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Airspeed Velocity Of An Unladen Swallow
An anonymous reader writes "Finally, the question is answered: What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow? A designer with too much time on his hands uses his new method for graphically representing Strouhal numbers to clarify a truly pressing question for all armchair zoologists (and a few Monty Python fans)."
I hate to say it, but this is one of those things like the explanation of where the immortals in Highlander came from -- we didn't actually want to know.
dmiessler.com -- grep understanding knowledge
NONE! ... Shall pass...
.: Max Romantschuk
HAHA! I defeat yoo! Yoo no have will of warrior! I defeat yoo troll! AHA! HAH!
A 54-year survey of 26,285 European Swallows captured and released by the Avian Demography Unit of the University of Capetown finds that the average adult European swallow has a wing length of 12.2 cm and a body mass of 20.3 grams.
54 years? That's amazing, i think I could copy that research with a shotgun, a measuring tool and a free sunday afternoon.
More research needed.
I'm not sure, but I can probably get my Beowulf cluster working on it and let you know tomorrow...
... looks like someone's pushing for recognition :-)
Simon
Physicists get Hadrons!
Yes, finally someone had the balls to answer this question that has been wracking the minds of scientists for ages!
Someone get this man a nobel.
My fp abilities are quite tuned up.
7 130
I DO NOT FAIL IT.
check out:
http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=85666&cid=745
I got FP on that , well over 1100 comments in that one.
just so you know
While the intentions are good, the only truly elegant answers for a question like this would be a related to "42" While a laden swallow would most likely be "69" - one can only guess how it would be unladen
Now we know what scientists get paid for ;-) is this the same guy that calculated the exact amount of time to dunk a biscuit in some tea before it went soggy?
http://www.inspircd.org - Modular C++ IRC Daemon
"Someone had to say it."
;)
Someone *did* say it -- the author of the article. It's the very first thing in the article actually. You read it, right?
dmiessler.com -- grep understanding knowledge
I think the guy who found this out has been laden awhile.
Fortress of Insanity
Blogzine
Apologies, I didn't RTFA and jumped in with that one, I don't often get in after two comments and got a bit overexcited. But we were all thinking it.
The article does only cover the European Swallow, lazy researcher not bothering to find out the kinematic data for himself. Has he got more important things to do or something?
And it had to be someone that hadn't read the article...
Ydco co
RTFA, dumbass.
What do you mean? An African or European swallow?
Good sir, I do thank you for posting such an informational account of Rob Malda's eating habit. Could you perhaps post some recipes?
is that the airspeed of an european swallow or not?
European actually, and the airspeed velocity of an unladen European Swallow is roughly 11 meters per second, or 24 miles an hour.
Verdict is still out on African(but is probably about the same). The eternal question still stands.
The key to the enjoyment of pop music is to replace any instance of "love" with "C.H.U.D."
It's not a question of where he grips it. It's a simple weight ratio's
A five ounce bird, can not carry a 1 pound coconut!
The relevant pieces in the script :
A swallow carrying a coconut? and The Bridge of Death
siener's youtube channel
To imply similarity, make the graph larger than it needs to be. Then all of your points will fall in a narrow range and appear closer together.
For this and other presentation crocks, read How to Lie with Charts, and its fore-runners, How to Lie with Statistics and How to Lie with Maps.
Although with a Beowulf cluster of Big Macs, I'd like to take a shot at finding the question....
"The most sensible request of government we make is not, "Do something!" But "Quit it!"
But what is your favourite colour?
The author of the webpage uses far too much verbiage and pretty pictures and doesn't seem to understand what's happening.
Amplitude of wing stroke times frequency of wing stroke is (half) the vertical speed of the wing tip. Forward speed is obviously the horizontal speed. Hence the ratio is dimensionless, and measures how steep (on average) the strokes are. It's not too surprising that these ratios should fall in a relatively narrow range, and the authors of the Nature article say as much. Concretely, if the ratio were, say, 100, the wing would be flapping up and down furiously without advancing much -- if the ratio were 1/100, the wing would hardly be moving.
Anyone knows what he used to create those graphics?
--- root@127.0.0.1
So what is the speed of 2 swallows, if they are carrying a 1lb coconut strung on a strand of creeper vine held under their dorsal guiding feathers? We need to know! ..
Who's that, then?
I dunno. Must be a king.
Why?
He hasn't got shit all over him.
"You lied to me! There is a Swansea!"
I think we might call this one a joke.
But your mileage may vary.
When I read articles like this. I think to myself "Some people should use drugs" and lots of them.
What's the average rainfall of the Amazon basin?
When I am king, you will be first against the wall.
Blue
Everything in the world is controlled by a small, evil group to which, unfortunately, no one you know belongs.
"Smartarse comments about base 13 will earn you a clip round the ear."
Did you work that out yourself BEFORE anyone else told you? Unprovable assertion: I did.
I met DNA once. Didn't like him.
For his next article, can he tell us if the parrot is dead?
Now that we finally know the right question to match the ultimate answer, I suppose the universe can end.
;-)
Somehow it does not surprise me that Douglas Adams and the Monty Python crew are the secret masters of the universe.
"They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety."
C'mon, need I remind you this is Slashdot? Of course he didn't RTFA.
Very good.
In other words, in airscrew terms, the effective pitch of the blade* rpm is a very linear function of speed.
Everyone who did physics at school will know that the optimum speed for a momentum transfer device (eg a waterwheel) is a very simple ratio of the stream velocity.
Damn, I thought it was a pretty neat article, now you tell me it is a (very pretty) statement of the bleeding obvious.
I find your ideas intriguing and I wish to subscribe to your newsletter.
You have saved us all!
If that was true, wouldn't they call it the Western African swallow?
What do you load swallows up with so they are laden swallows?
Donte Alistair Anderson Roberts - hi son!
Karma: Chameleon
The Readers Digest Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
---
What? A swallow carrying a coconut?
It could grip it by the husk!
It's not a question of where he grips it! It's a simple question of weight ratios! A five ounce bird could not carry a one pound coconut!
Who's that, then?
I dunno. Must be a king.
Why?
He hasn't got shit all over him.
Oh! Come and see the violence inherent in the system! Help! Help! I'm being repressed!
'Tis but a scratch.
A scratch? Your arm's off!
No, it isn't.
She turned me into a newt!
A newt?
Er.. I got better..
We dine well here in Camelot.
We eat ham and jam and spam a lot.
I don't wanna talk to you no more, you empty headed animal food trough wiper! I fart in your general direction! Your mother was a hamster and your father smelt of elderberries!
Run away!
Oh, I am afraid our life must seem very dull and quiet compared to yours. We are but eight score young blondes and brunettes, all between sixteen and nineteen- and- a- half, cut off in this castle with no one to protect us. Oooh. It is a lonely life: bathing, dressing, undressing, making exciting underwear..
We are the Knights Who Say... 'Ni'!
Well, what is it you want?
We want... a shrubbery!
---
Continued next issue..
"You lied to me! There is a Swansea!"
... but rats are:
Rats have a 21 day gestation period, and it takes them 21 days to before they can be weaned from their mother.
CC.
TaijiQuan (Huang, 5 loosenings)
duh...coconuts
pay attention
so now that we know the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow, now we need to find out what the velocity is of a coconut laden one.
If Mr. Edison had thought smarter he wouldn't sweat as much. --Nikola Tesla
Did you read the comment? It's North African, West African, East African, but Southern African - to avoid confusion with the name of the country.
Spit or swallow?
This idea was invented by Shampoo.
... that you've got to know these things when you're a king, you know...
This is so cool. Now, the next time we put Holy Grail in the DVD player, I can watch the scene and be like,
"Actually, that's not correct."
If there were any chicks at these MP parties, I am sure it would go over well.
dmiessler.com -- grep understanding knowledge
Apart from the hummingbirds, have you ever seen any bird that appears to flap its wings anywhere near that quickly? Do your observations of any birds seem to mesh with that claim?
Freedom = (Meaningful - Coerced) Choice != (Speech | Beer^2), and sad sock puppets' bad mods avail them naught.
Now someone should take that data and factor in the coconut. Of course all the different varieties and species of coconut should be considered. =)
-- dK
Perhaps you are able to sit in your chair at home and, using purely a priori reasoning, arrive at conclusions that others must use empirical investigation to achieve. And perhaps, once the scientists have arrived at those answers through painstaking quantitative research (as in the case of the authors of the Nature article), you enjoy pointing out that you reasoned your way there without the messiness of actual research. Fair enough.
But even if the discovery made wasn't surprising to you, it was interesting enough to make it into Nature. And the author of the style.org article on Strouhal numbers was clearly concerned not so much with the discovery as with the graphical representation of the information discovered. He is, after all, a designer.
In other words, you may benefit from spending a little more time trying to figure out what people are doing, and a little less time trying to show everyone how far ahead of them you are.
11 m/s is approximately 21 knots. So the combined airspeed of two European swallows is... (drumroll) 42 knots.
And ye that are nitpickers shall be proven wrong.
Repeatedly.
-bZj
.sig
*ah hem* news for NERDS.
The site has now been mirrored by karma whores on numerous different hosts at great expense and at the last minute.
Are you insane. Look at the title 'NEWS FOR NERDS'. Should you really be on /. if you don't at least worship at the altar of 'Python'?
Honestly, what would you rather, another SCO story/Dupe (or are they really the same thing) or this....
Well, we've heard of armchair sexology, so why not?
Jag pratar lite svenska.
... a member of the TeX family (PiCTeX), maybe.
At least this combo should do the job.
CC.
TaijiQuan (Huang, 5 loosenings)
After all, isn't this slashdot? Comatose!
I looked at the Strouhal numbers link, and what
immediately struck me is that there is no correction for bird size.
The wingspan (amplitude) is in the equation, but not for this (it is used as a factor to determine the thrust)
I'd expect the friction factor and a measure for the size of the bird (e.g. surface that is seen from the front) in there.
The Law of Falling Bodies
---- It puts the lotion on its skin or else it gets the hose again. It does this whenever it's told.
"Look my liege! Charts describing Strouhal numbers and swallows!"' s only a model."
*trumpets*
"Charts!"
"Charts!"
"It
"Shhh!"
Small potatoes make the steak look bigger.
or does it look like some of those swallows are violating SCO's IP?
Ok, coffee time.
A gaggle of geeks and no one bothers to ask: European or African swallow?
That's because some of us read the article before posting.
$x='S24;r)>63/* h@<5+oZ)32"5cz';$me='phroggy'x$];
$x=~y+ -xz+\0-Tx+;print$_^chop$me for split'',$x;
Tsk. They use Roberts' Birds or Southern Africa, instead of the more appropriate Olsen's Standard Book of British Birds (the Expurgated Version)
You might be able to calculate the speed of a swallow, but the velocity is something different.
Might as well go completely off-topic on a story like this.
:-)
The bonus question was, what's the capital of Assyria? One of the answers was Nineveh, which in the Bible is where God sent Jonah to warn the city's inhabitants of their impending destruction unless they repented of their evil ways. Jonah, who hated the Assyrians and didn't want Nineveh to have a chance to escape destruction, fled to Spain instead (about as far away as he could get), hoping God wouldn't be able to find him there. That obviously didn't work; Jonah was swallowed by a giant fish in the middle of the Mediterranean, then spit out whole; after sulking for awhile he did make the trip to Nineveh, told the people they were being wicked in the eyes of God, and to his dismay, they repented and changed their ways.
So my question to any Slashdotters who happen to be history geeks: is there a non-Biblical historical record of any such change in the attitude or behavior of the people of Nineveh ( or the Assyrian Empire in general) that would coincide with the story about a warning of doom from an Israeli prophet? Biblical stories are always so much more interesting in proper historical context, and I know nothing about the subject, and this isn't an appropriate place to ask, but what the hell, I've got more karma than I know what to do with anyway.
$x='S24;r)>63/* h@<5+oZ)32"5cz';$me='phroggy'x$];
$x=~y+ -xz+\0-Tx+;print$_^chop$me for split'',$x;
GUARD #1: Where'd you get the coconut?
ARTHUR: We found them.
GUARD #1: Found them? In Mercea? The coconut's tropical!
ARTHUR: What do you mean?
GUARD #1: Well, this is a temperate zone.
ARTHUR: The swallow may fly south with the sun or the house martin or the plumber may seek warmer climes in winter yet these are not strangers to our land.
GUARD #1: Are you suggesting coconuts are migratory?
ARTHUR: Not at all, they could be carried.
GUARD #1: What -- a swallow carrying a coconut?
ARTHUR: It could grip it by the husk!
GUARD #1: It's not a question of where he grips it! It's a simple question of weight ratios! A five ounce bird could not carry a 1 pound coconut.
ARTHUR: Well, it doesn't matter. Will you go and tell your master that Arthur from the Court of Camelot is here.
GUARD #1: Listen, in order to maintain air-speed velocity, a swallow needs to beat its wings 43 times every second, right?
ARTHUR: Please!
GUARD #1: Am I right?
ARTHUR: I'm not interested!
GUARD #2: It could be carried by an African swallow!
GUARD #1: Oh, yeah, an African swallow maybe, but not a European swallow, that's my point.
GUARD #2: Oh, yeah, I agree with that...
ARTHUR: Will you ask your master if he wants to join my court at Camelot?!
GUARD #1: But then of course African swallows are not migratory.
GUARD #2: Oh, yeah...
GUARD #1: So they couldn't bring a coconut back anyway...
GUARD #2: Wait a minute -- supposing two swallows carried it together?
GUARD #1: No, they'd have to have it on a line.
GUARD #2: Well, simple! They'd just use a standard creeper!
GUARD #1: What, held under the dorsal guiding feathers?
GUARD #2: Well, why not?
www.slightlycrewed.com - Because aren't we all?
Can RFC 1149 (or the more advanced 2549) be related somehow?
$x='S24;r)>63/* h@<5+oZ)32"5cz';$me='phroggy'x$];
$x=~y+ -xz+\0-Tx+;print$_^chop$me for split'',$x;
There is final and conclusive proof that they were arrested for a crime they could not have committed. The proof? The guy who killed the historian had a horse, not coconuts!
A swallow carrying a Coconut? When are they going to do that one?
A) you can divide the distance traveled by the swallow by the time it took to travel that distance, or
B) you can use a radar gun to measure speed directly
(Especially when, if you read the article, there is mention that "wind tunnel tests" of swallows showed that their estimates were off (espeically on beat frequency). And they actually used speed measurements to validate their model. Hrm. Seems like an awful lot of work to me...)
My apologies. I'm a bit cynical this morning.
"There are a dozen opinions on a matter until you know the truth. Then there is only one." - CS Lewis (paraprhase)
... is the joke blowing right over your head.
I've found that my posts don't format quite right w/o a sig.
Looks like the zebra finch data set was small, pushing the top of the y axis to three times the top Strouhal number for anything on it. I'd call this clumsy more than misleading, but you're right -- it does conveniently push everything down to the bottom, doesn't it? The whole "narrowness of the band" line of argument fits that a little too well...
A classic case where an editor's instincts on this point might lead newspapers to deliberately mislead the reader would be the stock market. When the market's at 10,000 (arbitrary example), to make a graph in which the y axis runs from 9,500 to 10,200 artificially exaggerates changes over time. (Oh my God! The market's down 80 points today! Which is to say, it's down just under 1 percent...) Graphs describing the stock market mostly show a tiny share of the market, the top 5% or 10% of the overall value, with steep rises and drops within a single week. Misleading, and sensationalistic.
Don't let's get started on "government spending" graphs, either...
"Fundamentalism" isn't about divine morality. It's about human authority.
Sorry, I just had to....
...we are from the government - we are here to help...
To those who got modded +1 Informative:
NI!!!!
(damn you people, you're killing the moment!!!)
// file: mice.h
#include "frickin_lasers.h"
The thing that always bugged me about this scene in the movie is the term, "air-speed velocity". Isn't that kind of redundant?
Then again, I'm the kind who yells at the Scarecrow in the Wizard of Oz whenever he tells us
"The sum of the square roots of any two sides of an isosceles triangle is equal to the square root of the remaining side."
JoAnn
The parent post does a great job of explaining why the Strouhal Number is the same across a range of organisms that use flapping for propulsion. Yet a glance at the graph shows considerable variation among creatures -- a 3:1 range between leaf-nosed bats and gulls. Most of the soaring air-based animals have Strouhal's of around 0.2, whereas the water-based animals have Strouhal's of around 0.3.
It would be interesting to understand not why Strouhal Numbers are constant, but why they vary. I would assume that wing (or fin) shape would affect the optimal Strouhal Number because the Number is calculated on the wing tip, whereas the optimal flap is based on integrating over the wing surface. Wings of different designs, articulations, and flap movement trajectories would have different ratios between the tip-amplitude and the average area-weighted amplitude across the wing surface. I would expect that area-weighted Strouhals to have even less variation across animals that the tip-based number.
Other factors might explain remaining variation. For example, sinusoidal wing beats would have a different Strouhals than square-wave wing beats. Perhaps the Reynolds number might affect Strouhals - explaining the difference between "flight " in air vs. water. Finally, some animals that only fly short distances may have sub-optimal Strouhals because the wings are optimized for other purposes such as courtship.
Two wrongs don't make a right, but three lefts do.
The website deserves a Tufte award for Excellence in the presentation of visual information. Very impressive effort!
Though, no, such an award does not yet exist.
sarchasm: The gulf between the author of sarcastic wit and the person who doesn't get it.
They needed education like this in school.
Funny premise, so I stuck with it, built off of physics 101 ideas of waves (amplitude, freq.), and GOOD LORD! I learned something!
In the future, I would want to not be isolated from my friends in the Space Station.
You know, I got really excited when I saw the equations in the article... They looked too clean to be GIFs, so I thought that maybe it was MathML, the "holy grail" of mathematical HTML! I thought the world was complete. However, my aspirations were quickly dashed when I viewed the source, and saw that the equations were merely well-crafted CSS.
Slashdot's first reaction to VMware
and the committee has acked the nomination. Dunno if he makes the finalists, but I sure as hell think he deserves one. :-)
That's the first question answered in the article. It's about an European swallow.
I'd bet it was a meat packing plant in Austin, MN that funded it. Its much more likely.
... its a SPAM(tm) reference.
For those who need a map to get back to reality from that reference...
Just because you can, does not mean you should.
...eet eese scratched.
The potato it is uninformed.
Lemon Curry?
Like Terry Pratchett said, the paint wouldn't even have time to dry.
Technoli
IANAEB (I am not an evolutionary biologist), but...having actually read the article, the distribution of Strouhal numbers (an indicator of the amplitude of the wing beat, the wavelength of the wingbeat, and the resulting airspeed) falls within an envelope. From the article:
.2), while bat species tend to fall on the higher end (closer to .4). Similarly, Strouhal numbers for relatively large birds (amplitude larger than .5 meters) also seem to hug the lower end of the predicted range.
Strouhal numbers for birds seem to fall on the lower end of the predicted range (closer to
Here's the reckless assertion: the envelope is a function of the folllowing factors:
1. Mean air density at habitat
2. Earth's gravity
3. Biological limits of birds
So alien birds would have an envelope, but's it's slope and area would be different according to the local conditions. Below certain critical levels of low air density or high gravity, the envelope collapses because no species can maintain the energy density necessary to maintain flight.
If your bitterest enemies are people who hack the heads off civilians, then I would say you're doing something right.
Sometimes the jokes write themselves.
fA/v looks a lot like fA/c = energy . Wouldn't the Strouhal number relate to the biological energy available to the flying entities? Wouldn't that fall within a fairly narrow range?
"...while history is usually explicable it is often irrational" --Roger Spiller
How can sheep's bladders be used to prevent earthquakes?
Just consider the facts:
B: What causes earthquakes?
A: Sudden slippage along a fault line
B: Ah, but WHY does that cause earthquakes?
A: Because it's a lot of ground moving?
B: No, try again.
A: Because it doesn't slip smoothly?
B: Yes, that's right. So...logically...
A: We could prevent it if we got it to slip smoothly?
B: And what do you slip on all of the time?
A: Sheep urine?
B: Absolutely. And where do you find sheep urine?
A: Sheep bladders.
B: Therefore...
A: If we stick sheep bladders into a fault line, it'll prevent earthquakes!
A: Thank you, Bedevere. Good insight.
B: My pleasure, Oh King.
Mod me down and I will become more powerful than you can possibly imagine!
1. Calculate and graph airspeed velocity of an uladen swallow
2. ???
3. Profit!!!
Lump lingered last in line for brains, and the ones she got were sorta rotten and insane.
So ... South Africa isn't named after the continent?
Now if only someone explain how to chop down the largest tree in the forest using only a HERRING!
Jory
Why isn't it just "airspeed"? Why is a directional vector (velocity) called for in this problem?
It's not dimensionless -(wing strokes/second) x (wing-travel meters/wing stroke) over
(forward-travel meters/second)? The strokes might cancel each other out, but wouldn't you get
wing-travel meters/forward-travel meters? That sounds like a reasonable thing, but it's not dimensionless.
It would be interesting to understand not why Strouhal Numbers are constant, but why biologists think they are meaningful or useful in analysis of flight - the answer might lie in biologist math allergies. Was Mr. Strouhal a biologist or an engineer studying natural flight? The parameter seems so over-simplified. How much does the wing bend, how much of the distance to the wing-tip is just cosmetic and provides no lift, what is the wing area and how does it move, nody mass and shape, etc., etc., etc.
Aside from the fact that the person who submitted this article was pushing the Monty Python reference, I think this is an excellent scientific article. As a chemical engineer, I'm well familiar with the importance of dimensionless numbers. One of the early exercises in teaching them is a correlation between leg length, stride length, stride rate, graviational acceleration and the resulting forward velocity. By developing dimensionless models, conclusions may be drawn about unmeasurable systems. For example, the above mentioned velocity correlation can be used to predict the speed of extinct animals. Similarly, this study of the Strouhal Number may be useful in better understanding flapping-wing flight, in a general sense.
Virtue finds and chooses the mean.
Aristotle, Ethica Nichomachea
He'll never get his hands on the grail! Never!
Help protect civil rights from abuse by the TSA - visit TSA News Blog.
http://www.tsanewsblog.com
There is no spoon.
"Lemon Curry" got modded -1 Offtopic in a Monty Python thread. I can't decide if that's right or not. Maybe if there was such a thing as +1 Offtopic?
NI!
"A great democracy must be progressive or it will soon cease to be a great democracy." --Theodore Roosevelt
Very well: your original post was about the webpage, not the article in Nature. In that case, let's evaluate both postings not as claims about science (that is, not in terms of your "explicit" claim), but as a claim about the webpage in terms of its announced goals (your "implicit" claim). After all, we seem to agree on the importance of experiment.
Your claim in your original post was:
The author of the webpage uses far too much verbiage and pretty pictures and doesn't seem to understand what's happening
which breaks down into two points. They both share a common assumption: that the author is trying to explain the Strouhal number, and more specifically, trying to explain why it exhibits the narrow range it does in the organisms in question. But this assumption is incorrect. The author never attempts to answer the "why" question, and his exposition of the Strouhal number itself is short and comes in the first two sentences of the article:
For dolphins, sharks, and bony fish moving at their preferred cruising speed, the ratio of tail frequency and amplitude to forward speed is constrained to a narrow but efficient range of values. This dimensionless ratio is the Strouhal number, and evolution seems to favor efficient swimming motion with a Strouhal number in the range of 0.2-0.4.
Since this explanation is clearly over with early on in the article, it is gratuitous to assume that giving it is the entire project of the article. So, if he's not trying to explain the Strouhal number qua zoological measure of some kind, what is he trying to do? He himself makes it clear at the end of the introduction:
I wanted to see what ratios of amplitude, frequency, and speed actually look like in winged flight, what the Strouhal number actually represents, and why it is dimensionless.
Clearly the important phrases in this characterization of his goal are "look like" and "actually represents."
Now, what do these phrases mean or imply? The emphasis on the visual and the actual indicates that the author--a designer--is interested in connecting the mathematics of the Strouhal number with a picture of the organisms (in this case, birds) whose behavior it is said to describe. He then goes on to introduce aspects of that behavior (movement through space; flapping of wings) and of those organisms (relative size, primarily) that are key to visually picturing how the number relates to them. That done, he wanted to produce visual representations of how the narrow range of Strouhal numbers translates across a wide range of organisms. The overall point is to provide many and eloquent pictures of what is expressed tersely in the number itself and its associated equations.
Whether this goal is reached is a question one could ask, but it was nowhere present in either of your postings. Granted, in mathematics the era of picture-thinking is long over, brought to an end by Hilbert, if not before. But there's no reason to assume that "communication" is a univocal term whose meaning is best captured by the mode of communication and expression used in the sciences. Different goals, different means. His goal was to achieve a particular type of visualization. This is what I meant when I recommended that you try to figure out what people are doing before you try to figure out how to do it better.
The argument is irrelevant anyway, because the line is:
"A five-ounce bird could not carry a one-pound coconut."
nothing to see here
I'm a rabbit startled by the headlights of life
figuring this out doesn't completly ruin the movie. knowing the actual speed of the a swallow, does in no way, make the characters any less un/appealing. knowing about little microbes that control everythign int he universe and turn what was once billed as religious hockey into a verifiable science does A LOT to ruin the ambiance of a setting...
I believe sex is highly over rated... unless it involves me
Q.
Insert Signature Here
Where did Arthur get the Coconut?
Thank you for confirming my confidence in the general silliness of existence.
[-- Trust the Monkey --]
Penis length
Me 8=========D
Avg. Horse 8====D
INCHES -12 0 12 24 36 48 60
It took a while, but it got the attention it deserved. Not many things on this site make me laugh, that one did.
How the fuck do you get -1 every time?