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This appears to be no more a confirmation for dark matter than when the Michelson-Morley experiment (in 1881) "confirmed" the existence of ether. In the immediate aftermath of the Michelson-Morley experiment, theoreticians generated lots of mathematical "proofs" (e.g., The Ether of Space, Sir Oliver Lodge, Harper & Bros, 1909) that showed how a boundary layer in the ether surrounding the Earth accounted for the observed results. A series of subsequent refinements of the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that the speed of light was truly independent of direction, and Einstein's theories, which did not require the existence of ether, provided a better fit for the observed results than was a boundary layer in the ether.

Over time, the Michelson-Morley experiment was recognized to have disproved the existence of ether -- but it wasn't that way initially.

Alternative explanations include "quantum critical phase transitions", and I'm sure that there are other possibilities, that a series of observations of similar cosmological events will provide the range of data needed to select the hypothesis that best describes the observations.

Being able to fudge one theory to fit a single observation falls quite a bit short of a "conclusive proof". Maybe dark matter does exist, but it's going to take a lot more observations for it to be convincing to me.

How precisely does dark matter permit the expansion of the universe to be defined, and how precisely does the observed phenomenon fit those numbers?

Wake me up when someone has a quantum mechanical model that tells how quarks are bound together in dark matter, or when someone manages to tap into dark energy (which is supposedly all around us).

It's believed to be due to an upcoming polar switch (North and South switch polarities). It's nothing new, it's happened many times in the past.
National Geographic
NG#2
CNN
Space.com
New Scientist

Oh yeah, magnetic north (and probable south as well) is moving at an accelerating rate. The Magnetic North Pole is leaving Canada on it's way to Siberia.
CNN

Enough sources for ya?

New Scientist.com Latest News is a great page, the site's okay too... but too many subscription only articles these days.

If Perelman is truly a genius on par with Albert Einstein, he faces two problems in Russia.

First, the Russian government will want to tap into his genius to improve its weapons systems. In the Russia of today, if he said, "no", then he would be faced with harrassment and, even, trumped-up charges leading to imprisonment.

Second, like Albert Einstein and Andrei Sakharov, I expect that Perelman would be a supporter of human rights and democracy. Their genius enables them to see that freedom fosters the growth of intellect, of which they have much. Unfortunately, in the Russia of today, too much talk about political change to removing the ruling party can cause a tax audit or worse.

Russia, today, is much better than the old Soviet Union, but saying that Russia is a democracy would be an exaggeration.

So, I hope that Mr. Grigori Perelman is okay. If he can read this message, then, I wish that he would, at least, post a message on SlashDot so that we know that he is all right.

Perelman really should come to USA. Here, he can work on neat projects like the new hyperdrive for space travel. If this hyperdrive is ever to succeed, we will need the enormous intellect of Perelman to work out the hairy mathematics.

Here is a species part way between fish and land animal. Archaeopterix is a pretty famous example of a transition between a land animal and a bird. These links will give you information about various fossils showing the transition between ape-like animals and modern humans.

Slashdot wants more characters per line Sky above 37Â375"N 122Â2222"W at Sat 2005 Jul 2 20:11 Slashdot wants more characters per line ScienceDaily Magazine -- News Summaries Slashdot wants more characters per line BBC NEWS | Science/Nature Slashdot wants more characters per line Science News Online Slashdot wants more characters per line Molecule of the Day Slashdot wants more characters per line The Loom Slashdot wants more characters per line Cosmic Variance Slashdot wants more characters per line Scientific American news Slashdot wants more characters per line Sciencegate Slashdot wants more characters per line New Scientist Slashdot wants more characters per line LiveScience Slashdot wants more characters per line Science And Politics Slashdot wants more characters per line Chris C Mooney Slashdot wants more characters per line symmetry Magazine Slashdot wants more characters per line Discover Magazine Slashdot wants more characters per line Mathematician OTD Slashdot wants more characters per line Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home Slashdot wants more characters per line Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Home Slashdot wants more characters per line ESA - Cassini-Huygens Slashdot wants more characters per line NASA - Cassini-Huygens: Close Encounter with Saturn Slashdot wants more characters per line HiRISE Operations Center -- HiROC Slashdot wants more characters per line Cassini Saturn Slashdot wants more characters per line CICLOPS: Cassini Imaging Slashdot wants more characters per line Saturn Today Slashdot wants more characters per line HubbleSite - NewsCenter Slashdot wants more characters per line MESSENGER Web Site Slashdot wants more characters per line Deep Impact: Your First Look Inside a Comet! Slashdot wants more characters per line Pluto, Charon, and other Kuiper Belt Objects including, Sedna, 2003 UB313, as well as Asteroids and Comets. Slashdot wants more characters per line Nature Slashdot wants more characters per line Pharyngula

I would recommend you check out New Scientist http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns. They're not going to go into things at the level of Nature or Science, but will give you quality stories that are food for thought and starting points for further research. As a former scientist, I'd also mention that Science and Nature, while great publications, are cost prohibitive for individuals (unless you use your local library), and are tedious to wade through unless you have a tremendous amount of time.

Well, it's currently illegal to dump waste at sea due to the London Convention, so don't expect this solution any time soon.

Also, subduction zones aren't particularly stable and predictable, so the waste would likely spew about rather than being neatly sucked away. There was an article on New Scientist about this.

I thought we/he was talking about the seed vault in Spitsbergen. Bootstrapping humanity from (almost) nothing would of course be another thing altogether.

Get a load of this old news where the army has created an indestructible sandwich. Is that a supply drop? Quick! We only have 3 years to find it before it's not "fresh" anymore:

http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8721&f eedId=online-news_rss20

I am truly sorry about that. My best hopes and wishes go out to you and her. You might want to consider additional treatments.

Again, all my hopes and wishes that you both are able to weather that one shitting disease.

Total case of deja vu: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125614.400 -d%E9j%E0-vu-created-in-the-lab.html
I wonder if the scientists know that they have studied this before, or if they are just getting that "uneasy feeling"

Are these guys kidding? This is a mobile phone, there's plenty of financial incentives for viruses. Mainly in the form of 900 numbers or text messages. Check out this Symbian virus: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6273&l pos=home1

People have been trying to get mammoths going for at least fifteen years: my alma mater, Colorado State University, had what they thought was a successful fertilization of a frozen mammoth egg by a frozen mammoth sperm, but the implantation into an elephant was not successful. I think full-on cloning: enucleation and transplantation, sounds viable. I was just reading about a new cloning technique that's more efficent and 10x cheaper that seems promising.
*mammoths*. That'd rock so very, very much.

In a broader context, it would also help slow species loss, although obviously it doesn't help at all with the vast number of species we have yet to identify. (And as many people have pointed out, it also might act to discourage species conservation: it does us no good to bring back thylacines if there is no habitat for them, which is a real concern for mammoths. Where the hell do you put something bigger than an elephant, that likes cold weather and can stomp volkswagens into tinfoil? Wait until greenland melts more and stick them on some previously uninhabited island exposed by the receding glaciers?)

It has been already published by New Scientist on 10 july 1999!

Of course it's no Wikipedia, but even so: "The reflected energy typically will cover large amounts of real estate and space, since the energy is spread in many directions," Hengst said. And if the target was moving, hazardous reflections could sweep the surrounding area ... The US is working on special protective goggles for its soldiers.
- New Scientist.

Despite the fact it is suggested in jest above, the best solution to most pest problems normally IS a culinary one. These crabs are definately edible, crab is considered somewhat of a delicacy to many (personally, I'm not a fan, but there are loads who love it), so all you need is to agree to remove quoats on this particular animal, or some similar arrangement, between Norway and Russia (the most challenging part) and start to push crab meat as a new big seller in the area.

New Scientist have an article on the subject of eating through invading species, although you'll need a subscription to read it: http://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg187251 61.500.html

http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg 19025551.700.html

(But Scotsman lets you read the whole thing without subscription)

Actually graphite sheets (graphene) a single atom thick have been created.
When you rub out your pencil lines, you create small amounts of these sheets which are typically multi layered but can be seperated.

Maybe you should read this.

"India's six remote-sensing satellites - the largest such constellation in the world. These monitor the country's land and coastal waters so that scientists can advise rural communities on the location of aquifers and where to find watercourses, suggest to fishermen when to set sail for the best catch, and warn coastal communities of imminent storms (see "Eyes in the sky"). India's seven communication satellites, the biggest civilian system in the Asia-Pacific region, now reach some of the remotest corners of the country, providing television coverage to 90 per cent of the population. The system is also being used to extend remote healthcare services and education to the rural poor."

Or this about PSLV

"It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia"

It was in 1997.

The New Scientist has an article http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9469-dodging -punishment-may-be-its-own-reward.html about how in some who have brain damage, getting away with a crime is as good as being rewarded for good behavior. This could be part of the "addiction".

From TFA:

Dr. Li's team used genetically-engineered mice in which bone marrow cells were modified to carry a green fluorescent marker allowing researchers to easily track them.

From AFA (from last year:

Embryonic stem cells from mice can patch up damaged heart muscle in sheep.
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8006

Moreover, if you read the original article carefully, you will see that the ASCs are merely signaling the heart to rebuild itself more rapidly, not directly rebuilding the heart. So this therapy might work (if it worked in humans) to help people with basically healthy hearts who had a heart attack (cocaine abusers?), but how much will it help older, sicker, folks who's heart is more worn out?

This is the population where ESCs show more promise, as they appear to actually grow into new heart cells themselves.

There is no scientific reason not to be pursuing ESC work as aggressively as ASC work, just religious ones. In fact, since ESC is more likely to help older people (who are more likely to have heart problems), if treating disease were the priority, ESC makes even more sense, esp. for treating older people who tend to have more heart problems and also tend to have less ability for their own cells to regenerate.

A Brizilian tribe composed of refugees from the Biz-Dev departments of imploded dot coms: "Hunter-gatherers from the Pirahã tribe, whose language only contains words for the numbers one and two, were unable to reliably tell the difference between four objects placed in a row and five in the same configuration, revealed the study."

http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6303

This is the numbering scheme used to count the people that get rich on EBay.

The "New York Times" gives a detailed analysis of genetic disease in Saudia Arabia, where more than 50% of marriages are ones between blood relatives.

Curiously, the nature of genetic disease suggests that if you want to ensure the survival of your descendants into the eons upon eons, you should marry outside of your ethnic group. The offspring of an Eskimo-African couple will typically have a stronger set of genes than the offspring of an Eskimo-Eskimo couple, a German-German couple, or a Vietnamese-Vietnamese couple.

But if you still insist, it is obvious that the soul, if present to begin with, can be only in the head, and only in the brain then. We do not have prosthetic brains yet, so there is nothing to discuss yet.

It is my opinion that your statement that the "soul" can only be in the head/brain is unjustified. It is, to me, like claiming that the essence of a computer lies in a single central processor, ignoring chips on the periphery.

That said, I would also like to point out that current neural interface research does not focus exclusively on limb prostheses. For a number of years, brain prostheses have been studied. While these are not entirely artificial brains, they certainly may be considered replacement parts for the brain. Perhaps there is something to discuss after all.

From TFA, the video of the ant with stilts (worth a watch):

http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/av/dn94 36.mpg

Thought it was pretty neat; the ant begins to look like a spider with the longer legs. The video didn't seem to have any additional bearing to the study, though. You'd need to read TFA for how the stilts helped in their conclusion.

We can manipulate [i.e. trigger/induce] altruistic behaviour with a pair of fake eyeballs

This is a Slashdot dupe of a New Scientist dupe. The originals (Slashdot post and New Scientist article) were out in March 2005.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524914.900 .html

Then it seems that rule hasn't been applied well in the past when it comes to IT.

Frankly it seems to me that the only requirement for an american IT patant is that no-one else has patented it already, not non-obviousness. Microsoft managed to patent double clicking, didn't they, that's nuts.

http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn5072

To me that seems as absurd as patanting pressing a key on a keyboard twice.

Now the mouse itself, that was an amazing invention, but patenting ways to use it's button/s seems stupid.

Proper expert examination would surely stop the mass of overlapping patents that exist in the IT world too.

• How does one summon dolphins? How do the dolphins know that they are to 'herd' the fish into the nets?
• How do the dolphins not get caught in the same nets?
• If herding the fish means the dolphins get more to eat, why do they need to do this into the nets? Why not use a small bay to do this? If the dolphins didn't come across this in a couple of million years of evolution, well, they really are dim
• How come more respectable news sources haven't picked up on this E.g. the http://news.bbc.co.uk/ or http://www.newscientist.com/. They've both shown themselves to take a pretty relaxed line on checking the credibility of stories ( toothing or Nanniebot anyone?. Even Google News gives us only one hit.

  Nice idea though, and it would be cool if it were true.

• How does one summon dolphins? How do the dolphins know that they are to 'herd' the fish into the nets?
• How do the dolphins not get caught in the same nets?
• If herding the fish means the dolphins get more to eat, why do they need to do this into the nets? Why not use a small bay to do this? If the dolphins didn't come across this in a couple of million years of evolution, well, they really are dim
• How come more respectable news sources haven't picked up on this E.g. the http://news.bbc.co.uk/ or http://www.newscientist.com/. They've both shown themselves to take a pretty relaxed line on checking the credibility of stories ( toothing or Nanniebot anyone?. Even Google News gives us only one hit.

  Nice idea though, and it would be cool if it were true.

A simple fact check would be that the ALL of glaciers that existed before christ are now in retreat.

I have no clue what the parent was referring to, but it could have been this device.

I was very interested in your article on the possible dangers of excessive hygiene ("Let them eat dirt", 18 July, p 26). As a child I remember being told by my mother that "you have to eat a peck of dirt before you die", a peck being two gallons. Is this another case of scientists catching up with what has been common knowledge for generations?

I was very interested in your article on the possible dangers of excessive hygiene ("Let them eat dirt", 18 July, p 26). As a child I remember being told by my mother that "you have to eat a peck of dirt before you die", a peck being two gallons. Is this another case of scientists catching up with what has been common knowledge for generations?

Didn't we already hear that the NSA will be providing myspace searchfunctionality?

[Umbral Blot wrote:]If we make the fee based exponentially on time or on exponentially based on the number of other patents held, or both, then it might work. Small companies with few patents pay little, bug companies with over a thousand patents get it in the shorts. We all win because (in theory) the money collected in this way reduces our taxes.

This shouldn't really be a surprise - after all, it's been known for several years that the water level of the oceans is going down, due to the "leaky seas" phenomenon. See New Scientist article from a few years ago at http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16322030.200 .html (used to be free, but no longer), or a CNN summary at the time: http://www.cnn.com/NATURE/9909/17/leaky.seas.enn/i ndex.html

No one knows why - forming mineral hydrates, some other form of leaking into the earth itself, or global cooling - it's all speculation right now, just like global warming. The truth: The world is a complex place and we're not even close to understanding it.

BTW: Remember when "all the world's climate experts" warned of global cooling and an impending ice age only around 30 years ago? (Which would, of course, require many of the same environmental policy changes wanted by the global warming crowd now.) Those who forget history are doomed to repeat it.

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00040A7 2-A95C-1CDA-B4A8809EC588EEDF&sc=I100322 http://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate- change Let's just consider this simple FACT. When smoking was deemed to be cancerous and dangerous to the health of individuals they found plenty of scientists willing to work for them to disprove negative claims. Ignoring Al Gore as an inflated ego there is plenty of popular support for the theory of Global Warming. There is plenty of evidence from many varied fields to support it. Before grasping at the few dissenting voices as proof that it is not universally accepted it's worth investigating the credibility of the dissenters, their motives and why they are at odds with the majority. One of the protagonists in this article for example works for oil companies. Do your research see what you can find out. Considering that the these are the same rhetorical arguments used by the creationist/intelligent design people, the smoking lobby etc. I'm instinctively suspicious. Fabricating dissent or over inflating the value of opposition is a tactic favored by those who fear change. I think as a simple test we should move all those who don't agree with Global warming to New Orleans, Bangladesh and the Netherlands just to really test their convictions. Anti-Global warming rhetoric is for people who can't deal with large amounts of rhetoric forcing them to re-think their world view. Just as anti-Evolution arguments are for those who have failed to let their world view evolve. For most of he scientific community Global warming isn't a matter of "IF" it, it's "HOW" it will affect us. Considering that most of the scientific is hugely more intelligent than the average journalist, American voter or US President I'm going to go with their over-whelming consensus until there is some stronger evidence than the opinions of some corporate stooges, a few deranged rogues seeking attention and their friendly Right-Wing spin doctors.

To balance out that obvious overdose of alcohol?

Also your government:

""I AM continually shocked and appalled at the details people voluntarily post online about themselves." So says Jon Callas, chief security officer at PGP, a Silicon Valley-based maker of encryption software. He is far from alone in noticing that fast-growing social networking websites such as MySpace and Friendster are a snoop's dream.

New Scientist has discovered that Pentagon's National Security Agency, which specialises in eavesdropping and code-breaking, is funding research into the mass harvesting of the information that people post about themselves on social networks. And it could harness advances in internet technology - specifically the forthcoming "semantic web" championed by the web standards organisation W3C - to combine data from social networking websites with details such as banking, retail and property records, allowing the NSA to build extensive, all-embracing personal profiles of individuals."

Full story at: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg190255 56.200

Allerca announced their plans three years ago, and started collecting deposits from allergic cat fans, but have now decided that their plans to use RNA interference were taking a back seat to a more traditional breeding approach, albeit one that uses genetic testing to select individuals that express low levels of FEL D1.

A California company has turned to conventional breeding to deliver the non-allergenic kittens it promised two years ago.

Scientific Doubts

Denver Business Journal: Law Suit

KFG

Well, the UK has been doing this for a little while, in Newcastle anyway.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4563607.stm & http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6272

So, I'm guessing it's not banned in the UK - under certain conditions at least.

--
silas

This is the base who's wondering why Bush slept at the switch for six years and then suddenly discovered this highly-divisive issue when his poll numbers were tanking. They're here. They are part of the economy. They are here SOLELY because they have discovered that employers will hire them -- and it is to the exploitative employers that the "base" directs our ire. These employers have lived in an atmosphere of wink-and-nod enforcement of immigration. We've had a global amnesty before -- it's a way to reset the system and make it honest. If you think you can jerk 11 or 12 million people out of our country without a noticable economic impact and also without initiating a concentration-camp style deathmarch you're dreaming. But what's going on has nothing to do with any kind of "gathering threat" and everything to do with pushing people's panic buttons to get them to the polls. See last year's gay marriage threat.

2. This is the base that wants immedi

This is the base that wants their public leaders to speak in complete, intelligible sentences.

3. This is the base that wants abortion on demand for underage girls without parental or legal notification

This is the base that wonders why the same people who insist we ban abortion won't stand up for readily-available birth control. This is the same base that views with something approaching complete revulsion the recent statements by scions of the religious community that vaccines for STD's are tantamount to a greenlight for sex. This is the base that can pretty easily see that the issue has nothing to do with "pro-life" and everything to do with people of one religion inserting their moral views into the legal code in violation of just about everything this country stands for.

This is the base that deplores legalized abortion but despises even more the inevitibility of illegal abortion that a full ban would bring, and would like to see some evidence-based strategy to reduce unwanted pregancy, rather than "abstience-only" programs based on religious flummery and wishful thinking.

4. This is the base that wants to raise taxes to promote economic growth

Clinton raised taxes. It certainly didn't kill economic growth. Don't tell me the 90's boom had anything to do with Reagan because that's been repeatedly debunked.

Bush cut taxes. We're stuck in stagflation now, and the dollar is crashing, and the national debt will be paid off by my children and their children. And in real terms, wages have been dropping. Don't tell me what a great economy this is. Go out into your community and ask your neighbors if they're better off now than they were six years ago. A clear majority of them will not agree.

5. This is the base that applauds when dick durbin and jack murtha compare american troops to nazis

Give me a source of both the quotes you imply and an opinion poll of the "base" agreeing with said quotes. Then we can talk about that statement.

You should be thankfull you have the DLC to mask your base from the rest of the country.

Currently the opinions of "my" base are in tune with the opinions of 71% of the rest of the country. The DLC is out of touch, and so are you.

For all this discussion has focused on the "debate" about global warming, if you think that political interference is limited to environmental science, you're missing a very, very big picture.

Let me start off by saying that scientific advancement is not a left-right issue, and should never be viewed through the narrow prism of party politics. However, the United States has fallen into a (man-made) rut of EVERYTHING being split down partisan lines (even national security, even voting integrity, even scientific research) so that is the playing field we are on, whether we like it or not. Wedge politics infect every issue now.

Under this administration, the religious right has exerted undue influence over decisions ranging from:

• blocking OTC access to emergency contraceptives
• stalling approval of a vaccine for HPV which would prevent cervical cancer
• censoring vital information about sex by imposing abstinence-only education on teens
• forcing doctors by law to peddle phony information about a phony link between abortion and breast cancer

(source article for that list, a must-read)

And without going on a daylong linkhunt, they are passing bad information about condom effectiveness, intimidating non-profit organizations which do not toe the party line on reproductive issues, and denying USAID funds to overseas orgs which even mention abortion, or distribute condoms as part of family planning efforts. (Imagine sending $15B to Africa to fight AIDS without distributing or even even mentioning condoms! Talk about throwing good money away...It's like fighting fires without water, it's that foolish.)

And don't even let's discuss the bi-partisan support for embryonic stem cell research which has been effectively neutered under this administration. Or the medical expertise of Dr. Bill Frist in the case of a braindead woman he never examined, or his patently absurd claim that AIDS may be transmitted via tears and sweat.

Sadly, I could document this sort of war on objective science all day, but I think I've made my point. It infests the policy debate over far more than global warming, and if you think there's no difference between the parties on this, you're sadly, tragically mistaken.

This letter (22 April 2006)?

You need to be a New Scientist subscriber to read the full text, but it begins:

Now that Milton Wainwright and his colleagues have confirmed that the Indian "red rain" cells contain DNA, it seems most likely that they are algae, and as he suggests in his letter, are not in the least mysterious...

and goes on to say

Researchers in Kerala suggest that the red rain could be cells of a red-pigmented green alga, Trentepohlia, but there are other likely candidates. The green algal genus Haematococcus is a member of the motile order Volvocales which forms spores and resting-stage "palmella" structures, both enclosed by thick cell walls, and very similar to the pictures that you published. The cells are strongly red-coloured by the carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, formerly called haematochrome.

The CNN story is about a paper published in April; it's now June. They also claim that the cells contain no DNA, even though the New Scientist letter states that they do. Looks like a slow news day at the CNN science desk.

No offense, but the chem101 facts have changed. I'll explain...

> 2. If you went back to freshman chemistry, you'd learn that water and oil do not mix.
Gas free water and oil mix very well.
Waters high affinity for oil is a very big problem in the oil industry where oil and water
commonly form a stable solution underground.

> 1. It's actually your great-grandmother's suffering you're reliving. You see,
> the way to wash the sweat and human oils out of clothes was to take the big pot
> and make Clothes Soup over an open fire...you're going to have to use soap...
Just to be pedantic you could probably wash out oil with no soap using boiled water.
Boiling water will partially degas it and increase the waters ability to absorb oils.
This is fairly recent research and has applications in: making water soluble injectables,
food processing, and I have seen research into an air/water separation device intended
for washing machines. An amusing side note, this may mean that the airator on your sink
makes it harder for you to wash your dishes.

Getting back to the topic of engineering disasters... Injecting water into an oil well
could mean unintended problems later when unexpected mixing occures.
Ha! Made that connect didn't I!

Further, yes I do have a monocle and being a monocle bearer I will leave you with an
engineering riddle; about my monocle.
* I have a monocle I made myself
* It is not made of glass or anything clear
* It is not a mirror
* When I wear it, it corrects my vision
* It corrects vision for anyone using it
* It is a safe fairly obvious configuration that is simple to manufacture...
From this figure out how it is made and how it works.
Hints, well you don't need hints do you?
Good luck and enjoy the riddle...