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Birth of the Moon: a Runaway Nuclear Reaction?

An anonymous reader writes "How the Moon arose has long stumped scientists. Now Dutch geophysicists argue that it was created not by a massive collision 4.5 billion years ago, but by a runaway nuclear reaction deep inside the young Earth."

355 comments

  1. Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mnslinky · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Wouldn't there be evidence of this on the surface somewhere? I know the crust has shifted considerably, but that's a *lot* of material to suddenly vacate.

    1. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Fallen+Kell · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If it happened during the time that the earth was mostly molten, then no, there would be on evidence...

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    2. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Gotung · · Score: 1

      The article is slashdotted but it is possible that when this happened there was no solid surface yet to leave traces of this.

    3. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by psyklopz · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The pacific ocean is a big, empty space.

    4. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Goaway · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Others mentioned the Earth being molten, but even as it is now, the Earth is plastic enough that if you removed a big enough chunk, the rest of the planet would flow and deform until it was spherical again.

    5. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by moteyalpha · · Score: 4, Informative

      There is a remnant of a naturally occurring reactor that operated in southern Africa 2 billion years ago so I suppose it is possible, however many other odd things are also possible. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021016.html

    6. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Dystopian+Rebel · · Score: 5, Funny

      The article is slashdotted but it is possible that when this happened there was no solid surface yet to leave traces of this.

      No, I think the article was slashdotted today.

      The server in flames may leave traces on the floor and walls of the server room, but we'll have to wait for a "Best Way For Bright Child To Clean Server Room?" post to Ask Slashdot to confirm.

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    7. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 2, Interesting

      That's what George Darwin said, but no. There's not enough evacuated volume there. Think about it: the Pacific is huge, but not very deep on planetary scales. Volume-wise, you're off by orders of magnitude. (I don't believe Darwin knew the depth of the ocean, so he's off the hook.)

    8. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Everyone who has replied so far makes fair points, but misses the biggest point: the Moon is over 4 billion years old. There are virtually no rocks on the Earth's surface that even approach its age. That means that the ENTIRE Earth's surface has been replaced and reshaped in the interim. Things haven't just "shifted considerably", we've got a totally different surface. Any scar from that period is long, long since erased. And hole as deep as the Moon has long since filled in since the Earth is still very much a fluid over these timescales.

    9. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by aliquis · · Score: 1

      If the planet was that hard and cool back then how would you explain that the moon got round to? Obviously it wasn't that solid ..

      (or friction between pieces has grinded them down and melted them together with time but that sounds less likely I guess.)

    10. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by theaveng · · Score: 1

      offtopic:

      Look at the old Astronomy Picture of the Day from 1995. Like this one for example: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap950629.html

      The picture is in midget form... a tiny 36 kilobytes! They probably had to make it that small to "squeeze" through the slow 28k modems of the day. The web has really grown in size since then - today's average APOD is 200 kilobytes.

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    11. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mad_robot · · Score: 1

      But the GP has a point, surely? Plate tectonics suggests that all the world's land mass used to be concentrated in one giant super-continent. If the planet simply formed by random accretion then surely one would expect something more uniform?

      I don't think anyone is suggesting that the Moon formed from a thin layer of crust skimmed from the earth's surface. No matter how much material was removed, the earth would have evened itself out into a roughly spherical shape under the force of gravity.

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    12. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by TheDarkMaster · · Score: 1

      LOL! +5 funny is not enought to this one

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    13. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by afidel · · Score: 4, Informative

      Correct, the total volume of the oceans is ~1.3*10^6 km^3, the volume of the moon is ~2.2*10^10 km^3 so it's not even close.

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    14. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by afidel · · Score: 3, Informative

      Doh, make that ~1.3*10^9 for the oceans, stupid online references using the european definition of billion. Still makes it off by more than an order of magnitude.

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    15. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      Pangea post-dates the Earth's accretion by (literally) billions of years. It has nothing to do with the accretion process in any way you can map sensibly. Right after accretion, there were no continents at all since the continents are composed of re-processed rock. It takes billions of years to build up all this larger-generation material until the effects of plate tectonics.

      I don't think anyone is suggesting that the Moon formed from a thin layer of crust skimmed from the earth's surface.

      That's exactly my point: the Moon is more than a surface scar, it would require a deep, deep gouge. That said, see my comment to the original post about timescales.

    16. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hobbit · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Dude, the European definition of billion is a thousand million, just like in the USA.

      You might be thinking of the UK, which used to call that a milliard, but even the UK has been with the program since the 1970s.

      --
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    17. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mad_robot · · Score: 1

      IANAG, but the point I was trying to make is that any gouge that deep would disappear due to the effects of gravity, but might leave behind a region of thinner crust material like the Pacific ocean floor.

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    18. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I'm not sure I agree - The moon has an ungodly amount of angular momentum. I'm having trouble coming up with a method whereby a section of object a leaves object a, and then has enough thrust perpendicular to the direction of object a to get up to it's 1km/s orbital velocity.

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    19. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "nearly spherical again." The Earth currently bulges slightly at the equator due to centrifugal/centripetal force; I believe the mathematical term for its shape is a "prolate sphereoid."

    20. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Futile+Rhetoric · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Europe counts more languages than one, and "milliard" or something similar to it means a "thousand million" in all but one, which itself is influenced by the US bastardisation of the term and is closer to being the 51st state than a part of Europe, really.

    21. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jellomizer · · Score: 1

      Of course there is the concept that the simplest solution is more likely. The concept of a huge collision from a large object on the earth seems more likely and possible then a Nuclear Reaction of such size.

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    22. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by adrianwn · · Score: 4, Informative

      Dude, the European definition of billion is a thousand million, just like in the USA.

      Huh? Where?! In German, French, Spanish and Italian, the word "billion" (resp. the words similiar to it) always means 10e12.

    23. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      Ah. But even then, you have to consider that over 4.5 billion years, that crust will have been recycled and erased.

    24. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Kagura · · Score: 3, Informative

      Correct, the total volume of the oceans is ~1.3*10^6 km^3, the volume of the moon is ~2.2*10^10 km^3 so it's not even close.

      Not to mention, according to the Giant Impact Hypothesis, the iron core of the mars-size body that struck the earth sunk down and was mostly absorbed into the earth's core. The moon has far less iron in its core than most other bodies in the solar system. Consider also that tectonic plates have been moving for billions of years and have formed more than a dozen different "super-continents" over time in various configurations. There's no way the Pacific ocean is a gouge from the moon-making.

    25. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Futile+Rhetoric · · Score: 1

      You just wait, that imperial system of measurement is catching on, too!

    26. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Kagura · · Score: 1

      Show me a celestial body that is "spherical" rather than "nearly spherical". You can't, not even the event horizon of a blackhole is exactly a sphere. ;)

    27. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Yoooder · · Score: 1

      I would assume that the amount of energy required to part the earth and moon would likely heat both through quite thoroughly; perhaps some amount of each and better allowing them to take a sherical shape without a gaping would.

      Thinking about it makes me think of a lava lamp :) the moon is just a blob of goo that departed from our larger blob.

    28. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Klaus_1250 · · Score: 1

      I live in Europe (Netherlands) and last time I checked a milliard was still a 1000 million and a Billion is a thousand milliard. Perhaps the UK changed its definition, but the French/Dutch/German speaking nations haven't. No clue about the rest of Europe.

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    29. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Smidge207 · · Score: 4, Funny

      People like you are what makes arseholes like Bevets cry at night and hold themselves...you with your "science" and "evidence." Bah! A pox on you!

      =Smidge=

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    30. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Hoi+Polloi · · Score: 1, Interesting

      I'd take anything in Cosmos magazine with a healthy dose of skepticism. Since the article is slashdotted these points may already be addressed but anyway...

      There is growing evidence based on analysis of ancient crust and zircon crystals that cratons (continental cores) formed much earlier than thought and that the earth was only molten for a very short period, if at all.

      I would say there should be evidence of a massive mineral anomaly in the earth's crust. No massive nuclear eruption big enough to put the mass of the moon into orbit could take place without leaving a very large geographic trace with anomalous minerals and elemental levels (iron, radiation decay products, olivine, etc). There is no evidence that such a thing has ever been the case. Even in areas where oceananic crust has been subducted there should be volcanic areas rich in these elements. The earth's big iron deposits are the banded iron desposits thought to have originated when oxygen was produced by the first photosynthetic life and the iron was oxidized out of the oceans. The african natural reactor example some have given is very small in terms of geography, certainly not enough to act as proof of a massive nuclear eruption.

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    31. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Klaus_1250 · · Score: 3, Informative

      Should have Googled for posting. Nearly all European countries use the Long Scale, some use the Short Scale but with milliard. In fact, the UK is the only European country to do it differently (why doesn't that surprise me, the bloody bastards still drive on the wrong side of the road too). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scales

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    32. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The earth doesn't "flow and deform". It builds up stress, until it suddenly gives in and a lot of people die.

    33. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You don't have to super-heat them at all, that's my point. The Earth is a fluid even today. Over timescales of billions of years, any wound would have been erased.

    34. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by zaxus · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      >...that's a *lot* of material to suddenly vacate.

      That's what she said!

      Sorry, I couldn't resist.

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    35. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by IndustrialComplex · · Score: 3, Informative

      I believe the mathematical term for its shape is a "prolate sphereoid."

      Oblate spheroid.

      Still, both you and the OP have the right idea, the earth would 'quickly' reform into a near spherical shape. It is the largest of the non-gas planets and would probably reform the fastest as opposed to smaller bodies like Mercury, or Pluto.

      A good example would be Mimas. It had an impact so massive that the crater looks to be about 20% of the side facing us. I'd wager that an impact like that scaled up and applied to the Earth would quickly be erased (by non environmental factors) on a scale of 1 billion years. Smaller craters would likely be visible for far longer than those that would actually crack the planet to the mantle.

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    36. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by maxume · · Score: 2, Interesting

      In a molten scenario, center of mass a would have ejected center of mass b, and then the countless fragments would have spent a bunch of time coalescing.

      It's been a long time since I have though about it, and I'm no expert, but I think that the Sun could have spent some time pulling on the moon, making the orbit both more in plane with the orbit of the Earth (the Earth is pulling too...), and faster, so not all of the momentum necessarily had to come from the explosion/ejection (tilting the plane of the orbit of the moon would, I think, lower the overall momentum of the Earth-moon system, but increase the momentum of the moon itself).

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    37. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by 2names · · Score: 1

      How about the fact that the Earth was moving (around the Sun) when the ejecta started to be pulled back? I don't believe it would take much of a shift at the Moon's distance to allow it to "fall" into orbit, but, then again, IANAA.

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    38. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by JCSoRocks · · Score: 1

      Am I the only one that's just given up even bothering to read these new "how the moon was made" theories? It seems like there's a new one every year and none of them are really ever any better than the previous ones. Parent's points regarding the plausibility of this particular theory are a good example.

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    39. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Hordeking · · Score: 1

      The article is slashdotted but it is possible that when this happened there was no solid surface yet to leave traces of this.

      Wouldn't this leave traces of radioactive material? Or maybe that's the source of the trace radioactive material we see on Earth today.

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    40. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Chris+Burke · · Score: 1

      You sir are very correct and I think it's worth pointing out that part of the modern definition of "planet" is that it should be massive enough that its own gravity overcomes the electrostatic forces of its constituent material and forces it into a rounded shape. Earth certainly qualifies.

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    41. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by d3ac0n · · Score: 4, Informative

      Keep in mind too, that the continental crust material is made up of significantly YOUNGER and lighter rock than the deeper crust. Most of the continents are made of (comparatively) light granite, limestone, sandstone, shale and loose aggregates of all stones. However, the lower crust and the deep ocean crust are made primarily from heavy Basalt.

      So the idea that continents formed in the way they did due to the ejection of moon material is incorrect. Not only was the earth likely still a molten ball at that point, but the continents are made from material that did not even exist on earth until well AFTER the earth had solidified.

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    42. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by ConceptJunkie · · Score: 1

      Plus in those days, a lot of the APODs were GIFs. 256 colors FTW! Also remember that 640x480 and 800x600 screen solutions were prevalent, so those tiny pictures were much bigger.

      I did some artwork on my Amiga using that infamous HAM-mode graphics editor whose name escapes me now. There was a video mode that allowed you to cover the "whole screen" as opposed to the normal boundaries, but it was still only 320x240 and change in size. Seeing those images on a PC in 800x600 mode some time later made me realize how tiny they really were. Nowadays they'd look like large postage stamps.

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    43. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by 2short · · Score: 2, Funny

      "I believe the mathematical term for its shape is a 'prolate sphereoid.'

      Oblate spheroid."

      Just to descend completely into pedantry: "Geoid". Which is a total cop out of a term, but you're allowed to cop out and make up new terms if your name is Gauss.

      A Spherical estimation is good enough for most purposes. Elipsoid or oblate spheroid estimations are better, but as soon as you're looking at scales where they're better, you note that the flattening of the earth is not symetrical; the South pole is significantly flatter than the North (because Antarctica is heavy.)

    44. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Chris+Mattern · · Score: 1

      Could it not be possible that most of it flowed back and the Pacific Basin is only what's left?

    45. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Hordeking · · Score: 1

      IANAG, but the point I was trying to make is that any gouge that deep would disappear due to the effects of gravity, but might leave behind a region of thinner crust material like the Pacific ocean floor.

      If everything were molten, it wouldn't leave any regions behind, because molten magma/lava would fill in the gouge fairly quickly. Kind of like scooping water out of a bucket doesn't leave a big score; the water level just goes down.

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    46. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      IANAG

      "Ray, when someone asks you if you're a God, you say "YES"!"

    47. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by kanweg · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Hm, I don't think that a thrust is necessary, because you may think of the moon too much as a satellite. Think of the earth and moon as a double-planet.

      The scenario: The pre-earth is rotating around its axis and has a centre of gravity. Now there is the explosion. Newton does its action-reaction thing and hence the new earth and moon move away from the center of gravity. Conservation of momentum requires that everything keeps spinning around the centre of gravity.

      That 1 km/s orbital velocity is about the same as its orbital velocity around the centre of gravity. But the earth has an orbital velocity around that centre of gravity too and given its much higher mass, that speed is much lower. So, you may ignore that in practice, but in reality it is there.

      Bert

    48. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by JosKarith · · Score: 1

      It's even worse than that - the bucket would have to be rotating around its own center of mass which would have changed as the cupfull was removed...

      --
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    49. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by LunaticTippy · · Score: 1

      There is another small window of time, probably already ending, where being good at doing 320x240 images is a useful skill. It was a bit of a shock to realize that my mobile phone has the exact same screen size as my first computer.

      --
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    50. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by shadowkiller137 · · Score: 1

      Potentially but the majority of it would probably have decayed by now potentially to a level causing it to be hard to detect from the background radiation. Of course if it didn't happen this way there would be nothing to detect.

    51. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Get back to Fark!

    52. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Hordeking · · Score: 1

      Well, that's true. Of course, one could apply the superposition principle, centripetal forces, gravity, and conservation of angular momentum (since we lost mass, we lost momentum, and therefore the rotation slows a bit) to figure in for these effects (significant in the case of a small mass difference ratio). Either way, even in the rotating bucket, the water still fills in the gouge.

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    53. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 1

      That would seem to require a fairly rapidly spinning ancient Earth, though. At least a possible explanation, but for momentum to be conserved the Earth would have to have been originally spinning at 2-3 RPM. That seems fast to me for a planet, but I guess larger things have been seen to spin faster (pulsars, etc).

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    54. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by somersault · · Score: 1

      why doesn't that surprise me, the bloody bastards still drive on the wrong side of the road too

      That's like saying we butter the wrong side of our bread slices (not counting the end pieces of course).

      --
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    55. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Good point. I am sure the geophysicists did not think about that at all. You should work as a consultant for them, because you know a lot more than they do and would definitely be a big help. Thank God for you!

    56. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 4, Interesting

      The sun's gravity accelerates things near the Earth by 0.006 m/sec^2. Two objects close enough to be meaningfully gravitationally linked while orbiting the sun in the Earth's orbit will have a maximum differential acceleration of maybe a thousandth of that. So to get to 1000m/s takes 5 years.

      So this essentially posits that an explosion had enough force to blown the planet apart, and send the pieces into space, but not to escape velocity (11.2 km/s) but instead to a velocity just short of that (11.19 km/s or so), so that the moon goes flying away for 2.5 years but 2.5 years later comes back and settles into a nice, circular orbit.

      That would be hard to accomplish on purpose - saying an accident did it is beyond belief.

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    57. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Marxist+Hacker+42 · · Score: 1

      Depends on how overclocked the server got, I suppose.

      The grandparent post is a good reason not to write run-on sentences on slashdot.

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    58. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by adisakp · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I'm assuming that if the moon was made from a fairly large amounts of ejected matter, that it would have formed from a gradual gravitational aquisition of the mass. Those other moons and planets that form this way have pretty large angular momentum.

      Also important to note, the moon is pretty much tidally locked (the same side always faces the earth). It's inconceivable that Earth's gravitational field did not play an extremely key role in the current angular momentum of the moon. For more information, read the section Tidal Coupling in the Earth-Moon System in the linked article.

    59. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by rbanffy · · Score: 1

      The energies involved in such planetary collision would easily melt the surface. Quite possibly, most of the surfaces formed by accretion of the remains of the ejected material.

      That's something I would love to watch, from a safe distance.

    60. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by billcopc · · Score: 1

      The whole point of being a theoretical geophysicist is that once the answer is found, you're gonna be out of a job.

      Evidence is the enemy, they just have to make things semi-plausible so more funding can be secured.

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    61. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Thuktun · · Score: 2, Funny

      So when the server melted down from the Slashdot effect, was there a runaway reaction that caused a smaller, satellite server to be ejected?

    62. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Ant+P. · · Score: 1

      The European (and everywhere _but_ America's) definition of thousand million is giga-.

    63. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by fifedrum · · Score: 1

      and yet it occurred /allegedly

    64. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Wouldn't there be evidence of this on the surface somewhere? I know the crust has shifted considerably, but that's a *lot* of material to suddenly vacate.

      There IS an empty space. It's called Pacific Ocean.

    65. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by digitig · · Score: 1

      That would be hard to accomplish on purpose - saying an accident did it is beyond belief.

      That's a fundamental (but common) statistical error. Any specific outcome would be a priori almost impossible, but one specific outcome a posteriori is a certainty.

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    66. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by digitig · · Score: 1

      In fact, the UK is the only European country to do it differently

      Yes, we had to change over -- we kept getting short-changed when we sold Big Ben to passing Americans.

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    67. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MooUK · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You've given up reading, but not commenting?

    68. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by aliquis · · Score: 1

      There are plenty of much more serious bangs in the universe which you can watch at a safe distance =P

    69. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      If it will either fly off and never return with 49.9995% probability or it will come crashing back to earth with 49.9995% probability, it's not at all a fallacy to be skeptical that it just so happened to find the 0.001% chance where it entered a stable orbit.

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    70. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What? The SI prefix for thousand million is the same everywhere, including America. That's got nothing to do with the definition of a billion.

    71. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jc42 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      A Spherical estimation is good enough for most purposes.

      True, at least by the old engineer's rule of thumb that only three places are significant for practical purposes.

      But there are some situations where it's not good enough. One is if you're dealing with the orbits of satellites. To the satellites, the Earth is decidedly lumpy, enough so to affect orbits on a time scale of weeks or months.

      A fun case I ran across some years ago was a geography trivia question: Name the three "highest points on Earth", and for each, give the definition of "highest point" that it satisfies.

      The only answer that most people know is Mount Everest, which is the point that's the highest above the local "geoid" (which is the extension of "sea level" to handle areas far from the closest open ocean).

      Some people know another answer: Mauna Kea, which is the point that's the highest above the mean level of the surrounding land. Everest rises some 3,000 m above the surrounding land, the Tibetan Plateau, Mauna Kea rises from the bottom of the central Pacific Ocean, and it's a much taller pile of rock than Everest. Its peak is more than 10 km above its base.

      Hardly anyone can even guess the third answer. It turns out to be Mount Chimborazo, which is on the equator in Ecuador, and is the point that's farthest from the Earth's center. It's a good-size volcano that rises some 2,500 m above the surrounding land, but its peak is estimated at 6,384.4 km above the Earth's center, several km higher than the peaks of Everest or Mauna Kea.

      All of these "highest point" claims are mentioned in the wikipedia articles about them (which is where I checked the numbers). And you could probably find them reasonably quickly by googling for that phrase, though I haven't tried it. I also wonder if there are other definitions of "highest point" that have different answers.

      (And Chimborazo is one of the answers to another trivia question that's fun in "global warming" discussions: What are the two places where there are glaciers on the equator? So far, nobody I've asked this one has got either answer right, though some people get close to the other answer. Both places' glaciers are retreating rapidly, and are predicted to disappear in a few decades.)

      --
      Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
    72. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by digitig · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Yes it is -- it's akin to trying to draw strong conclusions from the weak anthropic principle. How many "trials" have there been in the history of the whole universe? On an astronomical scale, rare events are relatively common, if you see what I mean. Since the presence and nature of our moon appears to be a great benefit to the development of advanced life forms, it's hardly surprising at all that we happen to be on one of the (possibly very many) planets with a moon like ours.

      --
      Quidnam Latine loqui modo coepi?
    73. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by HeronBlademaster · · Score: 1

      That would be hard to accomplish on purpose - saying an accident did it is beyond belief.

      This is why so many people believe in intelligent design. (I'm not trying to start an argument, I'm just pointing it out.)

    74. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Progman3K · · Score: 1

      It still doesn't explain why the moon's constitution is so different from the Earth's.

      Lots of iron on Earth, almost none on the moon.

      I believe in the 'capture' theory: Luna is a wanderer that Earth snagged.

      Actually, I believe the monoliths put Luna there, but that's a bit too much for the purposes of explaining its difference.

      --
      I don't know the meaning of the word 'don't' - J
    75. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's like saying we butter the wrong side of our bread slices (not counting the end pieces of course).

      You say that as if you didn't.

    76. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by JCSoRocks · · Score: 1

      Rather than read the article I figured I'd skip straight to the comments to see if anyone really thought this one was any better than previous ones. :)

      --
      You are using English. Please learn the difference between loose and lose; they're, there, and their; your and you're.
    77. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 1

      Well, when judging between two possible causes of an outcome, choosing the one that happens 99% of the time is smarter than choosing the one that is 1 in a million.

      It is far more likely that an external object imparted angular momentum to the mass that became the moon than that the moon was ejected from the Earth and happened to hit a one in a million chance and get the angular momentum some other way.

      Capture happens all the time. Explosions happen too - but as far as I know never have been seen to result in a stable, two body system.

      Therefore, it seem much more likely that the moon was created from a two-body interaction (not capture - the moon was fried too thoroughly for that) than from a single body event.

      --
      while (sig==sig) sig=!sig;
    78. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      Ug, the Earth's composition is like the Moon's because we're made of the same stuff (Earth's mantle). The moon lacks (or nearly lacks) iron because it only got mantle material and not the iron cores of the two bodies.

      Capture doesn't work: the bodies are really too similar in composition and the physics of capturing a moon that large around a planet as small as Earth are scary.

    79. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MooUK · · Score: 1

      Can't argue with that, as I didn't read it either.

    80. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      the presence and nature of our moon appears to be a great benefit to the development of advanced life forms

      How so?

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    81. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by maxume · · Score: 1

      Your point about the escape velocity is hard to reconcile with my hand-waving (so it doesn't seem like the moon could have been ejected as I described).

      I guess it is still possible that the explosion nearly obliterated the planet and the stuff that was left near the current orbit reformed into two bodies (but this seems even more far-fetched).

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    82. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 1

      Hmmm... thinking about this, what if there were 2 explosions - the first one separated the bodies, and the second one happened later, adding the orbital momentum to the moon?

      Still, I think the two-body solution is the more likely one. But I recommend that we use this theory as an excuse to return to the moon and excavate the core! (Excavation will resolve all issues - proof left to the student as an exercise).

      --
      while (sig==sig) sig=!sig;
    83. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Bandman · · Score: 1

      It's a testament to the fact that I need to get back to work that I didn't even bat an eyelash when you said that, and it wasn't until the anonymous reply that I realized that Bevets was a fark thing.

    84. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by kanweg · · Score: 1

      Apparently you've done the math. I surrender my seat of the pants explanation.

      I'm not sure whether it changes anything, but I believe that the moon goes further away over time. So, it was closer in those days (saving some momentum, but probably not enough). Another is that the moon has stopped rotating (well, seen from the earth). Some phenomenon not understood by me caused it. That momentum must have gone somewhere, perhaps longer distance from the common centre of gravity?

      Bert

    85. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well, I don't agree with your use of an apostrophe in the possessive pronoun its. What are you gonna do about it?

    86. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by WhiplashII · · Score: 1

      The tidal locking that makes one side of the moon face us is fairly well understood, I think. Essentially: you start with two large masses in orbit around each other. These masses are not perfectly uniformly distributed, and so "tides" appear - the Earth (and more visibly, the oceans) move "around" the equator following the moon. This slows the planet a tiny amount - and eventually the two objects always show the same side to each other.

      Obviously, the moon completed this a long time ago - but the Earth will presumably tidally lock to the moon eventually.

      --
      while (sig==sig) sig=!sig;
    87. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's like saying we butter the wrong side of our bread slices

      Them's fightin' words, you stinking bottom butterer!

    88. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Agreed. We should just stop guessing and build some friggin' warp drives already.

      Then, we could finally fly beyond the light waves given off during the creation of the moon and take a look ourselves.

    89. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hkgroove · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Tidal Forces, also, it could act as a blocker for rogue material headed Earth's way. Jupiter is also extremely important in deflecting comets and debris also keeping the asteroids at bay. But at the same time, Jupiter is most likely responsible for the belt.

      http://www.astronomytoday.com/astronomy/earthmoon.html

      http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astrobio_jupiter_030122-1.html

    90. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1, Troll

      Tidal Forces

      The theory that life initially began in some sort of tidal pool is pretty flimsy and isn't significantly more likely than some of the other theories evolutionists have come up with. In fact it hasn't developed much beyond "well, we're pretty sure it's not impossible, so we think it might have happened." Have you anything better than conjuncture?

      It's certainly not enough to warrant claiming that "we observe the moon in its unlikely state because that was the most conducive to our own evolution". That's like saying you must be near an airport because a plane flew overhead... it's a possibility, yes, but it certainly doesn't prove anything.

      it could act as a blocker for rogue material headed Earth's way

      I don't buy the idea that it's gravitationally able to shield the earth from much of anything large enough to cause major changes, if that's what you're arguing here.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    91. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Mashiki · · Score: 1

      The Laurentian Plateau(Canadian Shield) would disagree, you've got plenty of rocks there that are between 500m and 4.5b years old to compare with. We might have a different surface but the material is still there to do carbon dating analysis and other super happy fun things to see if the two are anywhere the same, or if the moon simply got snagged along the way.

      --
      Om, nomnomnom...
    92. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hobbit · · Score: 1

      Thanks for the replies; I stand corrected!

      --
      "Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something" - Plato
    93. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      How does "500 million years old" approach the 4.5 Gyr age of the Earth and Moon, to you? And I never said there were no rocks that old, just that they were scarce. That's true. (And Canada ain't the only place with old rocks. Africa and Australia both feature some rivals.)

      Also, last I checked, the old rocks ever found were less than 4.3 Gyr. That's still 250 Myr shy of the age of the Moon.

      (And you might want to check your dating methods. Carbon dating doesn't work really well on multi-Gyr-old rocks. You're more likely to go for uranium or some other long-lived isotope.)

    94. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      Well, that's good, because I stand extremely confused.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    95. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Gyga · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The moon gave humans a goal in our space programs (which have spawned numerous advances). Do you think we would have been as willing to attempt to land on Mars right away without trying out the moon first?

      --
      I don't preview or spellcheck.
    96. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by maxume · · Score: 0, Troll

      Do you mean a manned mission? I'm pretty sure that planetary probes, landers and all, would have been hot on the heels of rockets, moon or no. Literally, "LET'S TRY IT!".

      If you mean a manned mission, well, there hasn't been one yet.

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    97. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by rbanffy · · Score: 1

      A slightly less safe distance would be a lot more fun.

    98. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by eleuthero · · Score: 1

      Why do we even post the article on slashdot anyway?--a good headline can get us riled up without suggesting to anyone out there that any of us really bother to read the articles posted before we talk about them.

    99. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by eleuthero · · Score: 1

      You apparently want something slightly better than a warp drive to be able to travel billions of light years out into space with any meaningful speed... unless of course, the moon wasn't created billions of years ago, in which case, it might be easier.

    100. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MooUK · · Score: 1

      I read the article if I think the article itself will interest me. Sometimes, I feel without looking that the article might not interest me but the comments here still will.

    101. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by obender · · Score: 1

      However, the lower crust and the deep ocean crust are made primarily from heavy Basalt.

      Maybe a bit offtopic but does anyone know if we managed to dig deep enough to reach the basalt layer? All the deep drills that I read about never found anything but granite even at depths were basalt was expected.

    102. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Darby · · Score: 1

      The theory that life initially began in some sort of tidal pool is pretty flimsy and isn't significantly more likely than some of the other theories evolutionists have come up with. In fact it hasn't developed much beyond "well, we're pretty sure it's not impossible, so we think it might have happened." Have you anything better than conjuncture?

      It's certainly not enough to warrant claiming that "we observe the moon in its unlikely state because that was the most conducive to our own evolution".

      I'm going to guess either your persecution complex is particularly strong or you don't have a clue what a tidal force is.

    103. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 0

      Um, are you saying that by "tidal force" you weren't referring to the submerged/air-exposed cycle as described in the page you linked to? caused by the tidal force of the moon on the ocean, occurring in coastal regions, where life supposedly started?

      The regular rise and fall of sea level creates an unique environment in the Solar System, where life is exposed to both immersion in water and exposure to air in the space of a few hours. This interface between two distinct ecological niches is thought by many to be crucial in evolutionary terms.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    104. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by bishiraver · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, without the moon we wouldn't have eclipses. And without eclipses, we wouldn't have superpowered superhumans fighting to save the world. By saving a cheerleader.

    105. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by StalinsNotDead · · Score: 1

      Werewolf tracking.

      --
      Thanks to the internet, we can now all die alone together! -SomeWoman
    106. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Darby · · Score: 1

      Which is a total cop out of a term, but you're allowed to cop out and make up new terms if your name is Gauss.

      Cauchy used to give him shit about it though.

    107. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by 2short · · Score: 1

      "'A Spherical estimation is good enough for most purposes.'

      True, at least by the old engineer's rule of thumb that only three places are significant for practical purposes.

      But there are some situations where it's not good enough. One is if you're dealing with the orbits of satellites."

      That's what I was trying to get at: there are times when a spherical approximation isn't good enough, but in every of those, an ellipsoid approximation isn't good enough either.

    108. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Ramze · · Score: 1

      The moon would have had to have formed from a molten blob to be spherical. Almost any explosion on the Earth that ejected enough material into high orbit would do. It really could be in any direction -- or all directions simultaneously like you see in a nova. The material in orbit would coalesce into a ring around the Earth and eventually into our moon... or if enough were in any one direction, a blob that would collect the material under its own gravity while in orbit creating our moon without much of a ring-stage required.

    109. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      Actually, no. First of all, it's not really tides from Jupiter that deflect anything. Second, the idea that Jupiter is a shield is based on basically no actual foundation. Grazier et al. had a poster at DPS this year where they showed the results of numerical integrations. They demonstrated that Jupiter, in fact, provides little shielding. (How can it, it doesn't really block a lot of the possible entrance to the inner solar system?).

    110. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by blue+l0g1c · · Score: 1

      It was ejected from a spinning mass?

    111. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by hawk · · Score: 1

      >a bit of a shock to realize that my mobile phone has the exact same screen size as my first computer.

      That would be scary . . . two hexadecimal digits plus an LED . . .

      then again, more than enough to identify the calls I care about.

      Having to use toggle switched to dial, though, would be a pain . . . :)

      hawk

    112. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Autonomous+Crowhard · · Score: 1

      There is a void still remaining, it's called the Pacific Ocean. The scars aren't gone, they've been severely blurred. But the Earth is still reverberating from the event (impact or nuclear). Plate tectonics are the planet's attempt to continue to reach a more stable state.

    113. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by ElAurian · · Score: 1

      The other one would be Kilimanjaro, perhaps?

    114. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Fluffeh · · Score: 1

      I am going to get QUANTUM on this.

      No-one saw it happen, therefore it hasn't been decided. Therefore it may not have happened, but if we prove that it did indeed happen, we might show that it didn't happen.

      Stick that in your pipe and smoke it!

      --
      Moved to http://soylentnews.org/. You are invited to join us too!
    115. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      The Pacific ocean didn't even exist a billion years ago, let alone 4.5 billion years ago (when no continents existed). It's hard to call it the scar of anything. It's also difficult to see how plate tectonics are attempts to reach a more stable state, except in the sense that Earth is trying to cool. (The locations of the continents are immaterial to this.)

    116. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by ahodgson · · Score: 1

      No, that's because they mistakenly believe that complexity is extremely hard to evolve, when it in fact can be demonstrated to be fairly simple, given enough time.

    117. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anachragnome · · Score: 1

      Every time I attempt to visualize the physics involved here, I keep coming back to something that ends up looking like blobs in a LavaLamp.

      Many times I have seen a single, ovoid shape slowly spinning in a LavaLamp suddenly, and inexplicably, subdivide by releasing a smaller version of itself, only to continue its isolated spinning, as if nothing had happened. I can only assume that inner fluid dynamics were the trigger, as there never seemed to be another blob nearby that could have precipitated the event.

    118. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jc42 · · Score: 3, Informative

      ... Kilimanjaro ...

      That's how most people get it wrong. Kilimanjaro does have glaciers, but it's two degrees south of the equator. It's Mount Kenya (aka Kirinyaga) that has glaciers right on the equator. Kilimanjaro is the more famous of the two, of course, and that's probably why most people guess that it's the answer. If you want to see the glaciers on either of them, you should probably plan your visit for the next decade or so, because the glaciers are shrinking fast. And wouldn't you love to have a photo of yourself standing on a glacier, right on the equator?

      It's funny that when asked where the two glaciers on the equator are found, most people don't even think of South America. But the Andes are the only significant mountain range that crosses the equator. (Unless you consider the Rift Valley in Africa to be a mountain range. ;-)

      --
      Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
    119. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh man, glad I'm not the only one.
      I see the name "bevets" now and it makes me cringe.

    120. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by jasen666 · · Score: 1

      The gravity of the moon also helps to stabilize our rotational wobble. Weather patterns would be more extreme and unpredictable without it.

    121. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Tubal-Cain · · Score: 1

      Earth would have to have been originally spinning at 2-3 RPM.

      And that doesn't exceed the Roche limit?

    122. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Tubal-Cain · · Score: 1

      I'm an idiot. OK, so it's not Roche limit. What is it called when centripetal force of a rotating planet exceeds gravity's ability to hold it together?

    123. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Nefarious+Wheel · · Score: 1

      Um, are you saying that by "tidal force" you weren't referring to the submerged/air-exposed cycle

      Look up "Roche limit" on Wiki. Good explanation of tidal forces. Has nothing to do with tearing up your sneakers looking for starfish.

      --
      Do not mock my vision of impractical footwear
    124. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Nefarious+Wheel · · Score: 1

      Then, we could finally fly beyond the light waves given off during the creation of the moon and take a look ourselves.

      You know, I think I've found a way to do that and reach back to affect our history. I'm sure it won't violate causality if i te!%%%####@[NO CARRIER]

      --
      Do not mock my vision of impractical footwear
    125. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Nefarious+Wheel · · Score: 1

      What is it called when centripetal force of a rotating planet exceeds gravity's ability to hold it together?

      It's called "The Somewhat Smaller Than The Big But Locally Quite Big Enough Bang", or TSSTTBBLQBEB for short.

      --
      Do not mock my vision of impractical footwear
    126. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      I don't think that a thrust is necessary, because you may think of the moon too much as a satellite. Think of the earth and moon as a double-planet.

      There's no difference between the two cases. In both cases (satellite and planet versus double planet) all the components orbit around their mutual centre of mass. That's one of the things that "centre of mass" means.

      In the case of the Earth and Sputnik, the centre of mass of the system is in the order of 10^-18m from the centre of the Earth. In the case of Pluto and Charon, the most "double" double planet in the solar system, the centre of mass is about 2000km from the centre of Pluto or some 800km above the surface of Pluto. In the Earth-Moon case, the Earth's centre is some 2000km form the centre of mass of the system, making the centre of mass of the system still reside some thousands of km below the Earth's surface.

      Where you drwa the line is, TTBOMK, a matter of personal choice ; there are no drastic effects when the separation of the two partners gets wide enough for the centre of mass ot move into the space between the two. But it'll always be closer to the heavier of the two. That's one of the things implicit in what a "centre of mass" is.

      The pre-earth is rotating around its axis and has a centre of gravity. Now there is the explosion. Newton does its action-reaction thing and hence the new earth and moon move away from the center of gravity. Conservation of momentum requires that everything keeps spinning around the centre of gravity.

      The frequency of each particle's orbit about the centre of mass is the same (this doesn't work for more than two particles. So, while each of the two separating particles (no matter what their sizes) will continue with their own amounts of angular momentum around the centre of mass, they'll also remain in phase. So when the smaller comes whipping back towards the larger, the larger will be in the right place to be impacted by the smaller. Unless you introduce a new source of angular momentum to one of the particles.

      That's the "thrust" that the GP post referred to. It's as unavoidable as ... well something that's more unavoidable than death and taxes combined. It's the law, as in "law of gravity", not as in "law of lawyers". When it comes to angular momentum, there are no free lunches.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    127. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by cyclop · · Score: 1

      I'm Italian, and I'm educated to know that billion = 10^9

      --
      -- Patent no.123456: A way to personalize /. comments with a sig attached to the end.
    128. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dude, the European definition of billion is a thousand million, just like in the USA.

      Actually, the USA has been until rather recently the only country where billion means a thousand millions and trillion a thousand billions.

      In almost any other country, billion has traditionally meant a million millions ( bi- llion, get it?) and trillion means a million million millions (thus the name tri- llion).

      Quite frankly you should get out of the crystal sphere more often.

    129. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mpe · · Score: 1

      If everything were molten, it wouldn't leave any regions behind, because molten magma/lava would fill in the gouge fairly quickly. Kind of like scooping water out of a bucket doesn't leave a big score; the water level just goes down.

      Something which is "fluid" dosn't even have to be in a liquid state. You'd observe much the same with a bucket of sand which was being intermmitently shaken.

    130. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by mpe · · Score: 1

      If the planet was that hard and cool back then how would you explain that the moon got round to? Obviously it wasn't that solid ..

      Any object in space which is massive enough is going of end up spherical. Due to the action of its own gravity...

    131. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by vegiVamp · · Score: 1

      It's a well-established fact that one-in-a-million chances crop up nine times out of ten.

      --
      What a depressingly stupid machine.
    132. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by adrianwn · · Score: 1

      But the Italian word "bilione" means 10e12, does it not?

    133. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by chrb · · Score: 1

      The article says the moon went in to orbit, and continues to drift away, not that it flies away and then drifts back and settles:

      "These calculations showed that it is possible to launch a Moon if the georeactor generated about 0.5 x 1030 joules.

      That is gigantic," he says. By way of example, a one gigawatt nuclear reactor generates just 1017 joules a year, so you'd need the annual energy production of 1013 of these reactors to get the same amount.

      This would put the Moon at a distance of about a 100,000 km, much closer than today's 380,000 km. In the 4.5 billion years since then, the Moon has slowly drifted away from us - a process that is still going on today, at about four centimetres a year.

    134. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      not at the university I'm working at. Its all SI equivalent (billion => giga => 10e9). Unless you want to believe the Vienna city council spend 1.2 trillion dollars last year.

    135. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      Given the correct mechanisms (e.g. mutation) and direction (e.g. natural selection), yes. However, neither mutation nor natural selection have been observed on the scale required for evolution of a new organism, or even resulting in an organ whose function is significantly altered from its historical utility.

      Presently, we've observed trivial changes such as predominant colour of a species (typically not even creating a new colour, merely one that was rarer in the past) or resistance to certain poisons (which are carefully engineered to have a precise effect anyway, so a mutation which only very slightly changes their target can easily make it insusceptible to the drug/pesticide).

      If we're being fair, we really have to conclude that we don't have enough data to determine whether it's likely or even possible that mutations and natural selection caused the genetic diversity of the world today.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    136. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      It's impossible to put something into orbit by launching it from the earth's surface. No matter which direction you launch it, it will either escape and never return or will come crashing back down. Physics dictate that the object will climb until it attains its apogee and then start coming down, eventually reaching the same altitude it started from (which may or may not be the perigee, but it'll crash either way).

      The closest you could come would be launching it tangentially from the highest mountain you could find at a high enough velocity to put it in orbit (i.e. you've launched the object from the perigee of its orbit), but even then air resistance would bring it down.

      The only way to put something into orbit is by applying force after it's already at altitude.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    137. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      That would be scary . . . two hexadecimal digits plus an LED . . .

      then again, more than enough to identify the calls I care about.

      (scrolling:)
      80
      ..00
      ....08
      ......81
      ........1E
      ..........E5?

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    138. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MBGMorden · · Score: 1

      (How can it, it doesn't really block a lot of the possible entrance to the inner solar system?).

      It doesn't need to. Most little things that wander into the inner solar system don't hit something their first time through. If they do, then it's just a freak occurrence. Most wander in, begin an orbit, and then EVENTUALLY they'll end up in the wrong place at the wrong time. The thing is, if something is whipping around the system in an orbit, Jupiter is more likely to influence it towards itself than the other planets. Also, given the size of it's gravitational well, it's a much bigger bulls eye.

      In the end, it's not so much "shielding", as it is the simple fact that: a random small object in the inner solar system is going to be more likely to hit Jupiter than anything else. And as a nice bonus: things that hit Jupiter don't live to hit Earth another day ;).

      --
      "People who think they know everything are very annoying to those of us who do."-Mark Twain
    139. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      Actually, a random small thing is more likely to to slung about by Jupiter than to hit it. How do you think things get sent into the inner solar system to begin with? Neptune doesn't generally change KBOs' orbits enough to send them to Earth, but Neptune can pass them to Jupiter and then to Earth. In fact, in the numerical study I cited, they found that objects were more likely to have encountered Jupiter most recently before a collision with Earth than any other body. Arguably, Jupiter makes things worse.

      In any case, note the study I cited. You're intuition is wrong, Jupiter doesn't shield us.

    140. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by ahodgson · · Score: 1

      If you're being really fair, you have to consider that all the vast weight of the evidence available is in favour of that conclusion.

      And since there are no competing scientific theories, one might be hard pressed to continue denying all that evidence, even if one really, really doesn't want to believe that one's remotest ancestor was something even less complex than a bacteria.

      But, of course, ID proponents don't want to be fair.

    141. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by MBGMorden · · Score: 1

      In any case, note the study I cited. You're intuition is wrong, Jupiter doesn't shield us.

      You actually didn't provide a link to that study, so it's not verifiable. Any any event, I've read a number of studies and attended a number of seminar's that state the opposite of what you have, so it's based on a lot more than my "intuition".

      --
      "People who think they know everything are very annoying to those of us who do."-Mark Twain
    142. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Mr.+Slippery · · Score: 1

      However, neither mutation nor natural selection have been observed on the scale required for evolution of a new organism

      Incorrect. Speciation - the development of new organisms - has indeed been observed in plants, insects, bacteria, and algae.

      --
      Tom Swiss | the infamous tms | my blog
      You cannot wash away blood with blood
    143. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Dragoness+Eclectic · · Score: 1

      The Rift Valley is an awesome piece of geography. Calling it a 'mountain range' is just too trivial. On the other hand, the same species of animal out in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which suggests it's a submarine mountain range.

      Although if you define mountain ranges as uplifted areas formed by plate collisions, neither the Mid-Atlantic Ridge nor the Rift Valley would be one, as they are wounds in the crust where plates are pulling apart, allowing lower crustal/upper mantle material to leak through...

      --
      ---dragoness
    144. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      I provided the citation, that makes it eminently verifiable. If you're capable of going to a seminar or reading papers, you should know how to use ADSABS to look up the abstract. There was this thing called "looking it up" before people got used to being spoon-fed links on the internet. But because you apparently aren't capable of doing your own research: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DPS....40.1201G

      And you should check the seminars' sources. As Kevin Grazier pointed out in his DPS presentation, there's not real study to back up the claims that Jupiter protects things. It just entered conventional wisdom through the back door and people stopped questioning it.

      Remember: being told something a lot isn't the same as having it demonstrated.

    145. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      If you're being really fair, you have to consider that all the vast weight of the evidence available is in favour of that conclusion.

      "Vast weight of evidence?" If you're really being fair, you have to admit that the vast majority of evidence is interpreted by both sides to support their view.

      And since there are no competing scientific theories, one might be hard pressed to continue denying all that evidence, even if one really, really doesn't want to believe that one's remotest ancestor was something even less complex than a bacteria.

      Evolution isn't "science" either, in that it is neither testable nor repeatable. We're arguing over history/mythology, not "science".

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    146. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      Speciation is the genetic degeneration of a species to a point where certain members of the species are no longer able to reproduce with certain other members of the species. There's nothing at all to imply that this sort of microevolution would eventually accumulate to create a different kind of animal, which was my original point in the comment you quoted.

      For instance, if poodles became so inbred that they were no longer able to successfully reproduce with other breeds, would you say they had become a different species? They don't look like other breeds (although identical physical traits are present to varying degrees in other breeds), and we're supposing they can no longer interbreed with them... however, I'd still say they were dogs, albeit extremely inbred dogs. Now, if they also somehow developed opposable thumbs, I'd say they were a different species, but as I said before, we don't have any evidence implying that we can extend minor interspecific variations to changes of that sort (nor do we have conclusive evidence that we can't)... which brings me back to my original conclusion: we don't have enough data.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    147. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by fatphil · · Score: 1

      When throwing a dart at a dartboard, do you think that the outcome "the dart lands on the treble 20" is /a priori/ almost impossible? If so, you're weird. Just because it's a continuous probability distribution, it doesn't mean that everything's almost impossible, basically only sets of zero measure will be almost impossible. "Jetisoned blob gravitationally captured as a moon" is not a set of zero measure.

      --
      Also FatPhil on SoylentNews, id 863
    148. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Correct. Here is an explanation and history.

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_(word)

    149. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by digitig · · Score: 1

      I think you're missing my point. By "almost impossible" I meant "very low probability", not "infinitesimal probability". Had I meant "infinitesimal probability" there would have to be an infinite number of planets or an infinite duration universe to get the very many trials I suggested, which wouldn't work, would it?

      --
      Quidnam Latine loqui modo coepi?
    150. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Mr.+Slippery · · Score: 1

      Speciation is the genetic degeneration of a species to a point where certain members of the species are no longer able to reproduce with certain other members of the species.

      No. It's not a "degeneration", and it's not about individual "certain members". It's about populations. If two groups can't interbreed, they're not the same species.

      There's nothing at all to imply that this sort of microevolution would eventually accumulate to create a different kind of animal, which was my original point in the comment you quoted.

      A new species is most definitely a "different kind of animal". And beyond that, if you'll read the link I gave you (Here's Google's cached version as it seems to be unreachable at the moment) you'll notice observed instances of very large changes: unicellular algae becoming colonial, bacteria undergoing large changes in morphology.

      And earlier this year, a remarkable mutation was observed in E. Coli bacteria that left them able to metabolize citrate. Certainly that a "different kind" of bacteria.

      For instance, if poodles became so inbred that they were no longer able to successfully reproduce with other breeds, would you say they had become a different species?

      Yes. That is exactly the usual biological definition of a species.

      Now, if they also somehow developed opposable thumbs, I'd say they were a different species

      No, that wouldn't necessarily tell whether they were a different species. Some dogs have dewclaws, some don't, they're still the same species.

      --
      Tom Swiss | the infamous tms | my blog
      You cannot wash away blood with blood
    151. Re:Wouldn't there be an empty space? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So this essentially posits that an explosion had enough force to blown the planet apart, and send the pieces into space, but not to escape velocity (11.2 km/s) but instead to a velocity just short of that (11.19 km/s or so), so that the moon goes flying away for 2.5 years but 2.5 years later comes back and settles into a nice, circular orbit.

      That would be hard to accomplish on purpose - saying an accident did it is beyond belief.

      You are making the assumption that all the material ejected from the Earth had a uniform velocity of just less than escape velocity. However, it is far more likely that the ejected material had a range of velocities, some of which were over escape velocity and some below. The parts above went flying off into space, and the parts significantly below fell back to Earth. However the parts only a bit below escape velocity gradually coalesced into the moon over time.

  2. stupid scientists by circletimessquare · · Score: 4, Funny

    the moon is made of cheese

    clearly, the young earth was lactose intolerant, and ejected it for that reason

    the problem is all infants can digest lactose, and lose the lactase enzyme ability later in life if they don't have the right genes

    but all theories have holes in them

    like swiss cheese!

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
    1. Re:stupid scientists by ionix5891 · · Score: 1

      big bada BOOM

    2. Re:stupid scientists by pappas.chris · · Score: 1

      Leeloo Dallas multipass?

    3. Re:stupid scientists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      *sigh* Mila Jovovich.

      Nuff said.

    4. Re:stupid scientists by JonathanBoyd · · Score: 1

      Clearly a work of the lunatic fringe.

    5. Re:stupid scientists by xbytor · · Score: 1

      A little bit cheesy, but nicely displayed...

    6. Re:stupid scientists by nugatory78 · · Score: 1

      Leeloo Dallas multipass?

      Yes she knows its a Multipass.

      --
      The beginning of knowledge is the discovery of something we do not understand. - Frank Herbert
    7. Re:stupid scientists by tkw954 · · Score: 1

      I thought the moon was made of BBQ spareribs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6zC1_gkP-c

    8. Re:stupid scientists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      i got the blues, it's the cheesiest

      it aint' easy being cheesy

    9. Re:stupid scientists by DannyO152 · · Score: 1

      circletimessquare was on the queso.

    10. Re:stupid scientists by ElAurian · · Score: 1

      Well, you gouda laugh, eh?

    11. Re:stupid scientists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      captain pugwash was awesome huh.

    12. Re:stupid scientists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That kind of comment really cheeses me off

  3. Runaway Nuclear Reaction... by bytethese · · Score: 5, Funny

    Check. Dutch Scientists, Check. Thought that the moon was caused by a Cosmic Dutch Oven, Priceless.

  4. Comment removed by account_deleted · · Score: 4, Funny

    Comment removed based on user account deletion

  5. Sanitation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    So Earth basically got a bad case of gas, had an accident and now has its own turd in orbit.

    1. Re:Sanitation by hobbit · · Score: 1

      Imagine my surprise when I searched for the "earthburp" tag and found no other stories whatsoever! What's happened to all those earthburp stories, eh?!

      --
      "Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something" - Plato
    2. Re:Sanitation by mnslinky · · Score: 1

      /me thinks of a stupid joke involving 'Klingons around Uranus.'

    3. Re:Sanitation by Missing_dc · · Score: 2, Funny

      Just goes to show that some shit follows you forever.

      --
      How amazed would you be to suddenly find that you just forgot what I wrote and you needed to reread my post.... again.
    4. Re:Sanitation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      With that in mind, the ISS toolbag doesn't look as bad anymore, as far as orbitaly monumental screwups go.

  6. Impactors all the way by squoozer · · Score: 3, Insightful

    While it's certainly an interesting idea I can't see it being right (but I've only read the first page, the site seems to have collapsed). My problem with it is simple that the impactor idea seems to fit all the data so well I think it's unlikley to be wrong.

    I wonder though if this could perhaps be tested. The huge explosion theory could well have left old rocks away from the explosion site untouched. The impactor would have melted the whole planet. If we find even one rock old than the impact date we have our answer.

    --
    I used to have a better sig but it broke.
    1. Re:Impactors all the way by Canazza · · Score: 5, Interesting

      We may never *know* for certain. We can have hypothesis after hypothesis, and although the giant impact fits the data nicely, and is unlikely to be wrong, the only way we'll really challenge that is by having other ideas. What really throws this theory out for me however (And I admit, I can't view the page, it's been /.ed) was that most of Earth's fissle material is in the crust, not the core. So any 'deep explosion' would have to have been in the crust or mantle, not the center.

      --
      It pays to be obvious, especially if you have a reputation for being subtle.
    2. Re:Impactors all the way by mcgrew · · Score: 4, Interesting

      My problem with it is simple that the impactor idea seems to fit all the data so well I think it's unlikley to be wrong.

      Further on they say that the impactor theory doesn't exactly fit the data. I'd blockquote, but I'm stuck on page three, I think we slashdotted it.

      They give several reasons; one is that the object would have had to hit at a precise angle to become the moon and not completely vaporize the earth. Another is that the object would have had to have been formed very near the earth; they calculate from the moon rocks it would have had to be between Venus' and Mars' orbits.

    3. Re:Impactors all the way by Maury+Markowitz · · Score: 5, Informative

      > it would have had to be between Venus' and Mars' orbits.

      They quote this as a problem?!

      The baseline assumption is that the impactor formed in the Earth's trojans, which fixes this "complaint" perfectly. Unlike Jupiter (for instance), the Earth's trojans are not entirely stable, and any large objects placed in it will drift back and forth. This explains a VERY large number of data points:

      1) it explains geological makeup perfectly
      2) it explains why the impact angle was grazing
      3) it explains why the Moon formed so long after the Earth

      See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis

      Maury

    4. Re:Impactors all the way by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Informative

      For the first point, it's not all that unlikely. (I don't know of any simulations that show that the impact would destroy the Earth, but you do need a specific range of impact angles to blow material off into orbit.) Remember, there were numerous collisions in that epoch, even between fairly large objects.

      As to the second point, I call BS. The moon isn't made of the original material of the impactor. If the authors say it is, they're showing that they don't understand the theory that they're deriding. The Moon is made (principally) of the Earth's mantle. That's why the giant impact theory is so appealing, it explains the compositional similarities.

      (That said, I seem to recall simulation work from about a decade ago that indicated that ALL the terrestrial planets had more or less the same composition since the planetesimals would be well-mixed in this region.)

    5. Re:Impactors all the way by Rolgar · · Score: 1

      My old high school science teacher used to talk about how the volume of the moon was similar to the volume of the Pacific Ocean. I don't know if he was trying to imply that indicated where such an impact would have taken place, but since the impact is speculated to have happened over 4 billion years ago, and Pangaea existed two and a half million years ago, the one cannot have anything to do with the other, at least not directly.

    6. Re:Impactors all the way by Red+Flayer · · Score: 3, Insightful

      What really throws this theory out for me however (And I admit, I can't view the page, it's been /.ed) was that most of Earth's fissle material is in the crust, not the core.

      That may be a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem. Maybe the fissile material in the core was exhausted in the runaway reaction, or in later reactions within the core (perhaps critical T&P exist in the core)... this seems plausible to me if, as with the crust, materials in the core were isolated and concentrated via geologic processes.

      It's also possible that the geological processes that occured over the past 4 Bn years have caused the fissile materials to accumulate in the crust instead of the core.

      --
      "Trolls they were, but filled with the evil will of their master: a fell race..." -- J.R.R. Tolkien on Olog-hai
    7. Re:Impactors all the way by TypoNAM · · Score: 0

      The baseline assumption is that the impactor formed in the Earth's trojans

      That's one condom failure this planet is never going to forget about.

      --
      This space is not for rent.
    8. Re:Impactors all the way by Relic+of+the+Future · · Score: 1

      most of Earth's fissle material is in the crust, not the core.

      Citation? Because most fissile material is in the mantle, not the crust.

      --
      Those who fail to understand communication protocols, are doomed to repeat them over port 80.
    9. Re:Impactors all the way by BlackSnake112 · · Score: 1

      There are some theories that Cruithne was Earth's second moon. So maybe the early Earth had two moons?

    10. Re:Impactors all the way by Canazza · · Score: 1
      I've mentioned it further down

      "The idea is based on two very dubious propositions: (a) That uranium (or any heavy element) would naturally go to the center of the Earth. This is almost certainly untrue. It is a misunderstanding of chemistry and statistical physics at a very fundamental level. (b) That there is something about Earth's heat flow or helium that is so wildly discordant with our usual ideas that it requires an outrageous hypothesis to explain it. This is incorrect."

      (source)

      --
      It pays to be obvious, especially if you have a reputation for being subtle.
    11. Re:Impactors all the way by Gideon+Wells · · Score: 1

      The precise angle rebuttal almost sounds like an Intelligence Design rebuttal to me.

      It doesn't matter how unlikely "Orpheous" hitting the right angle was. It had to have happened to get the moon.

      Though I see their motive in bringing it up if they can prove their hypothesis is much less reliant on the odds with equal evidence.

      --
      by Anonymous Coward: I, for one, welcome the shift from car analogies to pizza analogies. um.. overlords?
    12. Re:Impactors all the way by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They give several reasons; one is that the object would have had to hit at a precise angle to become the moon and not completely vaporize the earth.

      That's like saying that a sequence of genes would have had to be arranged in an astronomically unlikely way to result in the unique combination of traits that is you. So clearly that can't be the explanation for you.

    13. Re:Impactors all the way by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And if it vaporized the earth, we wouldn't be here to talk about it.

      It's the earth equivalenace of the anthropic principle.

      What is wrong with it being "Unlikely"? Undoubtably there are many solar systems out there when things went wrong. In fact, there are a lot of them with bizzare planets and strange makeups. So out of the billions of planets, is it unsuprising that ours got it 'right'?

      So just because it is improbable, we will are in a very big 'lab' running millions of experiments, and some do work, and we are proof.

    14. Re:Impactors all the way by rbanffy · · Score: 1

      The fissiles, being heavy elements, should be more abundant in the core. Are you sure of what you just wrote?

    15. Re:Impactors all the way by CmdrGravy · · Score: 1

      I wonder though if this could perhaps be tested.

      C'mon now, thats not really the most sensible idea now is it. Things are tough enough as it is with Global Warming and mutant GM foods destroying the planet without you trying to engineer a supermassive nuclear explosion in the Earths crust just to try and create another moon. I suggest that you, like most scientists should concentrate on improving the welfare of cute animals and solving world hunger rather then designing these sorts of dangerous and irresponsible experiments.

    16. Re:Impactors all the way by imbaczek · · Score: 1

      i think your high school teacher had several orders of magnitude of problems.

    17. Re:Impactors all the way by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why would you assume most of Earth's fissile material is in the crust?

      The overwhelming majority of Earth's iron sunk and formed the cores, and uranium is three times as dense as iron. Very likely, all of our original heavy metals from Cobalt on up followed suit and sank, either forming solutions or shells of material depending on quantity. That left silicates and carbonates to form the slag we call the surface which had bits of heavy material delivered by asteroids over time.

    18. Re:Impactors all the way by kayditty · · Score: 0

      there are several such replies in this thread, and of course they make sense. but it wouldn't be prudent to entirely discredit such criticisms outright, either, because what you fail to assess is that there are actually TWO strange events involved in the process. the first is that things happened the way they did. if that way is physically unlikely, that's one thing. it's interesting. it doesn't mean it didn't happen, because clearly it did. but then you have to remember that because we are here we know it happened, and because we are here AND it happened, two very strange things happened overall, because life itself is strange. I don't mean that it's rare or unlikely; I don't care about that, but I can see a deeper sense of reasoning that people with similar objections might experience.

  7. Collision Theory by tchiseen · · Score: 3, Funny

    I thought that a number of scientists had run simulations explaining the earth/moon systems creation via a collision. I even saw it on TV on a special narrated by Tony Robbins, so it MUST be true!

    1. Re:Collision Theory by tchiseen · · Score: 1

      Robinson not Robbins. hehe

  8. The Moon! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    The Moon is a secret Italian conspiracy to spy on, undermine, infiltrate, and subvert America. That's why it is always in OUR sky -- ever wondered about that? How come Mexicans and Chinese don't get the Moon? Because they are in league with the nefarious Italians against our Great Fatherland.

    1. Re:The Moon! by moose_hp · · Score: 1

      How come Mexicans [...] don't get the Moon?

      If that's no moon (pun intended), then wtf is in the sky then?

      --
      DON'T PANIC.
    2. Re:The Moon! by maxume · · Score: 1

      There are gnomes living in your eyeballs; they paint the image onto your retina whenever you look at the spot where the moon supposedly is.

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    3. Re:The Moon! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's what YOU say. But who trusts a Mexican? I heard that they wear large hats just to facilitate their lying, by shielding their dodgy eyes!

      Nevertheless, the countermeasure to thwart the nefarious Italian subterfuge is as elegant as it is simple Yankee ingenuity. To wit: since the Moon is universally acknowledged to be a large Rock, and Paper beats Rock, all that is needed to defend our dear homeland and our precious families against this Italian espionage plot is to don paper hats and carefully place other paper moon-ray-obstructing devices over nationally sensitive spots. Ha!

      I can already hear the wailing and knashing of teeth in the cafes of Rome, I can hear the poor Italian devils exclaiming "Mamma Mia!" and other things that Italians say when they are bested by the genius of true-blooded AMERICANS such as myself.

    4. Re:The Moon! by Maxwell'sSilverLART · · Score: 2, Funny

      How come Mexicans [...] don't get the Moon?

      If that's no moon (pun intended), then wtf is in the sky then?

      A space station!

      --
      Moderate drunk! It's more fun that way!
  9. looking for a new place (planet) to wreck? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    probably not going to happen. it would make A LOT more sense to clean up the mess we've made here. the creators will provide future accommodations as needed. see you there?

  10. Not possible by Waffle+Iron · · Score: 4, Funny

    We all know that if there were a nuclear catastrophe of this magnitude, then the whole planet would be hurled through space at such speed that each week we would encounter a new alien race, group of outcasts, or supernatural being. Seeing as the earth is still in its stable orbit around the sun, we can conclude that this must not have happened.

    1. Re:Not possible by Twisted+Willie · · Score: 4, Funny

      Unless ofcourse, as some might argue, this has already happened.

    2. Re:Not possible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      OK, I have to ask this: Were you really aiming for 'Funny'?

    3. Re:Not possible by Zan+Lynx · · Score: 1

      It's a Space 1999 reference I think. Not that I've ever seen the show.

    4. Re:Not possible by jarrell · · Score: 1

      Wait, so, they're saying that in 1999 (times 2 million) BC, a runaway nuclear reaction blew the moon INTO orbit? Someone call Gerry Anderson, I smell a prequel.

    5. Re:Not possible by SengirV · · Score: 1

      If you had hair down there, you might have gotten the reference.

      --

      Prof. Farnsworth - "Oh a lesson in not changing history from Mr I'm-My-Own-Grandpa!"

  11. Or maybe by eclectro · · Score: 2, Funny

    It was caused by aliens driving 737's and dropping nukes into volcanoes.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
    1. Re:Or maybe by Sockatume · · Score: 3, Funny

      That's just a deranged fantasy. Now, if you were talking about DC-10s...

      --
      No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
    2. Re:Or maybe by xpuppykickerx · · Score: 5, Funny

      Actually they used DC-8. The 737 didn't come out til like 10 million years later!

    3. Re:Or maybe by Cazekiel · · Score: 2, Funny

      HAIL XENU

      --
      You want to know how to help your kids? LEAVE THEM THE F*&K ALONE. --George Carlin
    4. Re:Or maybe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It was caused by aliens driving 737's and dropping nukes into volcanoes.

      Now you are just spreading crazy unfounded cult-like beliefs. In reality, the aliens were flying spacecraft that looked like DC-9's, not 737's.

    5. Re:Or maybe by canajin56 · · Score: 1

      No, they used a space plane that looks exactly like a DC-8 but with rocket engines. The DC-8 just happens to look like a space plane because our thetans have a body memory of being on the space planes, causing us to subconsciously design it that way. Body memories are why everything happens! The prohibition era was the way it was, down to slang and clothing style, because at that moment in history, humanity subconsciously styled itself after the Marcab confederacy (inventors of the fedora and trilby)! Income tax also comes from our memory of the Marcab confederacy. Don't confuse these memories of the Marcabs with Anonymous though. 4chan isn't just remembering, they are actually run by sleeper agents sent by the Marcab confederacy to undermine the true believers! (You can tell they are affiliated because their logo is typically an empty pinstripe suit with fedora, the standard Marcab uniform).

      --
      ASCII stupid question, get a stupid ANSI
    6. Re:Or maybe by HTH+NE1 · · Score: 1

      I'm surprised that the summary has yet to bear the scientology tag.

      --
      Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner entwine / The myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's vine?
  12. It's a long but interesting article by mcgrew · · Score: 4, Informative

    I'm on page three. I had to look up a couple of things of wikipedia so far. I hadn't heard the word Petrology before; it's the study of rocks.

    The term "georeactor" seemed self-explanatory but I looked it up anyway, and was glad I did.

    Natural nuclear reactors
    In the 1970s, geochemists documented the existence of naturally-occurring slow fission reactors in uranium-bearing geologic formations at Oklo in Gabon, Africa. The Oklo natural nuclear fission reactors operated approximately 1.5 to 2.0 billion years ago, when the natural occurrence of the uranium-235 isotope (required for the fission chain-reaction) was much higher.

    [edit] Planetary fission reactors
    Large, gaseous planets, such as Jupiter or Saturn, radiate more energy into space than they receive from the Sun. (In the case of Jupiter, the radiated energy is almost twice the received energy.) The source of this energy was originally attributed to gravitational contraction, since gravitational potential energy conversion into heat seemed to be the heat source of sufficient magnitude to account for the quantity of energy released. In 1992, J. Marvin Herndon postulated that the excess energy could be explained by the existence of a central nuclear reactor. High-density fissile elements (i.e. uranium) would be concentrated at the core and could undergo sustained nuclear fission chain reactions. Herndon demonstrated the feasibility of a planetocentric nuclear reactor using Fermi's nuclear reactor theory, calculations similar to those used in nuclear-reactor design.

    [edit] The georeactor
    Herndon subsequently realized that the calculations also permitted the existence of a similar reactor at the Earth's core. Herndon's calculations depend on certain unconventional assumptions regarding the composition of the core, in particular the oxidation state of uranium and the likelihood of its precipitating to the center. He justifies these assumptions by comparison with the composition of enstatite chondrite meteorites, which do have the necessary highly reduced oxidation states and are the only chondrite meteorites which have sufficient iron metal-alloy to match the composition of the Earth with its massive core.

    Herndon argues that the georeactor is the energy source for the Earth's magnetic field, and that variations in the strength and direction of the field can be explained by natural variations in the operation of the georeactor.

    [edit] Generalization to planetary magnetic fields
    Currently active internally generated magnetic fields have been detected in six planets (Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and in one satellite (Jupiter's moon Ganymede). Magnetized surface areas of Mars and the Moon indicate the former existence of internally generated magnetic fields in those bodies.

    As Mr. Spock would say, "fascinating." My thanks to the story submitter.

    1. Re:It's a long but interesting article by Canazza · · Score: 1
      I'm glad you linked that article, as it states further down

      "The idea is based on two very dubious propositions: (a) That uranium (or any heavy element) would naturally go to the center of the Earth. This is almost certainly untrue. It is a misunderstanding of chemistry and statistical physics at a very fundamental level. (b) That there is something about Earth's heat flow or helium that is so wildly discordant with our usual ideas that it requires an outrageous hypothesis to explain it. This is incorrect."

      (source)
      The lack of evidence for fissle material at the core should keep this from being taken too seriously

      --
      It pays to be obvious, especially if you have a reputation for being subtle.
    2. Re:It's a long but interesting article by caluml · · Score: 1

      And that, ladies and gentlemen is how you get an easy +5 Informative. Even with a dodgy hyperlink.

    3. Re:It's a long but interesting article by mcgrew · · Score: 1

      And how fixing a dodgy hyperlink gets you a -1 offtopic

  13. Another nice bedtime story by macxcool · · Score: 0

    This is really just another nice bedtime story, isn't it? Sure scientists can speculate about this sort of thing, but the possible scenarios are only limited by the researchers' imaginations. There is no way of knowing whether this sort of tale is really what happened. The only thing that can happen here is that someone will come up with a reason why it could not have happened this way. If that doesn't happen all we have is a nice story that nobody has debunked yet.

  14. Space 1999 got it wrong... by OldeTimeGeek · · Score: 3, Funny

    ...but not completely. The nuclear waste that caused the moon to be torn away were stored HERE! A cautionary tale?

    1. Re:Space 1999 got it wrong... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I was going to post this joke, you insensitive clod!

  15. Explosions? by AviLazar · · Score: 1

    As /. causes a nuclear explosion on cosmosmagazine.com preventing anyone from RTFA

    --

    I mod down so you can mod up. Your welcome.
    1. Re:Explosions? by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      As /. causes a nuclear explosion on cosmosmagazine.com preventing anyone from RTFA

      And it will create a second moon, called "Slashuna", with triangular overlapping craters due to bad CSS.
           

  16. Teach the hypothetical controversy! by 0xdeadbeef · · Score: 4, Funny

    If the moon were real, it would have been created by God. Clearly a large ball of rock is the sign of an intelligent Creator, if it were there.

    1. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by MikeBabcock · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Christian-minded skepticism would sound a lot less idiotic (no offense to those of you who can't stand that), and something like:

      Why do we think this might have happened? Because it might be possible. Do we have any proof of it? None whatsoever. Does it seem likely or probable? Not enough data. Could the moon have been spontaneously created by an infinitely powerful being instead? Sure.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    2. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 5, Informative

      Just to be fair to everyone here, there will be a variety of Christian-minded skepticism. To lump them all into one bunch is pretty dishonest.

      We have group #1 that is going to claim the literalist nonsense. These are the folks that built the creationist fantasy tourist trap where children frolick with dinos in the displays.

      We have group #2 that is probably going to take the approach you mentioned to various degrees. Some may say it could have been spontaneously created, but that is no reason to not investigate, we don't have a lot of good information yet. The other end will lean towards the idea that we haven't found any information yet and thus it must be spontaneously created. This is the realm of curable ignorance on one side and pseudoscience nonsense on the other.

      Then we will have the final group, that thankfully has gained at least some traction. The group that will say "Sure God created it...and a runaway nuclear reaction or massive impact are two possible methods that the universe played out that caused it to be created...let's go figure it out." Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, there are indeed quite a few very intelligent people that also hold religious beliefs and don't let those religious beliefs muddy up the science. Francis Collins and Ken Miller are two examples that jump to mind. (In fact, if you haven't seen Ken Miller's video on the ID/Dover trial business, it's about 2hrs, but it is an amazing lecture.)

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    3. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm agnostic:
      Could the moon have been spontaneously created by an infinitely powerful being instead? Not enough data.

    4. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      but Thats no moon....

    5. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Could the moon have been spontaneously created by an infinitely powerful being instead? Sure.

            Hang on, is this the same infinitely powerful being that needs my cash every Sunday?

    6. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by geekoid · · Score: 1

      Yes, but the minority are the loudest, and they are literalist destroying science and our educational system.

      Funny that there mythology says that Adam and Eve had two MALE children doesn't seem to cause them to think.

      --
      The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
    7. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by plague3106 · · Score: 1

      It sounds like your last group says "God set it up all,and now it's playing out." Would that be fair? If so, how does the "don't eat fish on friday" part fit in? That's my problem... as science progresses, it seems to push gods direct involvement further and further away, to the point where I ask myself now.. why do we even need to have a god that did anything?

    8. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 1

      Oh it is far better than that. Go read it...Cain got f'ing married when the only people on the planet should have been Adam, Eve, Cain, and the rotting corpse of his brother. It does say that there were other people around, but depending on the version you are looking at it isn't clear at all where the hell these other mysterious groups of people came from. There is some extreme screwyness in that story that gets left out most of the time.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    9. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Actually it is don't eat meat during the week, but you can eat fish on friday. That specific piece is more related to fasting and overriding your bodies natural desires. Which religious or not, our bodies natural desires are frequently pretty animalistic so any practice devoded to temporarily overriding those desires is admirable. (Christianity is hardly the only group to do that for those reasons). The specific foods thing in this case is symbolism and the knowledge that if you don't get the right foods you will still die or do bad damage to your body.

      That said, your point is exactly what drives me totally batshit about fundamentalists. If you examine almost any of "God's rules" in a historical context they are pretty simple. The majority of them are involved in health and wellness and the proper functioning of society. Don't steal, don't murder, don't be a dick were the jist of the big ones on the stone tablet story. Most of the rest like "don't eat these things, homo's are bad, etc" are nothing more than ancient medicine. Disease was punishment by God for offending him, so things that you did that were likely to get you diseased were clearly against God's will. Not properly preparing food (namely piggies) made you sick. Playing around the back door of other people and animals was a really good way to get E.Coli and a whole variety of other nasty bacteria and the like. God's "purpose" in these cases was to serve as the superstition that would keep us alive until we found ways to combat those things naturally. Cook your fucking meat, wear a rubber, wash your damned hands, get your shots, etc. Most of the sexual rules regarding monogamy and the like were there because spouse swapping/stealing and uncertain lineage would undermine the fabric of their society. So even back then the whole "Will of God" business was nothing more than science with a funny name. The laws came from direct observation of the evidence presented. And lo and behold, most of them were correct. We eventually found the causes for those diseases, we have learned how societies structure themselves and interact, and so on.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    10. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by camperdave · · Score: 1

      Get your facts straight. The bible says that Adam and Eve had three children: Cain, Abel, and Seth. The bible also mentions Adam being the father of other sons and daughters (Gen 5:4). The bible is silent on the origin of Cain and Seth's wives. They could have been their sisters, or they could have been directly created by God as Adam and Eve were.

      --
      When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
    11. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by I'm+not+really+here · · Score: 1

      Thank you so much for posting this, as I fall into category 3 mostly:

      I believe God created everything... the how is not so clear, so let's posit ideas and hypotheses, discuss, reason logically with the facts presented, and come to our own conclusions.

      I also partially fall into your #2 category: believe that it is possible that God decided to "start" the universe already old, with billions of years of history that never really happened.

      Problem is, there is no way scientifically differentiate between "The universe is billions of years old" and "The universe appears billions of years old because God created it that way" and it is really a moot point - it's not important in the grand scheme of things, and certainly not a central argument point for anyone who truly understands the scripture about preaching "Christ and Him crucified" and sticking to the core pieces by not arguing about the little things (read the scriptures - we're told clearly not to sweat the details).

      Anyways, I love reading about these discoveries... what's more cool to think about - that everything that exists was just put that way, or that God played with the universe like we make sand castles, and use a runnaway nuclear explosion to create the moon?

      Hey, maybe God likes to play with explosives, ever though maybe that's why there are so many burning balls of gas out there?

      --
      Before commenting on the Bible, please read it first
    12. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Clearly God was playing with the Earth like a child would a ball of clay. He just pinched some off, reshaped the Earth ball and made the Moon ball, and carefully set it into orbit.

    13. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Hillgiant · · Score: 2

      Problem is, there is no way scientifically differentiate between "The universe is billions of years old" and "The universe appears billions of years old because God created it that way"

      Not true. You can differentiate between the two. The tool you require is Occam's razor.

      What you are proposing is nothing more than religion's version to brain in a vat.

      --
      -
    14. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      Nowhere does it say that Adam & Eve had only sons. The logical conclusion is that their children married each other.

      Birth defects in incestuous relationships are the result of closely-related people sharing a lot of their DNA. Thus they are more likely to share harmful recessive genes, which are not expressed in themselves if they also have the dominant healthy gene. However, as carriers of the recessive gene, if both parents pass it on to their child then the child will express the recessive trait. (This is just standard genetics; hopefully you're with me this far.)

      Now, if we accept the premise of a perfect creation and assume that harmful recessive traits are the result of harmful mutations in the human genome, it follows that the first human family wouldn't have had this problem. It's only later in the Bible that we see incest forbidden, which makes sense – as generations passed, mutations would occur, causing inbreeding to become more of a problem than previously.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    15. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      An agnostic's response should, more correctly, be this:

      Could the moon have been spontaneously created by an infinitely powerful being instead? Sure. Does it seem likely or probable? Not enough data.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    16. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      God doesn't need your money. If you want to give money to help maintain a nice facility in which to worship and hire a pastor to preach there, well, that's entirely up to you — but God doesn't need your money.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    17. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Culture20 · · Score: 1

      The bible relates two creation stories: The creation of the whole world (chapter 1 of Genesis), and the creation of Eden (chapter 2 of Genesis). Note that the author does not relate them in chronological order; Chapter 2 begins halfway through the first creation story. To a _real_ biblical literalist, this means that Adam & Eve were the first two people, then other people were created on the 6th day (where Cain & Seth's wives come from). References to Adam and Eve being the progenitors of everyone really would be references to Noah and the flood, since Noah was their descendant, and Noah, his wife, sons & sons' wives were the only survivors of the flood.

      Unfortunately, the masses (and mass media) can't be bothered to be accurate about anything, whether science or faith. As a result, you've been subjected to the Judeo-Christian equivalent of "Nukes are bad, so Nukyooler Fission is Bad. And Fusion Too. ZOMG Peanut allergies are killing millions of children! Ban Vaccines!"

    18. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Whenever you try to cite some respected scientist that believes in God as a basis for the support being rational, please use a scientist from a field with some expertise. Biologists have no expertise in the origins of the universe and astrophysical bodies. The workings of the universe and the nature of god have no practical consequence in their work. That is like arguing that COBOL is the best possible programming language because my smart gardener who has only heard of programming says it is.

      The only scientific discipline that you should be using for this support should be cosmology. My personal experience during grad school is that if there are any true believers in this field, I never met any (and I've met most of the top ones).

      Sorry for the anonymous, it is necessary for ID sake.

    19. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by IorDMUX · · Score: 1
      Regarding your third group, I recently learned of Henry D. Eyring, an almost-Nobel-Prize winner who authored many books, both scientific and religious/philosophical in nature. The books from the latter half focus on the oft-presumed dichotomy between religion/faith and science--an interesting read.

      I'm reading his biography currently, and here's an interesting thought from his perspective:

      Is there any conflict between science and religion? There is no conflict in the mind of God, but often there is conflict in the minds of men.

      --
      >> Standing on head makes smile of frown, but rest of face also upside down.
    20. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      EXTREMELY Relevant Link

      http://preposterousuniverse.com/writings/nd-paper/

    21. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Occam's razor is just a rule of thumb and can't generally be used to prove anything. Sometimes the right explanation IS the screwy one, it's just less likely to be the case. Perhaps your brain is in a vat.... you have no way of knowing. I believe in the Matrix! I'm only halfway joking.

      In any event, it all falls into the category of esoteric navel gazing since the mechanism behind the original genesis of the Universe is very likely unknowable.

    22. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Darby · · Score: 1

      It does say that there were other people around, but depending on the version you are looking at it isn't clear at all where the hell these other mysterious groups of people came from.

      Presumably they were created by one of the many other gods that the Judeo /Christian god believes in and is so jealous of.

      That to me is one of the funniest parts of that whole mythology. You have a bunch of montheists worshipping a polytheistic god. It's like "Sure, god, you're crazy as fuck to believe in all those other fantasy gods, but you're the boss".

    23. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually it is don't eat meat during the week, but you can eat fish on friday. That specific piece is more related to fasting and overriding your bodies natural desires.

      No, that part has to do with the Pope's cousin being a fisherman when the Pope declared that to be a new rule.

    24. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      clone53421 proclaims:

      God doesn't need your money
      -----
      Apparently that doesn't translate into the real world very well. I guess your claim is based on a definition of God as having supernatural powers. However, some Christians claim they don't need many aspects of health care. They apparently believe you should trust in some personification of supernatural power. Do you?

      If you don't, I would suggest that when you ignore the real world it's possible to make all kinds of statements of fact that are logical, but materially and humanely meaningless. Statements that make even a politician look good!

      [off-topic] I believe even those faith-based medicine Christians do use money. [/off-topic]

      New Web Site:(Under Construction)
      Political Power in the U.S.
      http://tinyurl.com/2sdtvk

    25. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      WTF has it got to do with the supernatural? I never mentioned healing, health care, or any of the stuff you went off on.

      I merely said God doesn't need your money. He doesn't eat, wear clothes, live in a house, drive a car, or any of the other things we use money for. So if you don't want to give money to the church, don't.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    26. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by sumdumass · · Score: 1

      Actually, if you would have spent as much time learning about the story as you have in thinking of ways to mock it, you would know that in genesis 1, it describes a separate set of creation then in genesis 2. In one, it doesn't talk about creating adam and eve, it talks about creating man in our image and to be fruitful and multiply. In genesis two, it talks about adam and eve in detail and the bible then goes on about gods elected people.

      The obvious answer is that GOD created the other people in genesis one and created the garden of Eden, Adam and Eve in Genesis two. No where in genesis two does it say that god only created adam and eve. No where else in the bible does it say that they are the only two people alive. All the bible says about them is that GOD selected them and interacted with them. This is also consistent with the angels who mated with humans and the angels who acted as human in which god eventually flooded the earth to get rid of and demanded the birth of water which is a basis of the born again Christians. But this born of water is also the reason why you need to be baptized in the name of the lord in order to get into heaven or something like that.

      I'm not a very religious person, but I find it annoying when someone attempts to mock people for their theological beliefs claiming how stupid they are and in the process demonstrate how ignorant they are. There is nothing worse the a dumbass who thinks he is smarter then someone else when it is their own ignorance creating that impression. Try learning a little about what your talking about next time. And learn it from someone with authority and not your part time religious friend who read the bible once 20 years ago when he was stoned.

    27. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by shutdown+-p+now · · Score: 1

      Which religious or not, our bodies natural desires are frequently pretty animalistic so any practice devoted to temporarily overriding those desires is admirable.

      I understand why it might be good in some specific circumstances where "animalistic behavior" is actually undesirable, but in vast majority cases, what's admirable about overriding one's inherent nature?

    28. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Dragoness+Eclectic · · Score: 1

      Category 3 has also been the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from the 20th century on, and that is the largest single denomination of Christianity, period. As I recall, the Catholic doctrine on evolution is pretty much: 'The Bible tells us God created the universe, Earth, life, mankind et al. It doesn't tell us HOW He did it. He could have used the Big Bang and evolution (or whatever improved theory science comes up with in the future). God's method of creation isn't an issue of faith and doctrine; that God did create the universe and humanity is.'

      I grew up with that doctrine, and for the longest time was utterly clueless about why some people get so hysterical over evolution vs. (their brand of) religion. It was only when I jumped to a Protestant denomination that I started hearing the 'insider view' of Creationism--it's based on what I frankly consider the error of Bibliolatry. The reasoning is that 'All our knowledge of God and articles of faith come from the Bible, and if any part of the Bible is fictional/metaphor/corrupted over time, then NONE of it is to be trusted, and if the "literal Word of God" cannot be trusted, our beliefs have no foundation, there is no God, no resurrection, no nothing. Therefore, the Earth was created in 7 days exactly as stated in Genesis 1, and if you don't believe this, you don't believe the Bible, don't believe in God, and are a damnable atheist at heart'.

      Flawed reasoning, but almost logical if you believe the only source of faith and knowledge about God is the text of the Bible.

      Catholicism, on the other hand, considers the Bible the primary source of information about God and Jesus, but not the only source of faith. As St. Paul wrote, "Scripture is useful for teaching"--and for teaching, parts of it are parables, metaphors that ancient nomads could understand, didactic stories, administrative rules for healthy living at the time.... The mainstream branches of Protestantism are mostly the same way. The source of faith and knowledge of God is one's own relationship with God and the Holy Spirit--the direct touch of the divine on a human soul.

      Christianity (Islam, Judaism, most other religions) is and should be about one's relationship to God (goddess/the divine), not one's relationship to a book.

      --
      ---dragoness
    29. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 1

      Uhm...because our animalistic nature is to be terribly xenophobic about anyone/anything that is different from us. To kill anything that moves. To fuck anything we didn't kill. It is that part of us that makes us afraid of the dark. The part that will sacrifice others to save ourselves. The part that is pretty much responsible for all of the horrific shit that has gone on in the world. I would say that in all cases our animalistic urges are undesirable in regards to being human. Some people are quite happy being little more than hairless talking stick waving poo flinging monkeys, but I prefer to attempt to use mind over instincts when possible.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    30. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Dragoness+Eclectic · · Score: 1

      You do know that Occam's Razor is a heuristic, not a Law of Nature? It's a useful thumbrule for deciding between competing theories and cutting out unnecessary cruft from a theory.

      I reject the "God created an apparently old universe" on theological grounds: it implies that God deliberately created a deceptive, lying universe. God does not lie, He despises falsehood, and He considered his creation "Good". Therefore, the universe does not lie about itself, though it may be very confusing and require more knowledge and wisdom than we have to understand it. Corollary: Young Earth Creationists either make God a liar, or attribute to Satan the power of Creation ("The devil planted all the evidence that makes it look like the Earth evolved" theory).

      --
      ---dragoness
    31. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by shutdown+-p+now · · Score: 1

      You realise that altruism is actually an "animalistic instict" just as well, right? And so is love, and care of children, and a lot of other "positive" things?

      The separation into "positive spiritual" and "negative animalistic" is a religious scam, little more. We humans are still animals, and most of what's in us, both good and bad, is still firmly grounded in that. Learning to manage it when needed is good. Trying to escape from it for the sake of doing so is not.

    32. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by clone53421 · · Score: 1

      I reject the "God created an apparently old universe" on theological grounds: it implies that God deliberately created a deceptive, lying universe. God does not lie, He despises falsehood, and He considered his creation "Good". Therefore, the universe does not lie about itself, though it may be very confusing and require more knowledge and wisdom than we have to understand it. Corollary: Young Earth Creationists either make God a liar, or attribute to Satan the power of Creation ("The devil planted all the evidence that makes it look like the Earth evolved" theory).

      I've painted my bedroom dresser with a crackle coat that looks old. This isn't to be deceptive, it's because I like the way it looks. Now, if you look at my dresser and assume it's old, it's really not my problem that you're misled, because if you'd just ask me instead of assuming, I'd be happy to tell you it's not actually old.

      I didn't actually paint my dresser, it was a friend's dresser, but the point stands. God created the universe as it was because that's the way it needed to be in order to function the way he wanted it to. He had people write a book explaining this. You can't claim he was deceptive, because if you allow, for the sake of argument, that "God exists, and he created our seemingly-old universe as described in this book" you also have to accept the fact that he openly told you about it, and therefore he wasn't being deceptive.

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
    33. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by db32 · · Score: 1

      So is eating and breathing and any other biological function we have. My point is flying on autopilot is bad and giving into every little impulse is a bad thing. The distinction is in controlling those instincts rather than being controlled by them.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    34. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by Darby · · Score: 1

      There is nothing worse the a dumbass who thinks he is smarter then someone else when it is their own ignorance creating that impression.

      Yes, that would be you. I was talking about the fact that the god of the bible talks about other gods. You ranted about the two mutually inconsistent creation myths in the bible.

      So according to you, there's nothing worse than you?

      Your nick is certainly appropriate.
         

    35. Re:Teach the hypothetical controversy! by sumdumass · · Score: 1

      Actually, it doesn't. It talks about people who worship other gods and says there is none. Read it again.

  17. I'd love to make an informed comment... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    But the site is /.ed

  18. Nuclear Reactor by heavygravity · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Can't get to the article, but - if you haven't heard of this before, it's pretty cool: the Oklo Natural Fission Reactor in Gabon. And while you're at it, you can read about how this natural reactor has scientists rethinking how constant the fine structure constant really is.

    --
    Cuban Music MP3's - cuband.com
    1. Re:Nuclear Reactor by Mac+Scientist · · Score: 1
      The story description and this comment about a reactor reminds me of "Accidents Happen", a Robert Heinlein story where scientists building a huge nuclear reactor on Earth suspect that someone or something may have built something similar on the moon, and it went "Boom".

      Now that is prescient!

  19. LHC by mevets · · Score: 3, Funny

    version 0.9 ?

  20. From TFA by mcgrew · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I know you're joking, but

    In a major breakthrough reported in the U.S. journal Science in 2005, Earth scientists Maud Boyet and Richard Carlson of the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC, concluded that both a partition between the Earth's mantle and core, and another within the mantle, formed within 30 million years of the planet being born.

    This internal partition isolated the lower mantle, the D''-layer, from the rest of the mantle. Boyet and Carlson arrived at their conclusion by investigating the rare earth elements samarium (Sm) and neodymium (Nd). Samarium-146 is a radioactive element that decays relatively speedily, with a half-life of 103 million years, to neodymium-142.

    At present hardly any samarium-146 is left on Earth. Theoretically, terrestrial rock should contain just as much neodymium as the primordial material from which the Earth was formed - samples of which sometimes still reach the Earth in meteorites.

    But the researchers discovered something odd. Rock from the Earth's mantle contains more neodymium than these meteorites. The only conceivable explanation is that samarium was distributed unevenly throughout the planet, because the overall concentration should be equal to that in meteorites.

    But where can this neodymium-poor rock be? Not in the Earth's core, because neither samarium nor neodymium can bond chemically to iron. That only leaves the D''-layer. This chunky boundary layer between core and mantle must be low in neodymium.

    Boyet and Carlson discovered that the Moon has a peculiarity too: rocks that are just as rich in neodymium as the Earth's mantle. This makes the impact hypothesis very improbable indeed, according to van Westrenen.

    "Considering that at this giant impact 4.5 billion years ago the Earth's core and Theia's core fused, it is most improbable that isolated layers deep within the planet survived the impact. Yet this is what the data from Carlson and Boyet suggest."

    Carlson was candid about this over the telephone: "Our data show a strong similarity between terrestrial and lunar rock, but there is no good explanation for that at all."

    How the impact with Theia took place, and how the D''-layer survived this impact while the Earth's core fused with the core of the impactor, is beyond Carlson's comprehension as well.

    1. Re:From TFA by Hoi+Polloi · · Score: 1

      There is the possibility that the impactor that is theorized to have created the moon formed from the same elemental "soup" as the earth. The planetary disk around the young sun may not have been 100% homogenous in these metals (we know it wasn't homogenous in terms of volatile elements and chemicals). Since the impactor very likely formed in the same region as the earth it should have had a very similar composition. The meteorites we see today are not necessarily representative of all the regions in the primordial solar system and I think it is a mistake to compare what was probably a protoplanetary iron/nickel core remnant formed near Jupiter with the Earth's mantle.

      --
      It is by the juice of the coffee bean that thoughts acquire speed, the teeth acquire stains. The stains become a warning
  21. Loony, totally Loony by Ancient_Hacker · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I can't get to TFA, but it seems mighty unlikely to have that much fissile material just so happen to gather together, and not be poisoned by cadmium, boron, lead, or other neutron absorbers, and have it stay together and not have a negative temperature coefficient slowing it down, and not form bubbles and geysers and other instabilities, and have it push asymmetrically in one direction, for many hours (cf: speed of sound). Wayaaay too many things to believe before breakfast.

  22. and this is why... by swilde23 · · Score: 1

    ... we can't have nukler power. You don't want there to be two moons, now do you? What would you do with two moons????

    --
    There are 10 types of people in the world. Those that understand this sig, and those that beat up people who do.
    1. Re:and this is why... by tzot · · Score: 1

      ... we can't have nukler power. You don't want there to be two moons, now do you? What would you do with two moons????

      Unless you live on the ISS and you are the sole survivor(s) of the human race; you get to have two moons in the sky. Take that, George Lucas.

      However, that would completely mess astrology.

      --
      I speak England very best
    2. Re:and this is why... by maxume · · Score: 1

      If the Earth was too messed up to return too, being the sole survivors on the ISS would be perhaps the most unpleasant way to die possible.

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    3. Re:and this is why... by YttriumOxide · · Score: 1

      You clearly have little imagination - there are MUCH more unpleasant ways to die if you're creative about it...

      --
      My book about LSD and Self-Discovery
      Also on facebook as: DroppingAcidDaleBewan
    4. Re:and this is why... by maxume · · Score: 1

      No, I'm pretty sure the anguish of knowing that the human species was extinct and that you were next would be a lot worse than the pain of being put through a wood chipper, or being dissolved in just weak enough acid (for example).

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    5. Re:and this is why... by rbanffy · · Score: 1

      It's "nucular". At least, spell it right!

    6. Re:and this is why... by YttriumOxide · · Score: 1

      You're still lacking some imagination! How about this:

      A major disease/poison/epidemic/whatever breaks out. You notice it first and slowly have your major senses excluding hearing eroded and destroyed by a it (over the course of a year or so). During this time, all of humanity other than you and other animals are also being affected by the disease/poison of course, but the effects are different on them, and instead of destroying their senses, it instead destroys their minds. Your family become animalistic and tries to eat you, but your younger sibling has been a bit more resistant to the disease (they'll be got eventually, just not yet) and protects you by killing your family in front of you. Then, in a fit of depression over what they've just done, they kill themselves right in front of you. After that, you're left to wander the streets, with increasingly worse senses and having to essentially go through a zombie apocalypse kind of scenario. Finally, everyone other than you succumbs to the disease/poison and dies, leaving you utterly alone. At this stage, you've totally lost all senses other than hearing. You fumble your way around in the darkness, but the silence of a dead earth is slowly driving you mad. You resolve to try to carry on anyway, in the spirit of defiance. You find a sign that, from touch, reveals it may be a supermarket and you stumble in, hoping to be able to consist off canned food. But you slip, fall and find yourself in some kind of enclosed underground freezer chamber (there's no power, so you won't freeze to death). You are now going to slowly die of starvation surrounded by the smell of rotten meat and decay, with nothing but your perfect hearing and memories of a world that died in agony and indignity.

      That any worse?

      --
      My book about LSD and Self-Discovery
      Also on facebook as: DroppingAcidDaleBewan
    7. Re:and this is why... by maxume · · Score: 1

      It's completely imaginary. Not plausible at all.

      It isn't very likely that nuclear war would eradicate human life (especially without impacting the ISS), but at least it could happen.

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
  23. Doesn't Make Sense to Me by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Insightful

    As noted, the site is Slashdotted so I can't read it straight up. That said, this doesn't make sense to me. A large explosion on the Earth's surface wouldn't launch material into Earth orbit unless it were launched at a very precise angle (probably nearly horizontal). The authors (based on previous comments) complain that the Giant Impact hypothesis requires a finely-tuned impact angle, but what about their model? I'd expect an explosion to blow material almost radially outward. To posit that you'd get the finely-tuned launch angle from their model seems much more of a stretch than that an impact should strike a glancing blow (especially when we don't know how many similarly-sized impactors hit with the wrong conditions and were simply absorbed).

    Also, note that you need to loft a lot more material than just the Moon's mass to make the Moon. it's not an efficient process, a lot (most?) of the material rains back down on the Earth. It has to, it starts out in an orbit that intersects the Earth after all.

    1. Re:Doesn't Make Sense to Me by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Not sure if the article addressed this, but another point is that you'd have to assemble the fissionable material very carefully since you need to get it super-critical, but not have any of it blow too early, before you have enough. It's the classic bomb-making problem, only without anyone to supervise it.

    2. Re:Doesn't Make Sense to Me by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      only without anyone to supervise it.

      Intelligent Design to the rescue!

  24. Oops, need more coffee by mcgrew · · Score: 0, Redundant

    Somehow the link to the Wilipedia article isn't to wikipedia but to science.slashdot.org. The wiki article on petrology is here.

    Sorry.

  25. It was Tong's invention what caused it by DaRockNL · · Score: 1
  26. That's no moon! by Wolfger · · Score: 4, Funny

    Oh, wait... it is. Nevermind.

  27. Slashdotted. Mirror here. by elzbal · · Score: 3, Informative

    Slashdotted due to runaway nuclear reaction. Mirror here: Birth of the Moon: a Runaway Nuclear Reaction?

    (Or should that be a runaway Slashdot reaction?)

  28. Cosmos Magazine : Millions of millions by tjstork · · Score: 1

    Looks like the site has been slashdotted... time for everyone's Carl Sagan impression to describe the meltdown: "Millions and millions of connections..."

    --
    This is my sig.
  29. There IS a Big Hole by clonan · · Score: 1

    It is called the pacific ocean.

    Even the traditional theories suggest that the pacific ocean is a scar created by the impact scraping off the continent and throwing it into orbit (yes I am simplifying).

    While this new theory has issues (angular momentum), if it is true, the Pacific Ocean basin is proably the ste it happened.

    1. Re:There IS a Big Hole by e4g4 · · Score: 1

      The volume of all of the Earth's oceans combined is estimated at 1.37 × 10^9 km^3. The volume of the moon is ~4/3*pi*(3476km)^3 = 1.75925143 × 10^11 km^3. Given that, I don't think the pacific ocean is a hole left from the moon splitting from the Earth. But then, IANAAP.

      --
      The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources. - Albert Einstein
    2. Re:There IS a Big Hole by clonan · · Score: 1

      Please note that I did say I was simplifing the current theory.

      But if you want to talk about it, you should read many other posts that point out that the earth's surface is fairly plastic and tends to return to round.

      Plus the heat of the impact would be enough to melt most of the surface. Only the current continental lab masses survived the melting. But the sea floor is a very different type of rock than the continents and there is no reason other than a random huge event that could change the rock type so consistently over such a large section of the planet.

      Finally you need to remember that less than half of the mass of the moon came from the earth. the rest came from the object that hit the earth.

      Remember, the Pacific Ocean isn't the big hole left from the impact. Rather it is the scar left when the earth healed from the impact.

    3. Re:There IS a Big Hole by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's totally absurd. The continents would have moved around the world a dozen times in the last 4.5B years. As we speak, the Pacific Ocean is ever so slowly closing and the Atlantic is ever so slowly growing. But ever so slowly works out to a lot over the course of a few hundred million years.

    4. Re:There IS a Big Hole by clonan · · Score: 1

      And Pangea didn't breakup until about 400-500 million years ago.

      There is ample geologic evidence that the continents didn't move much until Pangea broke up. The Pacific basin is the most geologically stable area on the planet.

  30. OH MY GOD WERE ALL GOING TO DIE by Iamthecheese · · Score: 1

    Just to be sure I got this right, we're living on a massive nuclear reactor that is still active, and still of the same design that once brought catastrophic failure?

    --
    If video games influenced behavior the Pac Man generation would be eating pills and running away from their problems.
    1. Re:OH MY GOD WERE ALL GOING TO DIE by quenda · · Score: 1

      Yeah, you got it wrong. The reactor underneath is no longer active, just passively decaying. But don't get too cocky - the fusion reactor overhead is _definitely_ going to explode one day.

  31. That's no moon... by Arancaytar · · Score: 4, Funny

    It's the mother of all core dumps!

    1. Re:That's no moon... by Rod+Beauvex · · Score: 1

      It's a hunk of cheese I tell ya!

  32. an other time? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    an other "how the moon formed" story?

    look, let's just blow it up, so no one complains anymore!

  33. This is a really cool idea by blackyottabyte · · Score: 1

    Let's create another MOON!!!

    1. Produce new moon via a runaway nuclear reaction
    2. Wait for dust to settle
    3. ???
    4. Profit!
  34. That's no moon... by SpeedyGonz · · Score: 1

    No, it's a giant loogie!!

  35. Why is COSMO doing science now? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    My question is, Why is COSMO doing science now?

    What articles are next?
    Top ten things that will make your moon leave the earth and how to prevent him from going?
    How to make your proto-moon happy so he'll stay?

  36. How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Alien54 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Just how much crust there is is often misunderstood.

    Example: imagine a model of the earth where 1 mm = 1 mile. (or you can use 1mm = 1 km, if you like)

    The earth is 7926.28 miles (12756.1 km) in diameter.

    At this scale, you can make out significant mountain ranges, etc. The Atmosphere would be 4 or 5 inches deep. The crust is an inch or 2 thick.

    And the Earth itself is more than 8 yards across. That inch or two of crust is sitting on a chewy molten insides. (check volcano flows, etc.)

    The Earth is really a molten droplet spinning in space with the thinnest external layer where life has happened to accumulate, like the layer of tarnish on a coin.

    --
    "It is a greater offense to steal men's labor, than their clothes"
    1. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Pearson · · Score: 4, Informative

      The example I remember from school is that if the earth were an apple, the crust would be as thin as the skin of the apple. And we've never been able to drill all the way through even that "thin" skin.

      --
      I...I'm attacking the darkness!
    2. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I resent being equated to that of tarnish, sir.

      Mold, yes. Tarnish, no.

    3. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by devotedlhasa · · Score: 1

      "chewy molten insides" ...with caramel and nougat

    4. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by jlehtira · · Score: 1

      The idea is true, one detail is not. Earth's mantle is mostly solid, so of our small model earth, nearly half of the diameter is solid matter. It's viscous and capable of flow though.

      How do we know this? That's because S-waves (waves vibrating in a direction perpendicular to the propagation of sound) can only happen in solids. Think of the vibration of a tuning fork, for example. S-waves travel very well in the mantle. S-waves, however, don't enter the liquid outer core at all (which is why we know it's liquid ;).

      So, once again, our everyday "wisdom" about what a stone is, is at fault. During very long times, stones deform. Sagging is becoming apparent even in some old marble benches on the surface of the earth. And stones deform much more readily in the huge pressures of the mantle.

    5. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Haoie · · Score: 1

      Yes, people really seem to underestimate just how dense the Earth is.

      Almost all of it is molten rock, completely unexplorable.

      --
      If each mistake being made is a new one, then progress is being made.
    6. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by imbaczek · · Score: 1

      no way we're letting those scientist free the Dark One. boring through the crust is strictly forbidden.

    7. Re:How Big the Earth, How Thin the Crust by Nefarious+Wheel · · Score: 1

      Yes, people really seem to underestimate just how dense the Earth is

      Not really, I've been reading slashdot for years.

      --
      Do not mock my vision of impractical footwear
  37. Yucca Mountain will get it right? by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 3, Funny

    So, as soon Yucca Mountain gets tanked up, the Earth might get another moon?

    That would be cool!

    Less so, if you live in what used to be Nevada.

    Ah, the joys of Space 1999 Physics! Truly worthy of an Ig Nobel!

    --
    Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
  38. Sooo...basically by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So basically the earth burped and we got a moon?

  39. They already made that movie! by mknewman · · Score: 1
    1. Re:They already made that movie! by geekoid · · Score: 1

      Oh wow. I remember that movie.

      --
      The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
  40. Sorry, had to do it... by 2names · · Score: 1

    You metric system users are part of the Rebel Alliance and are traitors!

    --
    "I'm just here to regulate funkiness."
  41. Ha! by LunarEffect · · Score: 2, Funny

    It appears we were STANDING on the weapon of mass destruction all along!

  42. Pulverised by Sockatume · · Score: 1

    For the curious, a back of the envelope calculation suggests that the energy required to hoist the moon to its current altitude from the Earth's centre (disregarding the energy needed to set up its orbit) is of the same order of magnitude as the gravitational binding energy of the Earth (i.e. disregarding chemical bonding). This tells us two things:

    1) Whatever was responsible was friggin' huge

    2) Physics ain't the be-all and end-all of back-of-the-envelope calculations

    --
    No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
    1. Re:Pulverised by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 1

      I did a similar calculation to see how much energy it would take to loft the Moon into an orbit 2 Earth-radii up. (Energy for the subsequent evolution is taken from Earth's spin.) It's not quite Earth's binding energy, but it's still within a few orders of magnitude.

      Throw into that the fact that accretion isn't that efficient, so you'd need minimum 10x the mass of the Moon (I'm guessing), especially when a lot of the mass is on an orbit to re-impact the Earth when it is first blown off.

  43. Let's check that argument... by MarkusQ · · Score: 1

    Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, there are indeed quite a few very intelligent people that also hold religious beliefs and don't let those religious beliefs muddy up the science.

    Let's check that argument. First off, the embedded claim "there are indeed quite a few very...etc." is undoubtedly true. Undoubtedly to the point that even the slashdot groupthink is unlikely to challenge it. So using the "despite" construction is a little disingenuous. You might as well have said:

    Despite the fact that it is raining, seven is prime.

    Sounds silly, no? So why did you use that construct? Because you were wanting to misrepresent the groupthink position, and then take down the straw man. And thus imply that the groupthink position was wrong.

    The problem is, this is logically equivalent to claims like the following:

    Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, quite a few brilliant scientists believed in astrology without it diminishing the quality of their work.

    Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, many productive mathematicians drink heavily and still get published.

    Despite the common slashdot groupthink on this subject, popular file systems can be designed by cold blooded murderers.

    You see the problem here. It is possible for someone to do something significant despite voluntarily taking an enormous handicap, but no one would suggest doing such things as a step towards achieving greatness. That's were the "despite" really belongs. The succeeded despite the handicaps, not because of them.

    If you want to write a successful file system, killing your wife is not the best place to start. If you want to become the next Newton, taking up astrology isn't the best place to start. And if you want to be a scientist, religion isn't the best place to start. Yes, you can do it. But you'd make things a whole lot easier on your self if you ditched the handicaps at the outset.

    That is the slashdot groupthink position, and your argument didn't touch it.

    --MarkusQ

  44. It wasn't a natural reaction by Daetrin · · Score: 1

    It was due to an Illudium PU-36 Explosive Space Modulator, which did indeed cause an Earth-shattering kaboom although the final results weren't quite what the Martians had in mind at the time.

    --
    This Space Intentionally Left Blank
  45. The true story. by mace9984 · · Score: 1

    1. Large Hadron Collider becomes fully functional June 2009. 2. Large Hadron Collider experiences an electrical fault-July 2009 3. Large Hadron Collider sucks approx. 7.347 7 × 1022 kg of material from billions of random places around the globe. 4. Large Hadron Collider creates a wormhole 1 millisecond after gathering the material. 5. Large Hadron Collider takes approx. 7.347 7 × 1022 kg of material and throws it back in time approx 4.5 billion years. 6. Large Hadron Collider decides its work is done, and rest on the seventh day, eating a turkey sandwich.

    1. Re:The true story. by Geoffrey.landis · · Score: 1

      1. Large Hadron Collider becomes fully functional June 2009.
      2. Large Hadron Collider experiences an electrical fault-July 2009
      3. Large Hadron Collider sucks approx. 7.347 7 × 1022 kg of material from billions of random places around the globe.
      4. Large Hadron Collider creates a wormhole 1 millisecond after gathering the material.
      5. Large Hadron Collider takes approx. 7.347 7 × 1022 kg of material and throws it back in time approx 4.5 billion years.
      6. Large Hadron Collider decides its work is done, and rest on the seventh day, eating a turkey sandwich.

      You missed:

      7. ???
      8. Profit!

      --
      http://www.geoffreylandis.com
    2. Re:The true story. by mace9984 · · Score: 1

      7. Large Hadron Collider gets its own reality show on MTV.

  46. Robert Heinlein, "Blowups Happen" by dpbsmith · · Score: 4, Interesting

    It's really not the same at all, but the article did call this story immediately to mind.

    "Blowups Happen" is a classic 1940s SF story about a future in which society is total dependent on nuclear power plants. The engineering theory behind them shows that they are intrinsically safe and cannot blow up like a bomb. Then someone discovers that there is a false assumption in the equations and that, in fact they can blow up like bombs.

    Meanwhile, an expert in the theory of lunar formation has concluded the lunar craters cannot have been formed by meteor impact, because of the "rays." There had to have been enough energy to "crack an entire planet." The only possible explanation, he says, is that the Moon was once an inhabited planet with an atmosphere and that "Here at Tycho was located their main power plant, and here at Copernicus and Kepler, on islands of the middle of the great oceans, were secondary power stations."

    In other words, not only can they blow up like bombs, but that is what reduced the Moon to its present airless, lifeless, cratered and cracked state.

    As I say, that's a completely different theory from the one being discussed. Nevertheless, I would bet a nickel that at least one of the authors of that article had read "Blowups Happen."

    1. Re:Robert Heinlein, "Blowups Happen" by westlake · · Score: 1
      "Blowups Happen" is a classic 1940s SF story about a future in which society is total dependent on nuclear power plants. The engineering theory behind them shows that they are intrinsically safe and cannot blow up like a bomb.

      "Blowups Happen" [ca 1940*] is about a "breeder reactor" so big it supplies the entire continent with atomic fuels and radioactive isotopes of every sort. The engineers and technicians who work there all know that the plant is inherently unstable and that their safety measures are hopelessly inadequate. But, since no one can be persuaded to shut the thing down, the reactor will go up like a bomb, sooner or later. Given that everyone on the line is quietly going bonkers under the stress, that day can't be very far off.

      *- the story as I have it was revised post-war.

    2. Re:Robert Heinlein, "Blowups Happen" by dpbsmith · · Score: 1

      You're right. My description was inaccurate. I did glance at the story before posting, but didn't read it throughly.

  47. it looks damn artifical by unity100 · · Score: 1

    call me a skeptic but that satellite looks way too uniform apart from meteor impact effects, to be a product of natural cosmic phenomenon.

    1. Re:it looks damn artifical by myowntrueself · · Score: 1

      Also consider how perfect a match are the sizes of the solar and lunar disks and the diameter of the earth.

      We have solar and lunar eclipses which are just fantastic.

      And by 'fantastic' I mean 'too good to be true'.

      Its almost as if these conditions were set up to help us to develop a science of astrophysics.

      --
      In the free world the media isn't government run; the government is media run.
    2. Re:it looks damn artifical by dj42 · · Score: 1

      Has it occurred to you that perhaps a prerequisite for life is a moon that creates tidal action within a particular range AND the planet needs to be particular distance away from its star(s)?

      I'm not saying that it is, but life may require these "ultra rare" (which could be quite common in the universe) circumstances. So naturally, it is no coincidence that we have an "ideal" setup here.

      --
      We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
    3. Re:it looks damn artifical by myowntrueself · · Score: 1

      Has it occurred to you that perhaps a prerequisite for life is a moon that creates tidal action within a particular range AND the planet needs to be particular distance away from its star(s)?

      Sure.

      But the details of the sizes of solar and lunar disk would in no way need to be so exact just for the purposes of creating the required tidal action. And I doubt that the habitable zone is so narrow.

      I don't think that having the lunar disk exactly mask the solar disk (as in solar eclipses) nor the earths disk to exactly mask the solar disk (as in lunar eclipses) is in any way connected to the anthropic principle.

      --
      In the free world the media isn't government run; the government is media run.
  48. The Real Questions Are! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If the moon were made out of cheese, would you eat it?

    If the moon were a giant tootsie pop, how many licks would it take to get to the center?

  49. It was Bomb #20 by PPH · · Score: 1

    From Dark Star.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  50. my group by crhylove · · Score: 2

    You forgot my group which realizes that all three of those groups believe ancient fairy tales and are horrifically full of shit.

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNf-P_5u_Hw

    --
    I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
    1. Re:my group by db32 · · Score: 1

      Not at all, I just ignore your group because you are more arrogant, clueless, and hypocritical than even most fundies. You deliberately find the most obtuse arguments for the existance of God, presume they are correct, and then attempt to refute them. Atheist or Theologan alike with even a modicum of understanding of logic would easily deduce that the true existance or non existence cannot be touched by the realm of science. Nope, you are just as bad as the fundies. You refuse to accept any possible definition of God beyond the one in the Bible that you cling to as hard as any fundie. While neither of your groups tend to use rational thought when reading, at least they tend to read it. Giant squids cannot exist because the ancient stories aren't 100% accurate right?

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    2. Re:my group by crhylove · · Score: 1

      ummmm no. Giant squids exist because of irrefutable evidence. God on the other hand..... Seems like an excuse for assholes to perpetrate genocide, enslave sheepish people, and vote for corporate monsters.

      I'm not saying there's no chance of a god, just that if you say there is one out loud, you are probably a butt plug, a complete sycophant, and an intellectually mediocre douche who has problems living in reality and/or understanding basic logic.

      There could totally be a god. I'm just not some ignoramus who bothers debating the point, since if there is one, he is a right sick fuck, and vastly beyond mortal and moral comprehension.

      Further, nearly every religious person has a pretty great difficulty upholding their religion. Jesus heavily inferred you should not pay taxes, yet most "Christians" I know are Republicans and support the corporate slavery that pervades our current way of life.

      So..... If you are religious, you are clearly very ignorant and believe in hocus pocus and fairy tales, which at the very least makes you infantile.

      I on the other hand, have no problem debating the existence of god or giant squid. But the debate is pretty silly since giant squid clearly exist, and the Judeo-Christian god (at least) certainly does not.

      --
      I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
    3. Re:my group by db32 · · Score: 1

      The Judeo-Christian god may or may not exist, the problem lies in using the definition of the most assinine of the related fanclub to define what that god may or may not be. Jesus heavily inferred that you should pay taxes "give to caeser what is caesers" because taxes and all of that are the corrupt machinations of man and have nothing to do with the great beyond. The kicking out of the temple business had more to do with the corruption of religion to support those machinations. I don't even believe in that whole zombie Jesus back from the dead nonsense, but I have no problem accepting that he and his teachings did exist. If you read the parts where Jesus was speaking he is pretty much the anti-thesis to the modern Christian. "Those who live by the sword die by the sword". "If they will not hear you shake the dust off your feet and leave their town." He was very vocal against the Pharisees (which are very much like the legalistic and literalist wackaloons these days) and ultimately that is what got him tortured to death. You are at least somewhat right about proclaiming the existence of god, even Jesus said similar things about only being heard by god when noone else can hear you. Give so that your right hand doesn't know what your left is doing, don't proclaim your good deeds to the world because they become worthless in the eyes of god, etc. It was all about integrity, doing the right thing when noone is looking. Now this focuses all on the Judeo-Christian stuff, but other religions have plenty of interesting material themselves.

      You certainly do like to deal in absolute, but I have never met any brand of fundamentalist that didn't be it militant atheist or some other religious variant. What kills me is that in the same breathe you speak against the hate and intolerance of many religious fundamentalists and then spout off your own intolerance. So, while dealing with a subject that can't possibly proven or disproven you grab your banner and tell everyone else how stupid and wrong they are for not agreeing with you...that sounds a hell of a lot like the same wackaloon fundies that grab their banners and tell everyone how stupid and wrong they are for not agreeing with them.

      The point with the squid is that the evil sea monster squid depicted in ancient stories is terribly different than the real giant squids we have found. I mean really, no one said anything about Christianity being correct, just that God could exist. The nonsense that militant atheists thump their chests about inherently relies on them considering that the modern Christianity has the inherently correct definition of God and thus needs to be refuted. For fucks sake there are a million little splinter factions of Christianity...they use the same damned book and stories and still can't agree on damn near anything. Factor in all of the other major religions and their views on spirituality and I am left wondering why in the hell militant atheists would be so keen to pick probably one of the most deranged versions of the story to hold up as the true definition of God.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    4. Re:my group by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      Well said :)

      I find it quite entertaining (relevant to your last paragraph) how self-proclaimed atheists will argue their poor Sunday School memories, and not high level biblical teaching.

      Argue theology with a theologian? No, they're arguing theology with their memory of a housewife who taught her best out of a simplified storybook.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    5. Re:my group by db32 · · Score: 1

      I did the same thing until I sat down one day and told myself "Look, if I am going to rail on these fundies I should at least know some of their material". What I found was "Holy shit! Even Jesus talked shit about the fundies!". The whole Bible takes on a completely different meaning when examined in the context of history, society, and psychology of human critters. Regardless of your take on the divinity of Jesus, the man said a bunch of shit that just made sense that basically boiled down to "quit being judgmental pricks to each other all the time"...so they killed him. Most of the deranged stuff quoted does not come from Jesus at all and is more often than not taken completely out of context. The whole thing about marriage being between a man and a woman was in response to a question about whether or not divorce was acceptable and had fucking squat to do with gays. But they paint it on signs and protest homosexual marriage rather than protesting divorce...makes total sense. Most scholars believe that Revelations isn't some crazy endtimes thing, but it actually referred to Nero and his psycho shit. But no, fundies and militant atheists alike grab that silly shit and run with it, like fantasy stories have never been used (over and over and over) to criticize those in power that might murder them if they realized that they were being criticized. The whole thing is really kind of depressing to watch.

      I don't consider myself a Christian at all really. I have some disagreements with some of the theology of it (the real theology of it, not the crap spouted off by the ignorant followers). I think Jesus is a pretty good model for how people should behave and see no problem in looking to his advice for things beyond the religious aspect. One of the big eye openers for me as I got older was that Jesus was not shining happy coloring book Jesus that they portray in those Sunday schools. Jesus was a pissed off jew railing against the political and religious leaders of the time and otherwise being quite the subversive force. "He was sent to die for our sins" to me is a tremendously disrespectful view of things just because it grossly oversimplifies what really happened. He was brutally murdered for being a very vocal and subversive force in an area dominated by literalistic and legalistic approaches to religion where the priests of the day were at the top of the power structure. So often his life gets boiled down into the last days where he was brutally murdered (to include a 2hr snuff film that people came out of talking about how it was such a religious experience for them) and they pretty much ignore all of the teachings and travelings that got him nailed to the cross in the first place.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    6. Re:my group by crhylove · · Score: 1

      Jesus most certainly was against paying taxes. My biblical education comes of actually reading the bible. I found literally hundreds of discrepancies within the text the first time I read it as a pre-teen, and have had a hard time finding anything of grave validity since then, despite a rereading of many different sections.

      Never mind the base hypocrisy of most modern religion. The text itself is horrendous: At times promoting genocide, admonishing slavery, endorsing patricide, and glorifying martyrdom, which is clearly an ineffective political action.

      But even if you want to selective glean a smidgen of advice from the text: Jesus said there was nothing lower than tax collectors and prostitutes. Also during the "render onto Caesar what is Caesar's" debate, the text clearly states that they were attempting to goad him into indicting himself by saying, "Don't pay taxes". Further, I would translate "Render onto Caesar what is Caesar's" as "Don't use money at all. It's a debt slavery system that devalues human labor, and human life. Trade goods or services at a value that pays you direct dividends that are fair to you."

      But then again, in that section the Pharisees were trying to entrap him, so I doubt he could state exactly clearly what he meant, not that the "scholars" who wrote most of the fiction around 150 AD that constitutes the fairy tales we're debating were going to state that plainly, since they were after all trying to create a religion that would help them (successfully) subjugate a vast empire, in this case the Roman Empire, and in modern times the US, and many other nations.

      Religion is just a form of propaganda and disinformation to control the masses. It was done malevolently and intentionally and continues to this day.

      Human health and happiness would be much better served by observing and improving reality:

      Organic fresh meat, fruit, and vegetables are healthy.
      Exercise is healthy.
      Monogamy is healthy.
      Usury is unhealthy.
      Pollution is unhealthy.
      Television is unhealthy.

      Beyond these self-evident truths, it's almost all exploitation and human suffering. Religion does nothing but hide these facts behind faith and tradition, for no other reason than to control the masses and line the pockets of some very obvious charlatans. I think if there WAS a Jesus, he would agree almost unequivocally, based on my reading.

      --
      I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
    7. Re:my group by sumdumass · · Score: 1

      Give it up dude, He powned you and you know it.

      Not likeing tax collector says nothing about paying taxes. It also says nothing about Jesus sitting to dinner in the house of a tax collector and prostitute and taking him on as a disciple.

      Personally, from reading your posts in this thread, even if you actually read the bible, you don't have enough comprehension to understand it. The fact that you actually believe Zeitgeist shows that. Here is a hint, there are many factual errors that anyone who has studies the bible could pick out. A simple google search would show you a lot of them. But your posts in and of itself also prove that you simple wouldn't have a clue is someone gift wrapped it and personally handed it to you.

    8. Re:my group by Dragoness+Eclectic · · Score: 1

      I still thank my Catholic upbringing for saving me from being a disillusioned ex-fundamentalist ex-Christian.

      Protestant and Reformed denominations tend to teach that "Christ was the paschal lamb, the sacrifice for our sins so that all will be redeemed"... and stop there.

      I learned the example of Christ and his teachings, first, and that the central mystery of Christianity was that Christ died on the cross--and was resurrected. The Resurrection was God's big middle-finger-gesture Take That! to evil--a graphic demonstration that not only was Jesus who he said He was, not only was his message truly from God, but that Death and Evil cannot triumph. The absolute worst that evil men can do--breaking a man under torture, cursing him, degrading and humiliating him, making him an outcast from society, and finally killing him--God can and will undo.

      Also they mentioned the Paschal Sacrifice aspect, but the biggie was the Resurrection, as it was for the early Christians. "Oh grave, where is thy victory? Oh death, where is thy sting?"

      --
      ---dragoness
    9. Re:my group by db32 · · Score: 1

      It has been my experience that Catholocism (for the most part) is by far the best about reading beyond the literalist stuff. Catholic groups also tends to do far more of the compassionate good stuff without playing that "convert or else" strings attached crap. I still have some major disagreements with the church as a whole, and I was far more impressed with John Paul than this pope, but the Protestant varieties are almost always the most ignorant hate spewing folks. Catholics tend to be much more passive aggresive when it comes to subjects they don't like, which is at least somewhat better than the ranting and raving that goes on elsewhere. I personally am more in the Diest realm of the nonmiracle noninterference stuff. I read a really interesting piece that talked about some varieties of islamic views basically say that Jesus never died because that would represent evil triumphing over God's will. Some say that Judas was actually crucified instead, others say that it was Jesus, but since the tomb he was placed in was the tomb of a physician they say he wasn't really dead and the physician conspired to heal him.

      --
      The only change I can believe in is what I find in my couch cushions.
    10. Re:my group by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      As some dumbass ;-) wrote above, you have no idea what you're talking about. Obviously the language of the text is beyond your reading ability and you should try some higher education to rectify that.

      The text of the Bible is sometimes not easily understood in English since it has been translated through a couple intermediary languages (the Old Testament was translated to Greek and the entire Greek text is usually used as the authoritative source for modern English translations.

      (Individual translations will also vary from each other depending on what the translator is trying to give you -- an easy read? or an accurate rendering? or perhaps a good flow of the poetry?)

      PS, Historians don't have as hard a time with the Bible as you do -- its probably the most well-preserved and authoritative ancient source text we have.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    11. Re:my group by crhylove · · Score: 1

      You obviously have a vested interest.

      Translation of text is a complex issue, and the various languages and scraps of papyrus that they put together to compile that document are horrendously incomplete, damaged, varied, forged, and mistranslated.

      That is just another reason why people of "faith" are idiots. They completely rely on a text written by a barbarous genocidal tribe from prehistory that was horribly truncated, altered, and partially destroyed all along the way, and then became a political control doctrine for the Roman Empire.

      I'm not claiming there's no god. I'm just claiming THAT book, it's followers, and the economic might of the historical movement are all completely full of shit. Of course I think that turning the other cheek is a good idea, but if any retarded monkey scribbled 600 pages of text there would probably be one or two good sentences in it, in between the Ishmael begat Esther, and Esther begat Judah, and Judah begat.... WHO GIVES A FUCK? You're leading your life based on THAT?

      Wake the fuck up. It's a big beautiful universe we're in, and YES, PERHAPS there is a god behind it, but there's no FUCKING WAY he had or has ANYTHING to do with the Jews, with religion, or with institutionalized spirituality. I think Jesus would probably still be throwing tables around in all the modern temples, except that he is a mythological figure largely based on about 7 previous religious figures.

      I discovered a lot of the information in Zeitgeist on my own when I was trying to find a church that was "real". The movie has since come out and put an astoundingly accurate depiction in an easy to follow digest.

      Don't let your parents anachronistic ideas of right and wrong sway you. No matter how sweet your mom was (or is, god willing), if she is religious, she's fucking ignorant. Period.

      Not that it matters. You obviously don't know how to read, or are poorly educated, or you'd know about Horus, Attis, Krishna, Dionysus, Mithra, Orus, Odin, Baal, Indra, Bali, Jao, Crite, Zoroaster, Wittoba, Thammuz, Adad, Alcides....... Any of the literally HUNDREDS of prehistoric "saviors" that were touted at the time to be teaching the salvation of humanity.

      At any rate, the only poisonous aspect of religion, and why I object to it, is because it limits the scientific advancement of humanity, most particularly in ways that it would be possible for all of us to lead more healthy, happy, and fulfilling lives.

      Otherwise, kneel down nightly to your imaginary homo-erotic buddy in the sky all you want. Just know that when you do it, you are wasting your time, and doing ANYTHING, literally ANYTHING more constructive would better suit you, your family, the species, and ultimately the entire ecosystem we live in.

      The bible IS ancient, but not as ancient as many better texts that we have from prehistory, particularly if you study Chinese civilization at all.

      If you can refute ANY of the facts surrounding the fictitious nature of Christianity, and do it without citing The bible or other "christians", I'd love to hear it. Secular historians existed at that time, and wrote in depth about war, society, love, and humanity. There is literally NO mention of Jesus until some Roman Empire bureaucrats decided that one religion for the entire empire would make things run smoother.

      And then they fabricated yours, largely based on previous pagan religions and ceremonies, with hardly any facade of originality or creativity added to the mix.

      Beyond that, your religion caused the crusades, the inquisition, other witch hunts, disease, stifled science, and even got the most recent mass murderer George W. Bush elected.

      I'm sorry, but FUCK your religion. Fuck it right in it's fake, murderous, self-righteous, bigoted, homophobic, ignorant, backwards, retarded, entrenched, corrupt and inhumane ass. Fuck it all night, and fuck you. Read some books besides that Roman propaganda.

      If you want somebody infinitely better educated and more eloquent than I am, you can start with George Bernard Shaw, an astoundingly clear thinker and strongly rational presence that did more for humanity just in his dissertations than most "saints" ever did, even the ones who OPENLY DOUBTED your faith, like Mother Theresa.

      --
      I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
    12. Re:my group by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      As a "literary" critique, that's one of the worst-written Slashdot rants yet.

      I gave up after two paragraphs of raving lunacy. You're clueless. And seemingly illiterate.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
    13. Re:my group by crhylove · · Score: 1

      You obviously have not read much Bukowski. But I'll admit to emulating him very poorly.

      My guess is that your religion precludes you from reading the truly great writers, since they are all too controversial.

      Yet another way in which your institutionalized spirituality keeps you uninformed and ignorant on purpose.

      I need to start a religion and cash in on the willful ignorance and stupidity of humanity. Too bad I'm not evil enough. *sigh*

      Now that I've re-read it though, it is rather poorly worded. Sorry.

      --
      I hold very few opinions. I hold information based on observation and fact. If you wish to disagree, please use facts.
    14. Re:my group by MikeBabcock · · Score: 1

      No I haven't, although I hardly see my not reading Bukowski as a major loss in my life. I'm sure you haven't read some of the works I consider to be excellent either -- to be fair, I prefer the French authors to the Americans.

      Your reading obviously hasn't helped you with your ability to distinguish reality from assumption however, a problem many people on both sides of this arguments' fence suffer from.

      That is to say, what does anything I've said have to do with institutionalized spirituality? Also, assuming that has any bearing on my previous comments at all, what does that have to do with my choice in reading? And who says the people you think would try to influence me are even capable, considering my intellect and savvy?

      You feel free to live on in your little world of assumptions though, ignorant of actual facts, living exactly the unintellectual life you believe we spiritual people lead -- unable to recognize and separate what you assume from what you've assimilated from what you actually know.

      --
      - Michael T. Babcock (Yes, I blog)
  51. 4.5 billion years ago... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    it would appear that the last group of 'intelligent beings' were also looking for Higgs boson.

  52. Whichever God Wins... We Lose by Dogtanian · · Score: 2, Funny

    In fact, the UK is the only European country to do it differently (why doesn't that surprise me, the bloody bastards still drive on the wrong side of the road too).

    Yeah, well that's why you were occupied by the Germans during WWII and we weren't. It's damn hard to steer a left-hand-drive tank on the wrong side of the road.

    Although perhaps the 22 miles of water helped as well ;)

    --
    "Slashdot - News and Chat Sites Deviant". (Click "homepage" link above for details).
    1. Re:Whichever God Wins... We Lose by clone53421 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yeah, well that's why you were occupied by the Germans during WWII and we weren't. It's damn hard to steer a left-hand-drive tank on the wrong side of the road.

      You don't. You steer it wherever you please, and everyone else moves the hell out of your way. :p

      --
      Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
  53. Obligatory Morbo quote by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Nuclear reactions do not work that way!

  54. what by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What are you doing moon

    You are flying around the Earth. stop that, you are a moon

    You don't even have any wings

  55. The last days of Krypton... by Geoffrey.landis · · Score: 1

    Anybody else think that these people were reading too many Superman comics? They're basically describing the destruction of Krypton!

    --
    http://www.geoffreylandis.com
  56. good idea, not as new though by thedimka · · Score: 1

    my grandfather was a physicist in soviet union and he had pretty much the same theory, and was trying to convince other scientist, but was totally disregarded. There are many indicators of the moon departing from earth as a result of a huge internal explosion. as the result all the continents stayed on the other side and later drifted apart. So the departure was on the site of the pacific ocean.

  57. Created? by mitzip · · Score: 1

    And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day

    --
    http://www.tstg.org
  58. My less popular theories by blue+l0g1c · · Score: 1

    The Moon ejected the Earth.
    The Moon was originally a huge asteroid hell-bent on the destruction of Earth that changed it's mind.
    The Moon is an accumulation of helium balloons loosed from the Earth and bleached by the Sun.

  59. Standard repost by Dirtside · · Score: 1

    (note: I didn't write this, it's a classic meta-troll)

    The "Moon": A ridiculous liberal myth

    It amazes me that so many allegedly "educated" people have fallen so quickly and so hard for a fraudulent fabrication of such laughable proportions. The very idea that a gigantic ball of rock happens to orbit our planet, showing itself in neat, four-week cycles -- with the same side facing us all the time -- is ludicrous. Furthermore, it is an insult to common sense and a damnable affront to intellectual honesty and integrity. That people actually believe it is evidence that the liberals have wrested the last vestiges of control of our public school system from decent, God-fearing Americans (as if any further evidence was needed! Daddy's Roommate? God Almighty!)

    Documentaries such as Enemy of the State have accurately portrayed the elaborate, byzantine network of surveillance satellites that the liberals have sent into space to spy on law-abiding Americans. Equipped with technology developed by Handgun Control, Inc., these satellites have the ability to detect firearms from hundreds of kilometers up. That's right, neighbors .. the next time you're out in the backyard exercising your Second Amendment rights, the liberals will see it! These satellites are sensitive enough to tell the difference between a Colt .45 and a .38 Special! And when they detect you with a firearm, their computers cross-reference the address to figure out your name, and then an enormous database housed at Berkeley is updated with information about you.

    Of course, this all works fine during the day, but what about at night? Even the liberals can't control the rotation of the Earth to prevent nightfall from setting in (only Joshua was able to ask for that particular favor!) That's where the "moon" comes in. Powered by nuclear reactors, the "moon" is nothing more than an enormous balloon, emitting trillions of candlepower of gun-revealing light. Piloted by key members of the liberal community, the "moon" is strategically moved across the country, pointing out those who dare to make use of their God-given rights at night!

    Yes, I know this probably sounds paranoid and preposterous, but consider this. Despite what the revisionist historians tell you, there is no mention of the "moon" anywhere in literature or historical documents -- anywhere -- before 1950. That is when it was initially launched. When President Josef Kennedy, at the State of the Union address, proclaimed "We choose to go to the moon", he may as well have said "We choose to go to the weather balloon." The subsequent faking of a "moon" landing on national TV was the first step in a long history of the erosion of our constitutional rights by leftists in this country. No longer can we hide from our government when the sun goes down.

    --
    "Destroy science and religion. Science would re-emerge exactly the same; but not religion." - Penn Jillette, paraphrased
  60. I'm glad.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    someone was finally found who was alive 4.5 billion years ago to give us definitive and irrefutable proof of this.

  61. Haven't we seen this before? by persicom · · Score: 1
  62. Something is wrong with this picture by causticburning · · Score: 1

    Quote from article: ["These calculations showed that it is possible to launch a Moon if the georeactor generated about 0.5 x 10^30 joules. That is gigantic," he says. By way of example, a one gigawatt nuclear reactor generates just 1017 joules a year, so you'd need the annual energy production of 1013 of these reactors to get the same amount. ] Does something seem wrong with these numbers? Maybe they missed a couple of superscripts.

  63. and a billion is? by Nivag064 · · Score: 1

    If you look at the prefix, then the following definition seems the more logical:
    million is a million to the power of 1
    billion is a million to the power of 2
    trillion is a million to the power of 3
    etc.

    Not sure how the USA got into insisting that:
    million is a thousand to the power of 2
    billion is a thousand to the power of 3
    trillion is a thousand to the power of 4
    etc.

    The American definition seems rather stupid.