators that was sold out from under them. And now a portion of the 420-460Mhz (70cm) band is on the block for "Little LEO's" low orbit satilittes that companies orbit to sell service time off of. Keep in mind, whenever RF is used, you're probably already using shared bandwidth. There is only so much we have to work with. I'm not against progress, I'm against the govenrment selling of what was allocated for other uses just because they can't budget worth a damn. For more information on the newest radio technologies check out the Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 900mhz radio at www.tapr.org Very Interesting!
Vodka - It's not just for breakfast anymore!
We'd have filled the total availabled bandwidth really fast (assuming it would have been as popular back then) and needed for technology to catch up, at least now both can sine hands in hands.
Of course one could argue that blocking might have slowed innovation and technological advances, but I doubt at the current state that the technology was in different area composing a cellular phone (microprocessors, battery capacity/size, etc) I don't see how much of a slowdown it would have done. Today cellular phones are using the advances that were required for broader field (uC well, you know, Batteries are also for laptops to name 1 example, etc etc).
The only thing worrying me in all this is if they've blocked anything that could be really useful and could have been broadly deployed without much technological concerns...
--- Metamoderating abusive downgraders since my 300th post.
The FCC's e911 regulation means that mobile phones will now give their location using GPS coordinates...
To pick a bone, this is wrong. Mobile phones won't come with GPS receivers. The cellular system provides a rough location based on your signal strength into the tower face(s). The MAN can locate you (ask Kevin Mitnick), but not using this system.
I allways wonderd why they don't put the arials on the bottom, then they are a lot furhter away form your brain. Loads less radiation, thanks to an inverse square distance thingy (i think). Maybe 'cause you would talk into the ear thing when you were drunk, and they would look crap. Nice idea anyway (where did i put that spare patent application form)...
Offtopic, Inflammatory, Inappropriate, Illegal, or Offensive comments might be moderated up.
travelling with my dad in the late 70's/early 80's using a radio phone by motorola
i managed to dial out
but when the operator got my call she wasnt to happy
back in the day we didnt have no old school
Interestingly, a 13-year study in Denmark found no increase in cancer rates for cell phone users: http://telecomasia.net/dailystories/2001/02-2001/0 8022001/firstnews.html. (Now, if only I could find that magnetic field article...)
For geek dads: Contraction Timer
My point is that if, for example, the major server farms in the Bay Area started generating their own power using clean, efficient systems such the Capstone microturbine or fuel cells, it would go a long way towards relieving the shortage. The server farms win because they get a reliable source of clean power that they can control (so if they have enough capacity, they are safe from rolling blackouts). The public wins because, with the peak demand reduced, the impact of the "crisis" would be much reduced. They win again because they are spared the waste and wait associated with the long, drawn-out process of getting a new megagenerator plant built. Mostly the ones that lose are the power utilities who now have to deal with competition from their former customers that is more agile, more efficient, and more responsive than they are. Thus they (the utilities) have a strong incentive to throw as many regulatory roadblocks up as they can.
The power shortages that CA faces are due largely to the fact that, after deregulation, the utility companies decided to sell off a bunch of their plants and buy the extra power from the free market, and pocket the difference in price. Sometimes, a little regulation is a good thing.
A little regulation is also often a dangerous thing. The situation you have identified is half the problem, but only half. First of all, it's not a free market in power: there are all kinds of restrictions on the buying and selling of power, up to and including the requirement that all power trading be done in a particular building (talk about mistaking the market for the marketplace!). Secondly, while they partially deregulated the supply side of the equation, they did not deregulate the demand side. PG&E is now bankrupt because they were buying power at hugely inflated rates (largely from their parent company) but were forbidden from passing most of those costs on to their customers. There have been rate hikes, but they don't even begin to reflect the increase costs of power. The result is that the market system, in which supply, demand and price form a self-regulating feedback loop (i.e. supply is less than demand, price goes up, people conserve, demand goes down, prices come down) is broken.
The power crisis in California is not a market failure, it is a political policy failure. The problem is that the market has not been allowed to function.
"Research is what I am doing when I don't know what I am doing." -- Wernher von Braun
Distributed power generation has tremendous potential advantages, most notable being the reduction in line loss (which can be up to 40%) and better load/demand balancing.
Wireless telecom is another big one, which has been mentioned. The FCC sold out the American people bigtime on that one.
The laws governing private rocketry used to be extremely restrictive. They've gotten ALOT better in the last five years, although they're hardly perfect. The bigger government impediment is the government's involvement in the launch industry as a competitor. Not that they are competitive in terms of cost or anything else, but it has a big psychological effect on companies that might otherwise be willing to invest in development in the field.
As far as genetic engineering goes, I'm just as glad that there is regulatory oversight, even if it is inefficient and cumbersome. Genengineering is one of those genies that can't be put back in the bottle if it gets out, and I know just enough biology and chemistry to know just how little we truly understand about how the genetic code really works. For example, we just now figured out that humans have many, many fewer genes than we thought, which has forced us to totally rethink our theories about how these relatively few genes can encode enough information to build a people. It seems likely that that timing of expression and synergistic effect play a much larger role than we previously thought. Bottom line: this is NOT a well understood, mature science.
Oh yeah, and let's not forget nuclear power. Although nukes suffer a public image problem that is probably even more of an impediment than the regulatory restrictions. Which is a shame, because it is now possible to build a reactor that can't melt down no matter what. These reactors aren't as efficient as the older, hotter designs, but so what. Of course, there's still this small matter of waste disposal... But now we're back to the discussion of private rocketry :).
"Research is what I am doing when I don't know what I am doing." -- Wernher von Braun
The Romans could have had steam locomotives. Babbage could have ushered in the informaton age 200 years ago if he had swiss watch makers build his difference engine. We could have had cell phones in the 60's. We could have productive and profitable human colonies on mars right now. How many great ideas are langishing because no one has put them together or the right people have not come them together?
If voting were effective, it would be illegal by now.
Anyway, the premise seems pretty ignorant, and most the posts seem prety ignorant too, if not totally irrelevent. (Offtopic posts that get modded up as "funny" are getting to be a bore.) Here's some actual history:
It's true that the 40 years ago, the telecom industry was grossly over-regulated. But this had nothing to do with government bureaucrats or congressional do-gooders. The prime force behind all the extreme regulation was the telecom industry itself. Why did they industry like being regulated. Because it consisted almost entirely of a single entity: the "Bell System", which consisted of AT&T and its various subidiaries.
Most regulations had the main effect of forcing everybody to deal with "Ma Bell". The law made it impossible for anybody but AT&T to offer long distance service. If you needed voice or data service of any kind, you almost had to deal with one of their operating companies. With few exceptions, the only legal way to obtain premises equipment of any kind, including phones, "datasets" (basically, primitive modems), and terminals, was to lease (not buy, lease) it from Ma Bell. Most equipment was hard-wired to the wall, and even if you had a plug, plugging anything not manufactured by Western Electric (owned by guess who) was illegal.
Ma Bell argued that third-party equipment would screw up the system. They actually claimed a single malfunctioning phone could bring down whole regional networks!
Naturally this slowed innovation. AT&T never came out with a practical answering machine, and it was illegal to wire in your own. Some early models got around this with weird kludges that picked up the phone when it rang, interfacing to the system through microphone and speaker that slid under the headset.
Come to think of it, that weird dialing mechanism in The Matrix was probably a real-life gadget, somebody's attempt at building a legal autodial modem. There was a WE modem too (very bulky, and the dialer required its own serial port!), but its annual lease was more than the total cost of an aftermarket product.
Oh well, enough Ma Bell bashing. They are mercifully gone. Though, judging from news about AT&T and Lucent, not to mention the poor picture quality on my cable tv, their arrogance and ineptitude lives on.
Some other historical corrections. Mobile phones have been around since the 50s, at least, but Cells only date back about 15 years. Before that, mobiles were simply a kind of mobile radio, with the base station operated by the phone company.
In theory, the cell system could have been built any time after radios become small and reliable enough. But to be practical, a cell network needs cheap low-maintenance automatic switching technology. In the 60s, not even the land-line system had that! What automatic switching there was, was done by complex electromechanical devices that needed constant human attention. Totally impractical for the thousands of unmanned cell switches that now cover the planet. The changeover to electronic, solid-state technology lasted into the 80s. And only when electronic switches became cheap enough to use everywhere did the last human-operated local exchanges disappear.
__
Us old-timers used to use large tuned cavities ("duplexers") to accomplish this.
Today it's done with signal processing and computer controlled active filters.
Sometimes, economies of scale would not have benefitted us and we may have ended with a monopoly by AT&T or worse. Cell phones are rumored to be dangerous (though unproven), but they may have actually been so with early adoption.
Think of the chemical industry. DDT helped millions avoid starvation, but in the end proved unsafe because of early adoption. Consider Thalidomide. Thalidomide is now recently a useful drug in treating certain types of cancers but is given a bad stigma because early adoption led to absent safeguards for the general public, providing birth defects to countless children.
Safety may have been a concern.
Game: Player 'Donald J Trump' now has AI skill level 'experimental'.
Maybe, maybe not. What if some type of regulation had been enforeced on computers that kept them from being used in large quantities? The introduction of home computers would have been delayed for a long time, as well as most of the miniturization that gives my calculator more power than the building-sized computers of yesteryear.
True, cell-phone technology remained obscure mostly because the primitive electronics of the time made them unwieldy, but also because nobody here was bothering to work on it. Why would they, when there was no possible way to make money off it?
--
Dyolf Knip
a car phone in an episode of "I Love Lucy" from the 50's on nick at night. The handset looked like a regular phone with a twisty cable coming out of it. This tech has been around for a *very* long time. Only now is it affordable.
Cypherpunks: Civil Liberty Through Complex Mathematics. Those who live by the sword die by the arrow.
Or OJ Simpson, whose cell location was happily coughed up by his provider without a warrant, thus leading to one of the greatest events in American history.
When I hear the word 'innovation', I reach for my pistol.
As you point out, there's nothing "technical" about the 1900Mhz band being called PCS (by the FCC, originally, where non-telephone services played an important role in justifying turning over the bandwidth to the private sector). In fact, I think "Sprint PCS" actually operates on a cellular band in some markets.
When I hear the word 'innovation', I reach for my pistol.
"PCS" (personal communication services) was never intended to be anything execept a marketing term which implied "We're better than Cellular. Oh, and you can get paging".
Of course, the term "Cellular" itself became popular due to marketing distingishing it from the old "Radiophone" system which had a nice boring name still accurate enough to this day to use, if anyone wanted to. The phrase "Call me on my cell" should have never entered the language. Especially since most Americans are like OJ Simpson and have no clue what "cellular" actually means.
When I hear the word 'innovation', I reach for my pistol.
And I thought I was the only one who remembered them! I just dug out my copy of "Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators in The Mystery of the Green Ghost" to compare with the similarly titled "The Three Investigators and the Mystery of the Green Ghost" reprinted in the early 90's. I think they cut the Hitchcock refereneces for a generation that didn't know him, but I want to know for sure!
I always envied Jupe and all the secret passages in the salvage yard!
Live every day as if it were your last. Someday you'll be right.
You guys aren't kidding about increased accidents... you try using a ROTARY cell phone and driving!
E.
Build Your Own PVR/HTPC news, reviews, &
First off,
the good things that people have mentioned about cell phones (triangulating position from signal strength to save lives) :
no longer necessary in the future--
The FCC's e911 regulation means that mobile phones will now give their location using GPS coordinates so that 911 call centers can locate the phone immediately and accurately. (unfortunately, this means that the MAN can locate you when you don't want it, as well.)
Two:
the article uses the number 900mhz.
We are WAY beyond 900mhz. 900 is giving way to 1800 for Europe/Middle East. In the states, we have as high as 1900mhz -- and it's gonna get higher.
Europe is largely GSM (which is like TDMA nested in CDMA) and America and Middle East is primarily CDMA and TDMA, with GSM gaining ground. Middle East GSM is that of Europe (900/1800) instead of 1900 (america.)
Middle east CDMA and TDMA are the same frequencies as America, but the roaming agreements will kill you...better to get another number put in...
If Claude Shannon could see us now!
A host is a host from coast to coast, but no one uses a host that's close
Ok, this is mostly addressed to those people yelling "1GHz x86 faster than 500MHz workstation(yeach, there are 8 cpus, but still at 500MHz)" running much more effiencent code than their windows box... Since when was a wireless technological advance measuread with a center frequency? What does this have to do with technology? Why can't I have a PCS signal down at 400MHz? Only because there is more space at 1.9GHz!!! It makes absolutly no sense to me. Oh, I have a 1200 baud link at 10gigs, so it must be faster than my 220meg link. So antennas change at the higher freqs., but it has nothing to do with technology.
Until the CarterPhone decision of 1972 the law told us what phone technology we were allowed to have in this country, and Ma Bell was the law! See "The President's Analyst" for an insight into the climate of that day. Anyhow, with the state of electronics in those days you would have needed a backpack to carry your cell phone!
"Modern" analog cellphone service as we know it was instantiated with the "C-Netz" in 1985 (no, I'm not translating it this time) which was the first "popular" network to gain large scale popularity and allowed data transfer as well. GSM networking started with the "D-Netz" (which is what we're using now) in 1992.
As a state gets corrupt, its laws multiply; the most corrupt states have the most numerous laws. (Tacitus, Annales 3:27)
For example, you quote Gibbon who is not only very early but also very creative in his interpretation of the sources; with ancient literary sources one has to be a little careful with what they depict, because you can also interpret the giant bird that the Arabian Nights speak of as the Rukh as a helicopter if you insist and so on. It is known that Archimedes was a bright little fellow, so to speak, and that he definitely used technology that was not seen before or afterwards in order to defend Syracuse, but it was destroyed during the siege, and Archimedes was killed, so we know nothing of what it actually was. The Greeks and their steam power use are poorly documented. The only relatively certain application of steam power (for which we have a reliable source) was a steam turbine consisting of a metal ball with two exhaust pipes that would rotate when heated; it was built by one Heron of Alexandria, but it appears to have been more of a scholar's toy than of an industrial application. I'd be grateful to have either a modern scientific reference or an ancient source for that story about Hadrian and the Greeks.
The key to understanding why the Greeks (and Romans) did not employ this type of technology on a large scale is probably their mindset; a steam engine was a philosopher's toy, but it had no practical value and was not regarded as something applicable in the real world; it's a bit like building giant observatories to observe the skies for astrological purposes. The Romans had an economy capable of generating surpluses (not surplus; it has been shown by Polanyi in 1957 that the economy as such has no susplus), but they did not have banking capable of large-scale investments, shared loans or shares, no insurance (except the "sea loans" the Greeks employed) and very little money transfer without actually transfering cash; there was some giro transfer between granaries in Ptolemaic Egypt, but it was too impractical and did not extend beyond a very limited geographic range. Most of these infrastructural requirements for industrialization were instantiated by Arabic or Jewish traders in the sixth to tenth century, and the necessary mindset evolved in Europe after Averroes and Thomas of Aquin, i.e. in thhe twelfth to thirteenth century. The ancient civilizations (in Europe, that is) might have had some technological toys, but they did not have technology in such a way that they did anything useful with it.
As a state gets corrupt, its laws multiply; the most corrupt states have the most numerous laws. (Tacitus, Annales 3:27)
What do the radiation do to yo' hair?
Well well, the ARP(AutoRadioPuhelin=CarRadioPhone) network was officially opened in 1971 for public use. That covered entire Finland in 1978 serving over 10000 users. Transmission is around 1..5W on 148..155MHz so if the network wasn't made of cells, I wonder what it was.
Well, it kind of took off. Like I said in another post, the first commercial mobile phone network was introduced in 1955 in Sweden. The receivers were trunk-sized, and not many could afford them. However, I believe this gave Scandinavia a head start in mobile technology, now dominated by companies like Ericsson and Nokia.
/Trynis
This is not a sig.
I submitted this a couple of days ago, but it was never posted. We actually had mobile phones in the 60's. In 1950 the first fully automatic mobile phonecall was made by an engineer at Ericsson. By 1955 the first commercially mobile phone system were in use in Sweden. The base stations had a coverage of 25-30km, and the phone equipment weighted about 50 kg. It was called MTA, and was later followed by MTB. In 1981 the first analogue cellular network was in use in the scandinavian countries. It was called NMT (Nordisk MobilTelefoni). (I realise that a mobile phone network is not necessarily a cellular network, but this seems relevant anyway.) Look here for more info (in swedish). /Trynis
This is not a sig.
I remeber in the late 70's my Dad had a 2 meter mobile ham radio in his car and the mic had a touch-tone dial pad one side of it. If we were in range of 'cell' site he could "patch" in and make a telephone call, without any operator assistance.
Yeah Democritus got himself into a pickle by proposing that the Universe consisted of nothing but atoms (real atoms not chemistry atoms) moving through space. But when everyone asked him to explain the movement part he balked. But that's understandable explaining how the Universe got moving is not an easy task. Anyway, good idea, way before it's usable time.
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I second that. The President's Analyst should be on every list of Must-See Geek Movies, right up there with Real Genius. James Coburn rules.
--
"Open source is good." - Steve Jobs
"Open source is evil." - Microsoft
I love those books, and still even read them a bit.
For the unaware, the leader of the three investigators, Jupiter Jones, was a young teen whose family owned a junkyward. He and his friends Pete and Bob would solve various mysteries and crimes.
The geek part is that Jupiter's famliy owned a junkyard, which the Three Investigators routinely plundered to make crime solving inventions.
Cooler than the Hardy Boys, geekier than Scooby, what more could you want?
Check them out at Amazon.
Power consumption by even the best integrated devices in the 60's was just too much for even today's Li batteries to run for more than just a few minutes. The law was not the only thing keeping shoe phones off the market.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~ the real world is much simpler ~~
--- -- - -
Give me LIBERTY, or give me a check.
only thing different now from what you describe above is increased capacity and we replaced operators
Not quite. Radio telephones were not cellphones because there were no cells. The breakthrough in the 80's was that networks of low-power radio towers covering small "cells" of area together covered as far as you were willing to build towers. No point in calling a single big-power-tower system a cell network because it isnt and was not.
It is a semantic point, but that is the one I choose to make.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~ the real world is much simpler ~~
--- -- - -
Give me LIBERTY, or give me a check.
Oh yea, that's great. Let's just promote that idea for the next Austin Powers flick.
*ring*
"Oh, just wait a tick, baby. I have a nellie on the tellie." To phone: "Oh realllly baby? SMASHING BABY YEAH!"
(Anyone else ever noticed the number of times he says 'baby' in a paragraph.)
You could have had a CB RADIO that looked like a telephone, they made those. Kinda different looking I guess :)
[Something witty and intelligent should have appeared here.]
{Traicovn}
So, it seems the FCC was right, such things were in the nature of a convenience or luxury, availible only to a select few who could afford the outrageous prices.
...what technologies, that would make our lives better (taken with a grain of salt ;), are currently ready but likewise being held up by red tape? Another 30 years down the road we might be saying, "Man, the personal forceshield belt would have been great in the riots of 2011... pity it was stuck in red tape."
-Kasreyn
Kasreyn: Cheerfully playing the part of Devil's Advocate to hairtrigger
Someday in the future, could the FCC come after me for "pirate broadcasting" because I flashed my laser pointer at the wrong building? Could I be fined for unlicensed IR broadcasts because I happen to have a fever?
Those are tongue in cheek examples, but I am curious about the limits to the FCC's regulatory authority.
So, next time do your homework before trying to educate all of us about the technological inferiority of the US.
;)
And why nearly all of you run around with this ugly analog cell Phones (with this pull-out Antennas *shudder*) while analog cell Phone systems got shut down in Europe years ago, and everyone got gsm ?
On display at the Jesse James museum in Kearney, MO is a spoon/knife/fork utensil that Jesse and his brother Frank crafted for their mother. She lost an arm to a bomb lobbed into the family home by an agent of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, so the darling sons put this together so that she could eat unassisted with one hand.
Yes, it's true... In addition to perfecting the art of the daytime bank robbery, Jesse James invented the spork well over 100 years ago.
I think you hit the nail on the head. I also wonder for analog cellular when the appropriate frequency synthesizers and tracking front-ends were available in the AMPS bands at reasonable cost? I would guess not until the 80's. I can remember CB's from the 70's with a crystal for each channel, and TV's with those awful rotary-dial tuners clunking between the channels. Obviously this was commercially the cheapest thing to produce. Seems so primitive now. Modern ICs for the job are a far cry from what was available in the 60's.
Anybody want a peanut?
There are these little books in Cracker Barrels called pages of Time that have Adds from you birthyear.
I was looking at one from the 50's, and it had a guy talking on a phone in his car. Though the phone was a regular sized phone, and it went on a hook on the Dashboard. It was pretty funny looking, and they had to have a big CB type antenna, but it worked.
Nowadays, of course, it is well-established that cell towers are covers for domestic surveillance operations, and we understand radio waves much better than we did 30 years ago. Especially with digital compression technology, it has become very easy to insert other data streams (not unlike a RIFF format) into compressed cellular streams, allowing quick and reliable military communications.
Now, I am certainly no expert on cellular technology, but it is not surprising that the 60s were not friendly towards these advances. The government at this time was occupied with hippies. What do you expect?
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Know someone who is stealing cable? Report them!
Trunk-size receives? Come on. What normal consumer is going to buy that. Think about it: if it were going to take off, but it was only the regulations stopping it from happening, why then did it not take off in Europe, Canada, or Japan? We have seen in recent history that fewer restrictions have made it easier for companies to create new wireless infrastructure in non-US countries, for example, the popularity of wireless messaging in the Netherlands and Japan, and the creation of wireless infrastructure in poorer countries.
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Know someone who is stealing cable? Report them!
For example, public key encryption was first discovered by GCHQ many years before it was independantly discovered by RSA.
Also of note is that the class of device which "Patent Information: 1970 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 11 Aug. tm 65 Van Brode Milling Co., Inc., Clinton, Mass... Spork for Combination Plastic Spoon, Fork and Knife. "
If this had not been witheld from the public domain by the government-imposed patent system, sp0rk5 would be in wide use today and the world would be a far better place for it.
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...a Johnson Viking, (I think that's right). It was a full bloan CB, 23 channels and lime green (stylish) all from the 70's. It had a telephone handset with a big button in between the mic and earpiece on it to key down. imagine slapping that in the Rolls Royce...
RCC stands for Radio Common Carrier. This service provided the customer, basically, a restricted area from within which he could make and take phone calls. In smaller towns and cities, the coverage was from usually from a single tower site with the repeater pushing 250 watts or more at either 15x.x MHz or 45x.x MHz.
IIRC, there were 13 channels or so available for the area. These were simplex (one way at a time) channels. You talk they listen and vice-versa.
MTS-Mobile Telephone Service (not to be confused with Message Telecommunications Service) was a refinement on RCC including duplex conversation.
IMTS-Improved MTS provided the ability to use trunked radio systems granting longer range and occasionally better quality plus full duplex conversations.
IMTS's limitations were what really pushed Cellular development. The 'Improved' in IMTS was more a state of mind that a reality.
Check out Chapter 4: The Cellular Telephone for a pretty good rundown of the regulatory and economic push for cellular.
Let's look at cloning. At the moment everybody agrees man should not clone humans.
Now think about sheep Dolly. How many years ago was that? Were people against cloning animals? Yup. Did people agree on cloning animans? Nope.
DNA engineering is used already on a very large scale. Hey, who eats cornflakes over here? Here (the Netherlands) you can find the word 'gemodificeerd' (modified) on the list of ingredients. What should they mean by modified? It only sounds better.
As I see it these things will develop stop by step very slowly. You simply can't stop progress. Sou can slow it down, but not stop it.
---
Privacy is terrorism.
- cloning,
- free mp3 music,
- a cheap medicine for aids for the 3rd world,
- more, more more.
---
Privacy is terrorism.
How many loved ones died or were injured in accidents in the '60s. Could the damage of these accidents been lessened if someone had a cel phone available? Well get a lawyer and sue the government because obviously their red tape prevented that life from being saved. I wonder if anyone could actually get away with this.
I don't think that really matters that the FCC held back cell phones yere. Do you realize how fcsking HUGE those older cell phones were? If you apply moore's law, you will see that the mobile phone of 20 years earlier would have either been really fscking huge, signifigantly less capable, or both. The earliest research ones were the sort of thing that was perminantly wired into one's van.
We missed the boat by a few years, tops. Not the 20 years that the article says.
I mean, part of technological adoption is doing things at the right time. Cell phones came at the right time, with the right form factor and set of features, etc.
Gentoo Sucks
I don't know of what happend in the US, but to get a broader view here is how mobile phones developed in Germany... Note that all the analog networks where still under the monopoly of state-owned "Deutsche Bundespost", the introduction of GSM was the first time they got some competition...
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Yes, but why the mindset? Here's one way of explaining it.
The Roman economy was built on slave labor, thus there wasn't much economic incentive to develop labor-saving devices, e.g., technology on a large scale. When they had a pressing need, such as the need to throw heavy rocks at people they didn't like, or provide a city with a million inhabitants (Rome, c. 0 A.D.) with adequate sanitation, they did just fine. Indeed, the standard of living in Rome (just the city, not evenly throughout the whole empire) 2,000 years ago was a damn sight better than the standard of living in roughly half the world today. Their endless supply of cheap labor, though, made developing tech to replace labor a rather fruitless endeavour. Labor reducing tech was historically one of the causes of the exponential growth of technology, using tools to make tools to make tools.
The renaissance and industrial revolution were in many ways the direct result of having to pay people for their work, and this is deeply related to the collapse of feudalism and the contemporaneous rise of mercantilism. (If anybody's really interested in this, I can refer you to authors who are much more qualified to explain this than am I.) To broadly over-simplify, the 14th century was incredibly nasty: plagues, the 100 years war, famines, economic collapses, et cetera. This made for a shortage of peasant labour. Suddenly, landowners are competing for workers, and suddenly, there's a reason to invest big capital on R&D for labour saving devices.
I wonder how much the alledged delay in cell phone proliferation has to do with economic factors. Just think of how expensive calculators were thirty years ago, compared with now; what was once an expensive professional tool is now so cheap that pretty much everyone has one, even if they never use it. If we were making A-bombs fifty years ago, we certainly had the capacity to make portable phones, but probably not cheaply or compactly enough that they would've been marketable.
It's all about incentive: not, "Can I?" but, "Why should I?"
It's amazing, on /. it's always US that are first with everything...
First fully automatical mobile system (ok, not cellular): Stockholm, Sweden 1955 (MTA)
First modern cellular system in use: Saudi Arabia 1977 (NMT 450)
Deployed throughout Scandinavia, not just the cities: 1981 (Still NMT 450)
First portable (as in carry yourself) mobile phone: 1978, presented in Switzerland
Ref: http://www.aftonbladet.se/it/0001/03/mobil.html (if you can read swedish...)
I don't have one
Cell phones of today (or at least a few years ago) are easily scanned too.. The problem is that you need a pre-cell phone era scanner, since the government forbid the manufacture of scanners that could listen to cell phones. I had an old one I found at a tag sale....
:P.
The frequencies are in the 800 mhz, I seem to remember 865 mhz but I am not at all sure. The scanner eventually got broken, but I did get to listen into some people... Once I caught someone's phonesex
I am not sure how it is now with all the digital cell phones and what not... Some at least probably have encryption or just don't transmit anything that a human would understand without another cell phone at the end decoding it.
Tim
Omnia vestra castrorum habetur nobis.
Yep. Like the other guy said: maybe the irrational desire to use a cellphone is an early symptom of brain cancer.
Every bloody emperor has his hand up history's skirt [Peter Hammill/VdGG]
Didn't military use cell phone techology back in those years, even prior to that?
The FCC has been a bit moronic on its regulation practices, past present and future. I wonder if their regulations have hindered technology from advancing tech to something better than it could have been.
360 degrees of Karma
if you can read swedish. I am hispanic so and my english is not very good. But I do speak other 7 languages. http://www.aftonbladet.se/it/0001/03/mobil.html
Scandinavians had mobile in 50s USA has always been slow at mobile comunications. Not because this stuff was not available in USA it means the rest of the world did not have it. first cell phone call was made in 1955. then in the 60s there was a provider for scandinavian countries.
Sorry there were not cell phones. They were called mobile phones. The new phones are also mobile phones. Cell phones were invented by motorola.
I suppose you could have carried a battery box several times more massive than the ones used with cell phones in the late 80's. Picture: buisnessmen importantly wheeling shopping carts through the streets, differeing only from the homeless in the content of their carts.
Or you could have a little hand generator as remote radio operatiors did in Vietnam. Picture: buisnessmen in a restaurant imortantly spinning a little wheel as they talk to whomever.
That is probably why car phones were seen in media, as has been mentioned by several other posts, but having a personal phone always with you was not.
Global infrastructure? Well my friend, we don't even have that today, so no, I don't find it funny. Europe cell phone standards are different then the U.S.'s Why waste everyone's time with trying to be the first off-topic post no matter what?
Enough X Files for you.
Compared to the Ericssons or the Nokias, they are a) big, b) ugly, and c) unreliable.
Having said that, my dad had a Motorola handbag-style analog for years and it was great. I guess Motorola lost their happy thoughts somewhere along the way.
-- Your mother uses Emacs.
It's not like this was the first time technology or knowledge was around and didn't make it until much later. A perfect example of this is the atom. The greek philosopher Democritus (I forget his life span but he was around when Aristotle was) thought up the atom a really long time ago and many of his predictions about it were acurate. But Aristotle was a much better orator than Democritus and so we got the four elements: earth, water, wind, and fire (if that's wrong, oh well). Not to hate on Aristotle, I mean he invented over thirty sciences, but damn; if he hadn't argued Democritus down where would we be now?!! Can you say, "Beam me up Scottie"?
"A witty saying proves nothing." - Voltaire
just think... millions of people have been missing out on self-inflicted brain tumors for decades now. it's a good thing cigarettes there were still cigarettes back then.
-Rosie
** Shut up or I'll sit on you! **
More sophisticated systems had multiple "repeater" stations linked by phone lines to allow better coverage. Even this enhancement did not really make these dinosaurs practical for the masses.
They were sorely limited in all regards, and made very poor use of spectral resources compared to today's state of the art. They were available in most major metro areas, and a number of smaller ones, but could handle such a small number of simultaneous users that they could not practically be deployed on a wide scale.
Although the theoretical underpinnings for the modern cell phone - at least the original analog variety - were relatively mature in the 1960's, at least two key developments, and a substantial amount of engineering, precluded the appearance of something like AT&T's Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) - which is what we call 1G cell technology - until the late 1970's at the earliest:
-
The microprocessor (uP) and the programmable read-only memory (PROM) (Intel, 1971)
-
Low cost solid state devices able to operate
at 1 GHz (Motorola and a few others, early 1970's)
----The complexity of the control software used even in first-generation cell phones - handling, among other things, control requests from the cell site to change to a different pair of frequencies and "handoff" to another cell site - pretty much precluded pure-hardware implementations this early in the game.
High-frequency solid state devices and microstripline circuitry made possible the RF tranmitter and receiver components needed to build reasonably portable cell phones. Although devices working at somewhat lower frequences were available in the 1960's, there simply wasn't enough free spectrum space that low in the RF spectrum for practical deployment of a cell phone system which could support many users.
These two developments, plus an enormous amount of elbow grease, allowed AT&T to deploy AMPS in Chicago in 1983 (right before the Consent Decree broke them up into the Baby Bells) - the world's first high-capacity cell-based full-duplex communication system, featuring frequency re-use among cells, frequency-agile base stations and portable (customer) units, providing connections between each other and the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and offering a user interface nearly identical to the standard POTS telephone!!
It WAS black magic...
In the future will we be looking back and talking about how the FCC held back the US from becoming a world leader in G3. There is a reason why the US is considered the third world of the wireless realm. Lets just hope the FCC doesn't hold us back too long.
that calculation is correct as far as brain goes, actually IIRC the bigger danger is for the eyes, which protein can coagulate (like egg's white), taking that into account and you're ~1-2 OOM safe, not 6.
Working for necessity's mother.