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Establishing the Maximum Speed of a CD-ROM Drive
UnknownSoldier writes "Ever wondered how fast CD-ROM drives can spin their CDs before the CD will self destruct due to centrifugal force? This person was too, and has his results. (So much for those 100x drives)."
... shitty a bar and venue barkley's is.
down with fuckley's.
skrew downtown Mt. Pearl
What I want to know is, what is the maximum speed of Hemo's jaw dropping when I whip out my pecker?
Rob M.
Who would want a 100x drive? I think I've sustained permenant hearing loss from the whine of my 32x drive.
The best way to accelerate a windows box is at 9.8 meters per second square.
Will the next computer snake oilish product be 'cd glue' to prevent you cds from falling apart, citing this paper? :)
SSL Certificate
Wtf is centrifugal force?
...link dead.
Seriously, is this guy hosting the site on his 14.4? =P
your website will last when you submit it to slashdot? NOT LONG, so how about taking the time to set up a couple of mirrors and at least post them in a comment.
Only two comments and it's already Slashdotted...sad...
This is not the first post, but it is closer to being the first post than it is to being the last.
The google cache for this page is here
you could spin *both* the disc and the reading head (in opposite directions).
-----
Score 3? For what? Being wrong, at length? - smirkleton
...with more lasers.
~shiny
WILL HACK FOR $$$
Cat got your tongue? (something important seems to be missing from your comment ... like the body or the subject!)
Art, or?
Epsilon Omega City, 2025 AD. Photographer: Jörgen Städje
32x, 56x, 64x...
CD-ROM Readers are Getting Faster
Contents
Introduction
Background
CAV is for Whimps
CLV is for the Tough Boys
Experimental Set-Up
Test Run
G Forces in the Disc
Kevlar Reinforced CD-Record
Results
Suggestions for Methods of Achieving Higher Data Transfer Rates
Multiple Tracks
Multiple Reading Heads
Kevlar Lamination
Caching
Safety Recommendations
Summary
Appendices
Appendix A. Table of Results
Appendix B. Charts
___Chart 1. Rotational Speed of Destruction (wd)
___Chart 2. Peripheral Speed at Rotational Speed of Destruction (vp)
___Chart 3. Peripheral Speed as a Percentage of the Speed of Sound (vp%c)
___Chart 4. Power Dissipation of the Record at 24000 rpm (P24000)
Appendix C. Glossary
Introduction
But where's the limit? Manufacturers try to outspin each other all the time by selling CD-ROM drives with higher and higher spin ratios. Spin ratios of 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, 56x and 64x come in a never ending stream. The CD is forced to rotate faster and faster. At what speed will a CD blow up, and can you do something to prevent it from exploding?
I decided to investigate all facts of the case:
* How high speeds can various types of CD's take (for example CD-ROM's and CD-R's)?
* Can one do something to make them stand even greater speeds?
* What is the result when the limit is exceeded?
* Are there other possible measures to increase the data transfer rate further?
The case was scientifically investigated at the electronics labs of Atlas Copco AB in Tyresö, outside Stockholm. We used a motor capable of 30,000 revolutions per minute, and a specially machined hub to keep the CD record as vibration-free as possible.
Background
The Audio CD Standard was set sometime back in the 70's. Then, it was decided that the record should rotate with different speeds, depending on where on the record the data was read, to get a constant data transfer rate. The method is named CLV (Constant Linear Velocity), or constant transfer rate. The transfer rate of an audio CD is a mere 176 kB/s, and to reach this rate the record only has to spin with 530 rpm when reading the innermost track, and 200 rpm for the outer track.
CAV is for Whimps
To be able to publish ever increasing spin ratios, many manufacturers have resorted to CAV (Constant Angular Velocity), a method whereby the record is not rotated faster when reading inner tracks. Thus they can specify impressive spin ratios for outer tracks and sell more, but in reality the spin ratio for the inner tracks is only 37.7% of this value.
CLV is for the Tough Boys
A 64x drive using CLV would have to rotate the disc with 33,920 rpm when reading an inner track, exposing the hub of the disk to a tangential force of some 45 N/mm2. A point on the periphery of the disc will be moving with 213 metres per second, slightly more than half the speed of sound. Can the disc take that?
The answer is no. A powerful no.
At about 52x, i.e. 27,500 rpm, most manufacturer's CDs blew up in a rain of plastic particles, leaving their marks on the premises. The result was a pile of shimmering plastic chips.
Experimental Set-Up
The CD-ROM which was to be strength tested was mounted inside damage-resistant testing equipment in a soundproofed room, complete with a shatterproof observation window.
Test EquipmentThe device under test A, was mounted to the hub B with a stud and a number of centering and holding washers in plastic material. The hub B was machined into the shaft of motor C, a three-phase motor for industrial washing machines. D was a sensor, sensing rotational speed and E1 and E2 the lower and upper shrapnel protectors, respectively, manufactured from 1.0 mm aluminium. F was the heavily armoured wall of the testing chamber, provided with a shatterproof observation window made of an amorphous silicon compound.
Electronic Equipment UsedAs you may see, the electronic equipment is extensive and very advanced. To the far left is a digital-analogue three-phase generator (a drive) able to deliver 10 Amps and 600 Volts with controllable frequency up to 1000 Hz, to run the connected motor up to 30,000 rpm. The drive is controlled by a portable PC, an advanced model when it was bought in 1985, today specially adapted as control terminal for our explosive experiments. Behind this you may see, carefully arranged, lots of other advanced equipment, such as an advanced roll of tape, a high tech plastic container, some superconducting cables and to the far right, an advanced roll of soldering tin (red).
Ye Olde WizardeThe technician Thord Nilson (Ye Olde Wizarde), under maximum spiritual concentration and greatest possible silence, conducts manual balancing of one device under test. The tool in his hand, a Borkhardt SMS4579-A is used for tightening the fastening attachment in the centre of the hub (B in the picture above). The equipment in the background, the green cylinder, is a secret part of Atlas Copco's research work, a so called Spluriser. Because of this, you should forget it immediately.
Test Run
The test was conducted in such a manner that the DUT (Device Under Test) was mounted as vibration-free as possible in the test equipment, the personnel left the room, the room was hermetically sealed, protective clothing was donned, and we took up a safe position at the observation window.
The rotational speed was slowly increased from zero (ramping) towards 30,000 rpm and the operational parameters were recorded at the point of breaking.
The disc manufacturer, speed at destruction, power loss, temperature etc., were carefully recorded and became the basis of the "Table of Result", in Appendix A.
This was repeated for all eleven DUTs. It is worth noting that we increased the speed manually in the beginning, but later changed and let the explosion-control electronics increase the speed (direct ramping). The latter resulted in a somewhat increased durability of the DUT, usually a few thousand rpms.
Also note that the whining of the motor, the vibrations in the walls and the roaring of the CD-ROM disc, not unlike the sound of a crashing jet aeroplane, was impressive, and of course drew great interest from the staff at neighbouring laboratories.
When the disc fractured, there was a sharp bang and the test chamber was filled with shimmering, glittering shrapnel, and our grins were big. We hurried in and mounted the next disc, to be able to shoot again as fast as possible.
G Forces in the Disc
At 30,000 rpm the periphery of the disc is subjected to over 1500 g, and the hub is subjected to a force of 35 N/mm2 on its inner side. It is this force that will ultimately break up the disc.
Kevlar Reinforced CD Record
Kevlar Reinforcement, frontKevlar Reinforcement, side viewIn our efforts of reaching ever increasing speeds, we tried to reinforce a disc with Kevlar wires. The wire was wound across the disc, as seen in the first picture. As Kevlar needs some pre-tensioning, the disc shows some warping when resting, as seen in the second picture. The warping disappears at increased speeds, though.
Kevlar is the strongest material in existence, many times stronger than unhardened steel and sewing thread. The wire we used, had an ultimate tensile strength of 80 N. As the wire was wound 5 times around the same point on the disc periphery, the wire bundle had a total ultimate tensile strength of 400 N (enough to hang a bicycle in).
It turned out our motor didn't have enough power to spin up the disc enough to explode it in one try, because the Kevlar wires consumed several hundred watts of motor power for aerobreaking.
Kevlar Reinforcement, resultAfter an extended period of time (about 20 seconds) at close to 28,000 rpm, the disc blew up with a loud bang anyway, with the wires remaining on the hub, as shown in the picture. It can be clearly seen that the wires remains pointing radially from the hub. The Kevlar wires had been stretched radially and performed as intended. What made the disc explode, was the creepage of the plastic material, i.e. its stretching over time, subjected to the high g forces.
Results
The result surpassed our wildest hopes, sorry: the result was scientifically convincing. The premises and the test equipment also became slightly modified during the testing.
Shrapnel Protector, damage doneThe CD fragments left the disc at such high ejection speed that they deformed the shrapnel protectors, made out of 1.0 mm aluminium. The protectors were dented, torn up, and knocked off their fastening bolts.
Shrapnel Protector, detail of damage doneOne fragment has hit the protector with such force, that the metal has been torn up in an 8 mm rift. It is not probable that the fragment passed through the crack.
Rift in the roofAt a pre-test, performed without shrapnel protection, long rifts were torn in the ceiling, as shown in the picture. The speed sensor also had its surface coating ripped off.
Chips, chips, chips...Decontamination of the premises was time consuming, and yet it was not possible to recover all the shrapnel. We did remove so much, that there is no longer any great risk of damage to the environment or the climate. The picture shows the nice collection of plastic pieces remaining after the tests.
Chips, chips, woweeA close-up of the shrapnel, showing its enormous diversity, and its interesting colour characteristics. The self-tapping screw visible in the middle left, BZX4x12, galvanised steel, is not attributable to our experiment, but has to be ascribed to the extremely carefully, close to exaggeration, carried out decontamination process.
Close-up of shrapnelThis final picture, shows the fragments in detail. You may study the breakage surfaces and the individual chips. It should be noted that we still haven't finished the scanning electron microscopic studies, so probably all details haven't been revealed yet. At the bottom right, the text "Corel Corporation" is visible.
Suggestions for Methods of Achieving Higher Data Transfer Rates
It is obvious the CD-ROM's are too brittle for rotational speeds over 23,000 rpm. As the speed is such a limiting factor for increasing the data transfer rate from CD-ROM records, other resolutions must be sought. Either the method of readout, or the medium should be changed.
Multiple Tracks
As most files take up more than one track on the record, it would be desirable to try to read more than one track at a time. Suppose you exchange today's reading phototransistor for a CCD array and read, for example 100 tracks at a time. This would increase the transfer speed 100 times, without the need for increasing rotational speed.
Multiple Reading Heads
For multi-user applications it would be feasible to use three or four reading heads together on the same CD record. This would need mounting four reading mechanisms at 90 degrees angle to each other in the same drive. If the same user was using all the four heads, intelligent caching could be used for increasing the transfer rate. Otherwise, four users would be able to read at four different places on the disc at the same time, with the four users experiencing increased reading speed, compared to the case of using one reading head and time-shared access.
Kevlar Lamination
Lamination with Kevlar fabric is an obvious solution. Not only does this render the disc capable of standing 20,000 rpm, but as the Kevlar fabric will have to be sandwiched between two CD records, preferably glued label-to-label, the record will be double-sided, thus having double the storage capacity of today's records, about 1.3 GB. Because it is possible to read both sides at the same time, readout speed is again doubled. The motor power required, some 300 watts, would impose a rather heavy loading on the computer's power supply, though.
Caching
It would be possible to build a hard disk into the CD-ROM drive. When a record is inserted into the drive, it will automatically start to read information onto the hard disk. All user accesses will go to the hard disk and all the advantages of the hard disk will be available, such as access times of less than 10 ms, and latency times in the order of 3-4 ms. Hard disks with the capacity to store an entire CD-ROM, today cost no more than a standard quality CD-ROM drive, so a cached CD-ROM drive would command a price of no more than 1.7-1.8 times the price of an un-cached one. This is no great hindrance for the ordinary consumer.
Safety Recommendations
The committee wishes, after finishing its work, to suggest the following safety precautions.
1. Safe distance to a CD-ROM drive with spin ratio 64x CLV should be no less than 5 metres (15 ft.).
2. All work with CD-ROM units should require safety goggles and protective clothing be worn.
3. CD-ROM drives of the 64x CLV class and higher, should be provided with shrapnel protection of no less than 3 mm aluminium or 1 mm steel.
4. To avoid operator inhalation of CD-ROM particles, CD-ROM drives should be provided with a dust suction fan with suitable filter, or have the fan duct connected directly to the outside air.
5. In addition to the laser light warning label, CD drives should be affixed with another label warning against the hazard of shrapnel, such as the one below:
Varning Sign
Summary
CD-ROM drives with spin factors higher than 64x are impossible to build, as most records reach their ultimate strength limit at this speed. Instead, other solutions have to be sought, such as using several read heads, reading several tracks at at a time, or the like.
The general recommendation is that you never stand close to a 64x drive, if it isn't mounted in an explosion proof enclosure. You could have your stomach perforated.
Appendices
Appendix A. Table of Results
No.
Type
wd
vp
vp%c
P24000
Notes
1
CD-R, Maxell
27000
170
49.87
86
Type CD-R74XL
2
CD-ROM, CorelDRAW 6
24000
151
44.33
86
3
CD-ROM, CorelDRAW 6
23000
144
42.48
86
Heavily maltreated with a blunt object
4
CD-ROM, CorelDRAW 8
25020
157
46.21
86
5
CD-R, Maxell
25020
157
46.21
86
Type CD-R74XL
6
CD-ROM, Ventura 7
26200
165
48.39
86
From this record on, direct ramping was employed
7
CD-ROM, WP Suite 8
27400
172
50.61
86
Lots of printing on
8
CD-ROM, CorelDRAW 6
27900
175
51.53
330
Kevlar reinforced. Blew up after long time
9
CD-ROM, Ventura 7
27900
175
51.53
86
10
CD-ROM, CorelDRAW 6
27900
175
51.53
86
11
CD-ROM, WP Suite 8
28600
180
52.83
86
Lots of printing on
wd: Rotational Speed of Destruction (rpm)
vp: Peripheral Speed at Rotational Speed of Destruction (m/s)
vp%c: Peripheral Speed as a Percentage of the Speed of Sound (% of 340 m/s)
P24000: Power consumption of the record at 24,000 rpm (W)
Comment: It is obvious that a higher wd can be achieved by direct ramping of the speed than manual ramping, as the manual ramping takes longer time. The creepage of the plastic material plays a major part in how long it takes before the disc explodes.
Appendix B. Charts
Chart 1. Rotational Speed of Destruction (wd)
Rotational Speed of Destruction
Comments: The Kevlar reinforced record, no. 8., would have reached 30,000 rpm, but our motor didn't make it. Disc no. 3 was impact tested with a heavy tool, which is why it cracked so early.
Chart 2. Peripheral Speed at Rotational Speed of Destruction (vp)
Peripheral Speed at Rotational Speed of Destruction
Comment: None of the discs reached more than 180 m/s, but on the other hand that's about 650 km/h, the cruising speed of a jet airliner.
Chart 3. Peripheral Speed as a Percentage of the Speed of Sound (vp%c)
Peripheral Speed as a Percentage of the Speed of Sound
Comment: With our 180 m/s maximum, we were far from the sound barrier. The speed of sound is 340 m/s. Hence, a CD-ROM cannot make sonic booms, at least not rotation-wise.
Chart 4. Power Dissipation of the Record at 24,000 rpm (P24000)
Power Dissipation of the Record at 24,000 rpm
Comment: At these speeds a CD-ROM takes about 80-90 W. It does heat up a lot. The Kevlar reinforced record, no. 8, used a lot more power because of the aerobreaking effect of all the Kevlar wires. But it looked much groovier.
Appendix C. Glossary
CLV: Constant Linear Velocity, or constant data transfer speed, meaning that the record is always rotated with such a speed that the readout speed is constant, irrespective of which track is read.
CAV: Constant Angular Velocity, meaning that the record is rotated at constant speed, making the readout speed higher on an outer track than on an inner track. Something to be avoided.
Spin factor: Typeless constant indicating the number of times the CD drive in question rotates faster than an audio CD. Designation: x. An audio player is 1x, meaning 530 rpm when reading an inner track, and 200 rpm reading an outer track. CLV is employed.
Till startsidan
Here's the google cache. http://216.239.51.100/search?q=cache:2cjidJqW-tIC
EEEE!
I've heard about spinning discs of metal in experiments exploding, hurling bricks through floors and walls...... I suppose there's not much else to say, except, remember to burn cds in only at 50x, or else you might damage your motherboard...
Disclaimer:The "Human" attached to this account is unresponsible for anything unless it wants responsibility.
One comment and already slashdotted, at 1:11 am EST, albeit this isn't the West Coast, maybe you could mirror a site like google?
-fbp-
If what you are reading sounds funny, or sarcastic, lame, or stupid
it is because it is supposed to be. just laugh
- 6 replies here and the site already is slashdotted.
Anyway, I think you can make cd drives that spin 4000x if you want, because it might be possible to put the cd in braces to hold it together, and/or to rotate the laser instead. Or how about using multiple lasers?
It's just like silicon transistors: There's always somebody saying there is a final physical limit we'll reach within the five years...
Often, we(they)'ll find a way around the limitation.
--- Hindsight is 20/20, but walking backwards is not the answer.
Introduction
But where's the limit? Manufacturers try to outspin each other all the time by selling CD-ROM drives with higher and higher spin ratios. Spin ratios of 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, 56x and 64x come in a never ending stream. The CD is forced to rotate faster and faster. At what speed will a CD blow up, and can you do something to prevent it from exploding?
I decided to investigate all facts of the case:
How high speeds can various types of CD's take (for example CD-ROM's and CD-R's)?
Can one do something to make them stand even greater speeds?
What is the result when the limit is exceeded?
Are there other possible measures to increase the data transfer rate further?
The case was scientifically investigated at the electronics labs of Atlas Copco AB in Tyresö, outside Stockholm. We used a motor capable of 30,000 revolutions per minute, and a specially machined hub to keep the CD record as vibration-free as possible.
Background
The Audio CD Standard was set sometime back in the 70's. Then, it was decided that the record should rotate with different speeds, depending on where on the record the data was read, to get a constant data transfer rate. The method is named CLV (Constant Linear Velocity), or constant transfer rate. The transfer rate of an audio CD is a mere 176 kB/s, and to reach this rate the record only has to spin with 530 rpm when reading the innermost track, and 200 rpm for the outer track.
CAV is for Whimps
To be able to publish ever increasing spin ratios, many manufacturers have resorted to CAV (Constant Angular Velocity), a method whereby the record is not rotated faster when reading inner tracks. Thus they can specify impressive spin ratios for outer tracks and sell more, but in reality the spin ratio for the inner tracks is only 37.7% of this value.
CLV is for the Tough Boys
A 64x drive using CLV would have to rotate the disc with 33,920 rpm when reading an inner track, exposing the hub of the disk to a tangential force of some 45 N/mm2. A point on the periphery of the disc will be moving with 213 metres per second, slightly more than half the speed of sound. Can the disc take that?
The answer is no. A powerful no.
At about 52x, i.e. 27,500 rpm, most manufacturer's CDs blew up in a rain of plastic particles, leaving their marks on the premises. The result was a pile of shimmering plastic chips.
Experimental Set-Up
The CD-ROM which was to be strength tested was mounted inside damage-resistant testing equipment in a soundproofed room, complete with a shatterproof observation window.
The device under test A, was mounted to the hub B with a stud and a number of centering and holding washers in plastic material. The hub B was machined into the shaft of motor C, a three-phase motor for industrial washing machines. D was a sensor, sensing rotational speed and E1 and E2 the lower and upper shrapnel protectors, respectively, manufactured from 1.0 mm aluminium. F was the heavily armoured wall of the testing chamber, provided with a shatterproof observation window made of an amorphous silicon compound.
As you may see, the electronic equipment is extensive and very advanced. To the far left is a digital-analogue three-phase generator (a drive) able to deliver 10 Amps and 600 Volts with controllable frequency up to 1000 Hz, to run the connected motor up to 30,000 rpm. The drive is controlled by a portable PC, an advanced model when it was bought in 1985, today specially adapted as control terminal for our explosive experiments. Behind this you may see, carefully arranged, lots of other advanced equipment, such as an advanced roll of tape, a high tech plastic container, some superconducting cables and to the far right, an advanced roll of soldering tin (red).
The technician Thord Nilson (Ye Olde Wizarde), under maximum spiritual concentration and greatest possible silence, conducts manual balancing of one device under test. The tool in his hand, a Borkhardt SMS4579-A is used for tightening the fastening attachment in the centre of the hub (B in the picture above). The equipment in the background, the green cylinder, is a secret part of Atlas Copco's research work, a so called Spluriser. Because of this, you should forget it immediately.
Test Run
The test was conducted in such a manner that the DUT (Device Under Test) was mounted as vibration-free as possible in the test equipment, the personnel left the room, the room was hermetically sealed, protective clothing was donned, and we took up a safe position at the observation window.
The rotational speed was slowly increased from zero (ramping) towards 30,000 rpm and the operational parameters were recorded at the point of breaking.
The disc manufacturer, speed at destruction, power loss, temperature etc., were carefully recorded and became the basis of the "Table of Result", in Appendix A.
This was repeated for all eleven DUTs. It is worth noting that we increased the speed manually in the beginning, but later changed and let the explosion-control electronics increase the speed (direct ramping). The latter resulted in a somewhat increased durability of the DUT, usually a few thousand rpms.
Also note that the whining of the motor, the vibrations in the walls and the roaring of the CD-ROM disc, not unlike the sound of a crashing jet aeroplane, was impressive, and of course drew great interest from the staff at neighbouring laboratories.
When the disc fractured, there was a sharp bang and the test chamber was filled with shimmering, glittering shrapnel, and our grins were big. We hurried in and mounted the next disc, to be able to shoot again as fast as possible.
G Forces in the Disc
At 30,000 rpm the periphery of the disc is subjected to over 1500 g, and the hub is subjected to a force of 35 N/mm2 on its inner side. It is this force that will ultimately break up the disc.
Kevlar Reinforced CD Record
In our efforts of reaching ever increasing speeds, we tried to reinforce a disc with Kevlar wires. The wire was wound across the disc, as seen in the first picture. As Kevlar needs some pre-tensioning, the disc shows some warping when resting, as seen in the second picture. The warping disappears at increased speeds, though.
Kevlar is the strongest material in existence, many times stronger than unhardened steel and sewing thread. The wire we used, had an ultimate tensile strength of 80 N. As the wire was wound 5 times around the same point on the disc periphery, the wire bundle had a total ultimate tensile strength of 400 N (enough to hang a bicycle in).
It turned out our motor didn't have enough power to spin up the disc enough to explode it in one try, because the Kevlar wires consumed several hundred watts of motor power for aerobreaking.
After an extended period of time (about 20 seconds) at close to 28,000 rpm, the disc blew up with a loud bang anyway, with the wires remaining on the hub, as shown in the picture. It can be clearly seen that the wires remains pointing radially from the hub. The Kevlar wires had been stretched radially and performed as intended. What made the disc explode, was the creepage of the plastic material, i.e. its stretching over time, subjected to the high g forces.
Results
The result surpassed our wildest hopes, sorry: the result was scientifically convincing. The premises and the test equipment also became slightly modified during the testing.
The CD fragments left the disc at such high ejection speed that they deformed the shrapnel protectors, made out of 1.0 mm aluminium. The protectors were dented, torn up, and knocked off their fastening bolts.
One fragment has hit the protector with such force, that the metal has been torn up in an 8 mm rift. It is not probable that the fragment passed through the crack.
At a pre-test, performed without shrapnel protection, long rifts were torn in the ceiling, as shown in the picture. The speed sensor also had its surface coating ripped off.
Decontamination of the premises was time consuming, and yet it was not possible to recover all the shrapnel. We did remove so much, that there is no longer any great risk of damage to the environment or the climate. The picture shows the nice collection of plastic pieces remaining after the tests.
A close-up of the shrapnel, showing its enormous diversity, and its interesting colour characteristics. The self-tapping screw visible in the middle left, BZX4x12, galvanised steel, is not attributable to our experiment, but has to be ascribed to the extremely carefully, close to exaggeration, carried out decontamination process.
This final picture, shows the fragments in detail. You may study the breakage surfaces and the individual chips. It should be noted that we still haven't finished the scanning electron microscopic studies, so probably all details haven't been revealed yet. At the bottom right, the text "Corel Corporation" is visible.
Suggestions for Methods of Achieving Higher Data Transfer Rates
It is obvious the CD-ROM's are too brittle for rotational speeds over 23,000 rpm. As the speed is such a limiting factor for increasing the data transfer rate from CD-ROM records, other resolutions must be sought. Either the method of readout, or the medium should be changed.
Multiple Tracks
As most files take up more than one track on the record, it would be desirable to try to read more than one track at a time. Suppose you exchange today's reading phototransistor for a CCD array and read, for example 100 tracks at a time. This would increase the transfer speed 100 times, without the need for increasing rotational speed.
Multiple Reading Heads
For multi-user applications it would be feasible to use three or four reading heads together on the same CD record. This would need mounting four reading mechanisms at 90 degrees angle to each other in the same drive. If the same user was using all the four heads, intelligent caching could be used for increasing the transfer rate. Otherwise, four users would be able to read at four different places on the disc at the same time, with the four users experiencing increased reading speed, compared to the case of using one reading head and time-shared access.
Kevlar Lamination
Lamination with Kevlar fabric is an obvious solution. Not only does this render the disc capable of standing 20,000 rpm, but as the Kevlar fabric will have to be sandwiched between two CD records, preferably glued label-to-label, the record will be double-sided, thus having double the storage capacity of today's records, about 1.3 GB. Because it is possible to read both sides at the same time, readout speed is again doubled. The motor power required, some 300 watts, would impose a rather heavy loading on the computer's power supply, though.
Caching
It would be possible to build a hard disk into the CD-ROM drive. When a record is inserted into the drive, it will automatically start to read information onto the hard disk. All user accesses will go to the hard disk and all the advantages of the hard disk will be available, such as access times of less than 10 ms, and latency times in the order of 3-4 ms. Hard disks with the capacity to store an entire CD-ROM, today cost no more than a standard quality CD-ROM drive, so a cached CD-ROM drive would command a price of no more than 1.7-1.8 times the price of an un-cached one. This is no great hindrance for the ordinary consumer.
Safety Recommendations
The committee wishes, after finishing its work, to suggest the following safety precautions.
1. Safe distance to a CD-ROM drive with spin ratio 64x CLV should be no less than 5 metres (15 ft.). 2. All work with CD-ROM units should require safety goggles and protective clothing be worn. 3. CD-ROM drives of the 64x CLV class and higher, should be provided with shrapnel protection of no less than 3 mm aluminium or 1 mm steel. 4. To avoid operator inhalation of CD-ROM particles, CD-ROM drives should be provided with a dust suction fan with suitable filter, or have the fan duct connected directly to the outside air.
5. In addition to the laser light warning label, CD drives should be affixed with another label warning against the hazard of shrapnel, such as the one below:
Summary
CD-ROM drives with spin factors higher than 64x are impossible to build, as most records reach their ultimate strength limit at this speed. Instead, other solutions have to be sought, such as using several read heads, reading several tracks at at a time, or the like.
The general recommendation is that you never stand close to a 64x drive, if it isn't mounted in an explosion proof enclosure. You could have your stomach perforated.
CmdrTaco is a smelly goatfucker!
centrifugal force is the the result of matter (the cd) wanting to travel in a straight line while in motion, rather than continue on it's circular path (changing it's direction continuously). As the CD spins faster and faster, the material of the CD wanting to travel toward a path perpendicular to the inward path the rotational motion prescibes exerts enough force to pull the CD apart.
Contrary to popular belief, plastic doesn't last forever.
And since CD is made up of two layers of clear plastic, sandwitching a thin wafer of metal media inside, the more the CD is aged, the weaker the plastics of the CD become.
And so, the maximum spinning speed for a CD depends on how old the CD is.
I do have some pretty old CDs from the early 80's, and I will NOT put them in my 52X CDROM drive. Unless of course, I want to scrap bits and pieces out of my machine.
Muchas Gracias, Señor Edward Snowden !
It doesnt get any worse than this.
Isnt there some new sourceforge project destined for obscurity that we should be learning about??
It's generally bad to put lots of words in a link and you should rather only link one or two words, OK?
The graphics are worth seeing, especially the kevlar reinforced disc
Introduction
But where's the limit? Manufacturers try to outspin each other all the time by selling CD-ROM drives with higher and higher spin ratios. Spin ratios of 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, 56x and 64x come in a never ending stream. The CD is forced to rotate faster and faster. At what speed will a CD blow up, and can you do something to prevent it from exploding?
I decided to investigate all facts of the case:
* How high speeds can various types of CD's take (for example CD-ROM's and CD-R's)?
* Can one do something to make them stand even greater speeds?
* What is the result when the limit is exceeded?
* Are there other possible measures to increase the data transfer rate further?
The case was scientifically investigated at the electronics labs of Atlas Copco AB in Tyresö, outside Stockholm. We used a motor capable of 30,000 revolutions per minute, and a specially machined hub to keep the CD record as vibration-free as possible.
Background
The Audio CD Standard was set sometime back in the 70's. Then, it was decided that the record should rotate with different speeds, depending on where on the record the data was read, to get a constant data transfer rate. The method is named CLV (Constant Linear Velocity), or constant transfer rate. The transfer rate of an audio CD is a mere 176 kB/s, and to reach this rate the record only has to spin with 530 rpm when reading the innermost track, and 200 rpm for the outer track.
CAV is for Whimps
To be able to publish ever increasing spin ratios, many manufacturers have resorted to CAV (Constant Angular Velocity), a method whereby the record is not rotated faster when reading inner tracks. Thus they can specify impressive spin ratios for outer tracks and sell more, but in reality the spin ratio for the inner tracks is only 37.7% of this value.
CLV is for the Tough Boys
A 64x drive using CLV would have to rotate the disc with 33,920 rpm when reading an inner track, exposing the hub of the disk to a tangential force of some 45 N/mm2. A point on the periphery of the disc will be moving with 213 metres per second, slightly more than half the speed of sound. Can the disc take that?
The answer is no. A powerful no.
At about 52x, i.e. 27,500 rpm, most manufacturer's CDs blew up in a rain of plastic particles, leaving their marks on the premises. The result was a pile of shimmering plastic chips.
Experimental Set-Up
The CD-ROM which was to be strength tested was mounted inside damage-resistant testing equipment in a soundproofed room, complete with a shatterproof observation window.
Test EquipmentThe device under test A, was mounted to the hub B with a stud and a number of centering and holding washers in plastic material. The hub B was machined into the shaft of motor C, a three-phase motor for industrial washing machines. D was a sensor, sensing rotational speed and E1 and E2 the lower and upper shrapnel protectors, respectively, manufactured from 1.0 mm aluminium. F was the heavily armoured wall of the testing chamber, provided with a shatterproof observation window made of an amorphous silicon compound.
Electronic Equipment UsedAs you may see, the electronic equipment is extensive and very advanced. To the far left is a digital-analogue three-phase generator (a drive) able to deliver 10 Amps and 600 Volts with controllable frequency up to 1000 Hz, to run the connected motor up to 30,000 rpm. The drive is controlled by a portable PC, an advanced model when it was bought in 1985, today specially adapted as control terminal for our explosive experiments. Behind this you may see, carefully arranged, lots of other advanced equipment, such as an advanced roll of tape, a high tech plastic container, some superconducting cables and to the far right, an advanced roll of soldering tin (red).
Ye Olde WizardeThe technician Thord Nilson (Ye Olde Wizarde), under maximum spiritual concentration and greatest possible silence, conducts manual balancing of one device under test. The tool in his hand, a Borkhardt SMS4579-A is used for tightening the fastening attachment in the centre of the hub (B in the picture above). The equipment in the background, the green cylinder, is a secret part of Atlas Copco's research work, a so called Spluriser. Because of this, you should forget it immediately.
Test Run
The test was conducted in such a manner that the DUT (Device Under Test) was mounted as vibration-free as possible in the test equipment, the personnel left the room, the room was hermetically sealed, protective clothing was donned, and we took up a safe position at the observation window.
The rotational speed was slowly increased from zero (ramping) towards 30,000 rpm and the operational parameters were recorded at the point of breaking.
The disc manufacturer, speed at destruction, power loss, temperature etc., were carefully recorded and became the basis of the "Table of Result", in Appendix A.
This was repeated for all eleven DUTs. It is worth noting that we increased the speed manually in the beginning, but later changed and let the explosion-control electronics increase the speed (direct ramping). The latter resulted in a somewhat increased durability of the DUT, usually a few thousand rpms.
Also note that the whining of the motor, the vibrations in the walls and the roaring of the CD-ROM disc, not unlike the sound of a crashing jet aeroplane, was impressive, and of course drew great interest from the staff at neighbouring laboratories.
When the disc fractured, there was a sharp bang and the test chamber was filled with shimmering, glittering shrapnel, and our grins were big. We hurried in and mounted the next disc, to be able to shoot again as fast as possible.
G Forces in the Disc
At 30,000 rpm the periphery of the disc is subjected to over 1500 g, and the hub is subjected to a force of 35 N/mm2 on its inner side. It is this force that will ultimately break up the disc.
Kevlar Reinforced CD Record
Kevlar Reinforcement, frontKevlar Reinforcement, side viewIn our efforts of reaching ever increasing speeds, we tried to reinforce a disc with Kevlar wires. The wire was wound across the disc, as seen in the first picture. As Kevlar needs some pre-tensioning, the disc shows some warping when resting, as seen in the second picture. The warping disappears at increased speeds, though.
Kevlar is the strongest material in existence, many times stronger than unhardened steel and sewing thread. The wire we used, had an ultimate tensile strength of 80 N. As the wire was wound 5 times around the same point on the disc periphery, the wire bundle had a total ultimate tensile strength of 400 N (enough to hang a bicycle in).
It turned out our motor didn't have enough power to spin up the disc enough to explode it in one try, because the Kevlar wires consumed several hundred watts of motor power for aerobreaking.
Kevlar Reinforcement, resultAfter an extended period of time (about 20 seconds) at close to 28,000 rpm, the disc blew up with a loud bang anyway, with the wires remaining on the hub, as shown in the picture. It can be clearly seen that the wires remains pointing radially from the hub. The Kevlar wires had been stretched radially and performed as intended. What made the disc explode, was the creepage of the plastic material, i.e. its stretching over time, subjected to the high g forces.
Results
The result surpassed our wildest hopes, sorry: the result was scientifically convincing. The premises and the test equipment also became slightly modified during the testing.
Shrapnel Protector, damage doneThe CD fragments left the disc at such high ejection speed that they deformed the shrapnel protectors, made out of 1.0 mm aluminium. The protectors were dented, torn up, and knocked off their fastening bolts.
Shrapnel Protector, detail of damage doneOne fragment has hit the protector with such force, that the metal has been torn up in an 8 mm rift. It is not probable that the fragment passed through the crack.
Rift in the roofAt a pre-test, performed without shrapnel protection, long rifts were torn in the ceiling, as shown in the picture. The speed sensor also had its surface coating ripped off.
Chips, chips, chips...Decontamination of the premises was time consuming, and yet it was not possible to recover all the shrapnel. We did remove so much, that there is no longer any great risk of damage to the environment or the climate. The picture shows the nice collection of plastic pieces remaining after the tests.
Chips, chips, woweeA close-up of the shrapnel, showing its enormous diversity, and its interesting colour characteristics. The self-tapping screw visible in the middle left, BZX4x12, galvanised steel, is not attributable to our experiment, but has to be ascribed to the extremely carefully, close to exaggeration, carried out decontamination process.
Close-up of shrapnelThis final picture, shows the fragments in detail. You may study the breakage surfaces and the individual chips. It should be noted that we still haven't finished the scanning electron microscopic studies, so probably all details haven't been revealed yet. At the bottom right, the text "Corel Corporation" is visible.
Suggestions for Methods of Achieving Higher Data Transfer Rates
It is obvious the CD-ROM's are too brittle for rotational speeds over 23,000 rpm. As the speed is such a limiting factor for increasing the data transfer rate from CD-ROM records, other resolutions must be sought. Either the method of readout, or the medium should be changed.
Multiple Tracks
As most files take up more than one track on the record, it would be desirable to try to read more than one track at a time. Suppose you exchange today's reading phototransistor for a CCD array and read, for example 100 tracks at a time. This would increase the transfer speed 100 times, without the need for increasing rotational speed.
Multiple Reading Heads
For multi-user applications it would be feasible to use three or four reading heads together on the same CD record. This would need mounting four reading mechanisms at 90 degrees angle to each other in the same drive. If the same user was using all the four heads, intelligent caching could be used for increasing the transfer rate. Otherwise, four users would be able to read at four different places on the disc at the same time, with the four users experiencing increased reading speed, compared to the case of using one reading head and time-shared access.
Kevlar Lamination
Lamination with Kevlar fabric is an obvious solution. Not only does this render the disc capable of standing 20,000 rpm, but as the Kevlar fabric will have to be sandwiched between two CD records, preferably glued label-to-label, the record will be double-sided, thus having double the storage capacity of today's records, about 1.3 GB. Because it is possible to read both sides at the same time, readout speed is again doubled. The motor power required, some 300 watts, would impose a rather heavy loading on the computer's power supply, though.
Caching
It would be possible to build a hard disk into the CD-ROM drive. When a record is inserted into the drive, it will automatically start to read information onto the hard disk. All user accesses will go to the hard disk and all the advantages of the hard disk will be available, such as access times of less than 10 ms, and latency times in the order of 3-4 ms. Hard disks with the capacity to store an entire CD-ROM, today cost no more than a standard quality CD-ROM drive, so a cached CD-ROM drive would command a price of no more than 1.7-1.8 times the price of an un-cached one. This is no great hindrance for the ordinary consumer.
Safety Recommendations
The committee wishes, after finishing its work, to suggest the following safety precautions.
1. Safe distance to a CD-ROM drive with spin ratio 64x CLV should be no less than 5 metres (15 ft.).
2. All work with CD-ROM units should require safety goggles and protective clothing be worn.
3. CD-ROM drives of the 64x CLV class and higher, should be provided with shrapnel protection of no less than 3 mm aluminium or 1 mm steel.
4. To avoid operator inhalation of CD-ROM particles, CD-ROM drives should be provided with a dust suction fan with suitable filter, or have the fan duct connected directly to the outside air.
5. In addition to the laser light warning label, CD drives should be affixed with another label warning against the hazard of shrapnel, such as the one below:
Varning Sign
Summary
CD-ROM drives with spin factors higher than 64x are impossible to build, as most records reach their ultimate strength limit at this speed. Instead, other solutions have to be sought, such as using several read heads, reading several tracks at at a time, or the like.
The general recommendation is that you never stand close to a 64x drive, if it isn't mounted in an explosion proof enclosure. You could have your stomach perforated.
If we ever reach speeds high enough to shatter a CD, then we should all take a page of advice from my favorite user:
If there are two slots on a computer, and the CD-ROM disc you have fits perfectly into one of them, then you should cut the sides of the disc. This way, it will fit into the floppy drive!
If you follow this advice, you see, the CD won't even be spun up. And if it's never spun up, then it can never shatter. Problem solved, thanks to this PHB.
qslack.com
Uh, isn't the speed of sound about 300-330 metres per second? Depends what he means by slightly...
That is old technology, trying to mimic an LP and it needs to be changed!
Instead of spinning the disk, just have one laser suspended above the CD with a splitter that alters the direction of the beam, like maybe similar in concept to a cathode ray beam. Have the "read" sensor at the focal point of a parabolic mirror covering the top of the cdrom case and fire the laser at whatever angle it takes to hit position X. The beam will bounce off the pit and either scatter or reflect back up into the mirror striking the focal point, with seek times limited only by the speed of light! Forget 100X, if you did it this way you'd be looking at 100,000,000x speeds from CDs that don't even move an inch!
"Your superior intellect is no match for our puny weapons!"
Here is the mirror
Google Cache - Pics don't load up but at least we can read about it. :)
Watch out for shrapnel from the motor! I'd be more worried about chunks of steel flying than the CD.
Putting moderation advice in your
It's too bad the site is /.'ed, because I wanted to see if this lab had any job openings ...
I want to see EXPLOSIONS! We need a SlashCache!!!
I realize there are technical hurdles with this idea, but I think they are possible to overcome: use varying luminosity bits.
Right now what they use is On-Reflective Off-Non Reflective. If the laser was able to detect that some of the bits were at 50% reflectivity, then you'd have 2 bits of data for every bit of reflectivity on the surface.
If one were to get fancier, they could use multi-colored bits. Using 2 lasers instead of one, then one laser would read a different value than the other depending on how the surface reacted to the light. They may already be doing that today with DVD's, I'm not really sure. It's been a while since I read up on it.
I guess the real point to what I'm saying is that increasing the density of the data and the spin of the disk aren't the only two options.
"Derp de derp."
What if 100x drives didn't spin the CD, but instead spun the reader?
This one has no broken images.
And I quote...
The motor power required, some 300 watts, would impose a rather heavy loading on the computer's power supply, though.
I don't think I'd be comfortable with something spinning that quickly in my machine. If I tapped it accidentally, would it rip through the plastic and come flying out of my computer? Perhaps maiming bystanders? Hmmm...
The answer is not to spin the disks faster, but rather to read more of the disk in one shot. But that would increase the cost incrementally with each reading device added.
Generally, people use CDs as a one-shot deal, install to hard disk once and then never use the CD again. Though people would like to read from their CDs faster they don't want to pay 4-10 times as much for a CD Player with the mechanics to read multiple sectors at once.
Sweat
It breaks my pluginses, my precious!
What's the point? CD's are fast enough. I could get by with a 2X CD ROM, all I have to do is wait longer for the data!
Okay, sorry about that. I just wanted to do the obligatory "There's no practical value with this information" post so that I could get a +1 Informative.
"Derp de derp."
You can revolve the laser(s) too can't you? Better yet, why not the disk AND the laser in opposite directions? If the laser moves at the same reate as the disk (not an easy problem to solve, I bet), you will double the "maximum speed"
i think maybe this guy was doing experiments on how to make a spinfusor (tribes 2) rather than checking out the limitations of cds.
I got to thinking about the problems associated with mechanical drives, and it occured to me that there may be an alternative method that has no moving parts. Ever read about how your monitor works?
The way I understand it, a burst of energy (Proton?) is fired from a gun and electro-magentically guided to hit a phosphor on the screen, causing it to light up. The electro-magentic fields are timed to cause the energy to scan across the screen so fast your brain can't see the flicker.
Imagine if somebody invented a card that worked like that. It'd look like a credit card with a grid like surface on it. You side it in to a reader, and it uses a similar technique to set bits on the surface of the card. Then another beam is used to read data back off of it.
If this is possible, the advantage to it is that there are no moving parts, so it could easily last for years. If it's a read only medium like CD, then it is *not* succeptable to scratches or wear and tear.
Whatcha think, sirs?
"Derp de derp."
Good on ya guys, slashdotted already!!!
Considering the majority of the crowd in here are in Europe or America, its 11:38pm Friday 7:38am Saturday.
which leads me to my question, WTF are you guys doing at home on a friday night?!?!?!?!?!?!
Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know when your gonna get food poisoning.
Breakfast Burritos
Serves 4
8 eggs or equivalent
8 tortillas
1/2 cup shredded cheese or soy cheese
1/2 pound soy sausage
1/2 cup mushrooms sauteed (optional)
Cook sausage. Combine eggs into sausage and cook until soft. Sprinkle in cheese. Place portion onto tortilla, fold once, fold each end and roll. Serve with salsa or picante sauce. May also use sauteed green peppers or other vegetables instead of sausage.
i would like to use such a drive to perform medical experiments
who gives a shit, losers? michael suckles on Rob Malda's withered penis.
http://www.pctechguide.com/08cdrom2.htm
or
http://www.kenwoodtech.com/72x_atapi.html
-Eric
Then how do they achieve those 52x drives... isn't it dangerous close to that level? (not to mention making a hell of a lot of noise -- linear velocity is on the order of 600 km/h!) Or do they use other tricks (multiple laser heads perhaps, or just very aggressive read-ahead caching?)
There's 10 types of people in this world, those who understand binary and those who don't.
Ever wondered how fast CD-ROM drives can spin their CDs before the CD will self destruct due to centrifugal force?
I can honestly say, no, I haven't.
Once upon a time a client of mine bought a then-SOTA Toshiba CDROM (I think it was a 32x). When it first fired up, the noise was so loud it didn't register as coming from the computer -- I kid you not, we all ran to the window to see what the neighbour was blowing up on his backyard hotrod. Needless to say, that one went back to the store.
Conversely, I have a 50x Acer that is almost silent -- it's not as loud as the case fans (which aren't too bad in that machine).
I'd made a guess a while back that 50x was probably nearing the practical limit for a CDROM drive of current technology, and seems I wasn't too far off.
~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
A few years ago, while browsing around the library downtown, I
had to take a piss. As I entered the john a big beautiful
all-American football hero type, about twenty-five, came out of one
of the booths. I stood at the urinal looking at him out of the
corner of my eye as he washed his hands. He didn't once look at me.
He was "straight" and married -- and in any case I was sure I
wouldn't have a chance with him.
As soon as he left I darted into the booth he'd vacated, hoping
there might be a lingering smell of shit and even a seat still warm
from his sturdy young ass. I found not only the smell but the shit
itself. He'd forgotten to flush. And what a treasure he had left
behind. Three or four beautiful specimens floated in the bowl. It
apparently had been a fairly dry, constipated shit, for all were
fat, stiff, and ruggedly textured. The real prize was a great feast
of turd -- a nine inch gastrointestinal triumph as thick as a man's
wrist.
I knelt before the bowl, inhaling the rich brown fragrance and
wondered if I should obey the impulse building up inside me. I'd
always been a heavy rimmer and had lapped up more than one little
clump of shit, but that had been just an inevitable part of eating
ass and not an end in itself. Of course I'd had jerkoff fantasies of
devouring great loads of it (what rimmer hasn't), but I had never
done it. Now, here I was, confronted with the most beautiful
five-pound turd I'd ever feasted my eyes on, a sausage fit to star
in any fantasy and one I knew to have been hatched from the asshole
of the world's handsomest young stud.
Why not? I plucked it from the bowl, holding it with both
hands to keep it from breaking. I lifted it to my nose. It smelled
like rich, ripe limburger (horrid, but thrilling), yet had the
consistency of cheddar. What is cheese anyway but milk turning to
shit without the benefit of a digestive tract?
I gave it a lick and found that it tasted better then it
smelled. I've found since then that shit nearly almost does.
I hesitated no longer. I shoved the fucking thing as far into
my mouth as I could get it and sucked on it like a big brown cock,
beating my meat like a madman. I wanted to completely engulf it and
bit off a large chunk, flooding my mouth with the intense,
bittersweet flavor. To my delight I found that while the water in
the bowl had chilled the outside of the turd, it was still warm
inside. As I chewed I discovered that it was filled with hard
little bits of something I soon identified as peanuts. He hadn't
chewed them carefully and they'd passed through his body virtually
unchanged. I ate it greedily, sending lump after peanutty lump
sliding scratchily down my throat. My only regret was the donor of
this feast wasn't there to wash it down with his piss.
I soon reached a terrific climax. I caught my cum in the
cupped palm of my hand and drank it down. Believe me, there is no
more delightful combination of flavors than the hot sweetness of cum
with the rich bitterness of shit.
Afterwards I was sorry that I hadn't made it last longer. But
then I realized that I still had a lot of fun in store for me.
There was still a clutch of virile turds left in the bowl. I
tenderly fished them out, rolled them into my handkerchief, and
stashed them in my briefcase. In the week to come I found all kinds
of ways to eat the shit without bolting it right down. Once eaten
it's gone forever unless you want to filch it third hand out of your
own asshole. Not an unreasonable recourse in moments of desperation
or simple boredom.
I stored the turds in the refrigerator when I was not using
them but within a week they were all gone. The last one I held in
my mouth without chewing, letting it slowly dissolve. I had liquid
shit trickling down my throat for nearly four hours. I must have
had six orgasms in the process.
I often think of that lovely young guy dropping solid gold out
of his sweet, pink asshole every day, never knowing what joy it
could, and at least once did, bring to a grateful shiteater.
The spin rate seems like it is turning into a consumer numbers game, like CPU speed is/was doing for a while. People who don't know any better compare the raw CPU frequency rates.
It seems at the higher CD speed it takes too long spin the thing up to reading speed anyhow. If it did not need to spin so fast, then it may be able to get smaller chunks of information sooner.
Most don't seem to be able to read until full speed is reached. Why can't they read during the spin-up time also? Too hard to calculate?
Is there a way to set the speed of CD readers slower if one wants this? I have not seen any setting options, but each vendor may be different.
Table-ized A.I.
I'd love to have one of that nice test machines to validate how several crops of AOL CDs could spin
I've already experienced the aftermath of a cheap-ass CD from a cereal box.. toasted the drive, which was kinda old anyway. It certainly wasn't spinning faster than 24x though. Figger the price of the old drive was worth the lesson learned.
... but there are better ways to deal with it. Really.
You can Do This Yourself with a commonly available Dremel tool like I did; however, I only found the outer tracks would skew at the rated 30,000. Note that the CD hole almost fits the collett of the drill. A little electrical tape fills the gap. A few wraps and there you go. Wear eye protection and do not put anything valuable in the spinning direction, such as your body.
Was it really 30,000 rpm? I don't know, but I had the 30,000rpm dremel "overclocked" on an inverter at a much higher voltage and frequency. The speed was indeed higher than off 120VAC 60Hz current. Those cheap 300 watt inverters you can get at Walmart can be tweaked with a potentiometer and capacitor on its oscillator circuit. The circuit board layout is very modular and can be quickly seen for modifications. Maximum voltage is around 180 and frequency is around 400Hz before the slew rate overheats the transistors.
Perhaps I will try again to the point of destructon tonight.
Most (all?) CD-ROM drives over 32X already use multiple lasers to read multiple tracks at once. They usually say "multi-read" on the boxes if they use this technology. Zen research (http://www.zenresearch.com/) invented this technique, and holds patents relating to it.
Afreey and Infineon already have a 100x (TrueX) CD-Rom drive (25x DVD)", it came out in 2001...
This is the future (but who cares, we'll go solid state before it gets popular).
Imperium et libertas
Autocracy and freedom
Why would we need (seriously im not "trolling") a 64xCDROM drive - get a 16xDVD for 40US$ ?
Well the article is interesting but still...
Background
The Audio CD Standard was set sometime back in the 70's. Then, it was decided that the record should rotate with different speeds, depending on where on the record the data was read, to get a constant data transfer rate. The method is named CLV (Constant Linear Velocity), or constant transfer rate. The transfer rate of an audio CD is a mere 176 kB/s, and to reach this rate the record only has to spin with 530 rpm when reading the innermost track, and 200 rpm for the outer track.
CAV is for Whimps
To be able to publish ever increasing spin ratios, many manufacturers have resorted to CAV (Constant Angular Velocity), a method whereby the record is not rotated faster when reading inner tracks. Thus they can specify impressive spin ratios for outer tracks and sell more, but in reality the spin ratio for the inner tracks is only 37.7% of this value.
CLV is for the Tough Boys
A 64x drive using CLV would have to rotate the disc with 33,920 rpm when reading an inner track, exposing the hub of the disk to a tangential force of some 45 N/mm2. A point on the periphery of the disc will be moving with 213 metres per second, slightly more than half the speed of sound. Can the disc take that?
The answer is no. A powerful no.
At about 52x, i.e. 27,500 rpm, most manufacturer's CDs blew up in a rain of plastic particles, leaving their marks on the premises. The result was a pile of shimmering plastic chips.
He also tried Kevlar reinforcement
In our efforts of reaching ever increasing speeds, we tried to reinforce a disc with Kevlar wires. [...] It turned out our motor didn't have enough power to spin up the disc enough to explode it in one try, because the Kevlar wires consumed several hundred watts of motor power for aerobreaking. [photo] After an extended period of time (about 20 seconds) at close to 28,000 rpm, the disc blew up with a loud bang anyway, with the wires remaining on the hub, as shown in the picture. It can be clearly seen that the wires remains pointing radially from the hub. The Kevlar wires had been stretched radially and performed as intended. What made the disc explode, was the creepage of the plastic material, i.e. its stretching over time, subjected to the high g forces.
"It is a greater offense to steal men's labor, than their clothes"
I come home tired from work, sit down at my box, looking to read a little /. and the first interesting thing I see... BAM! Slashdotted. Google cache? Loading slowly. Next to no replys and you jackals have already sucked down this poor guys bandwidth? arrrrrrrrrr...
...good times :)
Basically, a modular compoment system with all surfaces touch, heat, light, etc sensitive. high res/color displays on surfaces as well. Fast enough asyncronous parallel processing and you just lay a cd on the surface and the cd pits are scanned like an image and processed. What a nut my mind is sometimes. About a billion layers of abstraction between the CD and reading the actual data. Thought I'd share..
Question
http://www.ironfroggy.com/
"It should be noted that we still haven't finished the scanning electron microscopic studies..."
I've got a few 'pirated' copies of WinXP, both RC and final code. They are all equally viable, as all are from different manufacturers (ie, Sony, RCA, and Gigabyte) which could provide some viable data.
You said:
"You probably already know this, but just for the record -- unless you have a defective CD
drive, it shouldn't ever try to spin an audio disc up to full speed unless you're doing digital
audio extraction. If you're merely listening to your CD, it will spin at 1X, just like any
standard CD audio player."
My experience with my CDROM and CDRW drive (Samsung 52X CDROM drive and Sony 16X/10X/40X CDRW drive) is that whenever I put a disk into it, during the SEARCH, the drives will SPIN VERY FAST - I can even hear the whrrrrrlllll sound ! - then it'll slow down, if the drive finds out that the disk is an Audio CD.
What matters is that my OLD audio CDs may NOT even survive the FAST spin during the SEARCH routine.
Muchas Gracias, Señor Edward Snowden !
Comment: None of the discs reached more than 180 m/s, but on the other hand that's about 650 km/h, the cruising speed of a jet airliner.
The cruising speed of jet airliners is 800 km/h to 900 km/h, business jets being a bit faster. Today's fast turboprops reach 500 km/h.
What they need to do is put miniature black holes in the center of the spindle to cancel out some of the centrifugal force. Also, you could let the black hole out of the CD-ROM drive when you weren't using it and it would clean your room for you!
and put the CD on the true north pole and read it from a...
never mind. that's retarded.
In spite of the suggestions and all the tests that I have made, I have not cavato a spider from the hole.
Sorry to be a physics geek here, but there's no such thing as "centrifugal" force, unless you're talking about the force caused by a centrifuge dropped from a height.
There IS "centripetal" force, that refers to the force on an object travelling in a circle, which pushes outward from the axis of said circle on an object while it's travelling about the radius. Say you're spinning a ball on a string around over your head. Your work is translated into acceleration around the axis of the circle as the ball spins around your head, but the force is perpendicular to the path of the ball at any one moment, radiating from the axis. This is proven visually by noting that as you put in more work, spinning the ball faster, the angle from vertical of the string the ball's attached to increases toward 90 degrees. See? Force pushing outward, ball moving in circle. When the string is released though (or the CD breaks up) the ball moves in a straight line matching that along which it was travelling at the moment of release -- momentum then is in action.
To repeat, no centrifugal force. For all our computer learnin', it's surprising that so few paid attention in physics 101.
The only tool you've got against psychosis is experience.
Don't spin the disk at all! Move the laser beam around, and sense pits and lands by reflectivity. You could have a spinning mirror or porro-prism, or you could have a holographic optical element, or a combination of the two to move the beam around. Since the laser beam is massless, this is a much easier solution.
Dog is my co-pilot.
Just to break a cd?
What ever happen to sldge hammers or shotguns?
Heck you could even try a homemade bomb to get this
explosion effect, but that would have been dangerous.
http://www.qedata.se/e_js_n-cdrom.htm
at high speeds cd's rip apart.. sorta like webpages do when spun at /.
The focal point of the mirror would have to be far enough away from the surface of the CD so that the angle of incidence is low enough that the laser doesn't bounce off the surface of the plastic. This would make the size of the no-moving-parts CD-ROM drive pretty big.
This device would also be MORE vulnerable to physical shock then current designs due to the difficulty of aiming at that range. Current designs put the lens of the laser within a few mm of the surface, but with a big mirror it'd be more like 10-20cm. It isn't important that the accuracy of the aiming be high, but the precision does need to be so that no tracks are skipped.
This device would be useful for recovery of data from damaged disks, but not for everyday use.
In fact it's basically possible to get instant loads - it only depends on how creative you get.
Just like the bandwidth vs latency issue in network connections, all we need to do is add more data paths.
Can't spin the disc at 100x? Well, spin it at 50X and use 2 lasers (I know the first 50x drives did something like this, they were just REALLY buggy at the time). Can't spin at 200X? Use 4 lasers. Can't fit any more lasers in? Take a picture!
I'm really amazed that we don't have these already actually - we'll need em sooner or later, unless we change to all solid state electronics...
without having to alter existing cd fabrication technologies you could reach much higher speeds if you rotate the cd near its maximum and then rotate the laser in an opposing direction at or near its maximum. Now you can add the two maximums together and you have a MUCH faster cdrom drive.
Much louder too, of course. But getting cdreaders quiet is easy... its just that manufacturers prefer to make cheap drives instead of quiet ones.
Ever need an online dictionary?
I choose you!
The owls are not what they seem
While I appreciate the spirit of your sig , I'd much prefer this equation: 7 miles per second , to accelerate a windows box.
WILLIAMSTON, S.C. -- A man charged with taking his clothes off and then attacking two customers and an employee at a Subway restaurant was denied bail on Friday.
Investigators said that Michael Sims, 32, went apparently unnoticed into the women's restroom at the Williamston sub shop and stripped down to his socks.
Arrest warrants said that when a 15-year-old female customer opened the restroom door, Sims pulled her in, removed some of her clothing and began attacking her.
A 16-year-old female employee was also pulled into the restroom and attacked, warrants said.
The 15-year-old's grandmother was assaulted when she went into the restroom to pull the attacker off her granddaughter, according a warrant.
Mr. Sims faces a variety of felony charges, including assault and battery of a high and aggravated nature and assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct.
Friday, Williamston Municipal Court Judge Jimmy Cox told Mr. Sims that he not be released from jail.
"I find that your release would pose a serious threat of harm both to yourself and to other people, and I'm therefore denying your bail," Cox said in court.
This is a good way to get a fast CDROM drive:
This is based on these rough figures:
Assuming that the scanner is faster than the firewire (400Mbps) and 10% overhead for the data transfer, each cd image will be approx. 7.3 billion bits, taking just over 20 seconds to transfer. This device is a 2,466x speed CDROM "drive". Put that in your Pentium and smoke it! Scanner and algorithm design left as an excercise for the reader.
Remove the air - remove most of the resistance.
That way the motor won't have to work as hard to spin the bloody disc.
Would it not be cool to hear the drive air seal it self when you close the drive door?
Heh, I figured I'd get either funny or off-topic, wasn't expecting to get 'informative' points.
:) *Watches his Karma roller-coaster*
I honestly meant that as a joke. Seems like every time an article like this shows up on Slashdot, there's always somebody ready to say "whats the point?"
Oh well.
"Derp de derp."
This is amusing, while fastests HDDs, which have very precise mechanics, rotate only at 15krpm, mainstream cd-drives with loose bracing do 25krpm without a glitch!
thank you for posting that lovely story. I find the thought of eating another man's shit to be disgusting, though.
However, I enjoy eating out my girlfriend's asshole, and she enjoys it, too. She especially likes when I shoot my hot load of cum up her poop-chute and then suck it back out again. Sometimes, she sucks me off, then spits it back up *my* asshole - a move we learned right here.
Rob & Kathleen.
Anonymous Coward writes "Ever wondered how much load a server can take before it trashes under heavy slashdotting.
geek page at KY speaks
A use for all those AOL CD's that I have.
Cause after a while you have enough coasters.
-THIS SPACE FOR RENT!
Uncle.
Consider me educated about centrifugal force being a fictitious force in changing frames of reference. Glad there are some smarties here to set us right.
The only tool you've got against psychosis is experience.
What is funny is that they used Corel discs. lol. Suck it Cowpieland.
Move!! I wanna see the page! Damn you, damn you all! Get out of here, leave the page alone! Aaaagh!!
No need to move the disk at all, just use a system of prisms and mirrors to direct the laser to different areas of the CD and use charge coupled devices (like those used in digital cameras) to sense the laser. The prisms and mirrors could be positioned using piezoelectric materials.The media could be any shape and double sided as well. Works for re-writeable media also.
Where ever you end up, there you are.
no comment
MSBPodcast.com The opinions expressed here are my own. If you don't like 'em... Think up your own stuff.
The Kenwood 72x drive is quite fast.
What it does is to spin the drive slower, but read 7 tracks in parallel. Now if they could get two read heads like this, it would be a 142x drive without having to spin the cd any faster.
Here's the info.
Maybe try wrapping it with Spiderman juice?
I think the best cdrom players are still those who are not faster than 12x or 10x... anything faster than that is a pain to work with; they make a lot of noise, and need too much time to spin up and down...
also, one time I had a (official) Windows NT CD which has a small crack in it... after putting it in a 40x or so drive, it exploded into hundreds of pieces... no kidding!
Ricardo.
This guy did not test a spinning laser read head.
So much for the 100x limit? Why can't people think of the obvious?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_U.S._Election_c
Why a 30,000 rpm CD drive? Most hard drives are under 10,000 rpm. If you concentrate on how the data is read and wrote insted of how fast to spin the media higher access speeds are easy. A poster earlier suggested using a scanner and an analysis algo. to produce cd-reader possibly faster than current cd-rom technology. Although this sounds like a nice solution, did you think of why most, not including chip based solutions, have some sort of spin to them. Even the dreaded 1.44 floppy spins, did anyone ever attempt to make those things spin faster?
There was a noise from the next office like toast popping, and Steve the senior consultant yelled in terror. "Has your toast popped?" I shouted? "Someone just tried to shoot me!" he replied. I walked into his office to see the occupants crowded around an open CD-ROM drive with the shattered remains of about half a CD in it. As we watched, the drive attempted to shut itself, made it about half way, and then opened again. It repeated this process about twice a minute, shutting a little more completely each time. Eventually it fully closed itself, though it is still opening and shutting regularly. We didn't find the other half of the CD (at least some of it is presumably still in the drive and is what was preventing it from closing) but we did find the front flap of the CD-ROM drive under Steve's desk, where it had fallen having been blown clear across the room, past his head, and colliding with his notice-board.
Some points:-Yarn - Rio Karma: Excellent
Seems to me that this would be an excellent way to ensure that your data is permenantly deleted...
*Condense fact from the vapor of nuance*
The article keeps referring to records, although he obviously means CDs. However, that sets off an interesting train of thought. An LP turntable that runs at 1,000 rpm or so. Good for ripping the old LP collection.
Microsoft - Where would you like to go today, Maybe Jail?
Did anyone notice that all the disks they destroyed except two were Corel products? Mostly CorelDRAW.
Now I've used CorelDRAW and I must say it's painful to use. So I fully understand wanting to destroy it.
But remember, Corel was an early Linux supporter, so I wonder if we should support such elaborate (one might say obsessive) distructive impulses directed against them!
Why not have the CD rotating at 50x, and then the head rotating in the opposite direction?
It wouldn't have to rotate very fast to be moving over the surface of the CD at the equivalent to 100x!!
I teach Physics 100A. The best way to think about Centripital "force" is: it is whatever force holds the object in circular motion. (Thus it must be directed towards the center of the circular motion). For example, the earth is held in a (nearly) circular orbit around the sun by gravity. Your car can go around a curve, and locally travel in "circular" motion and it is held in the turn by friction (unless the turn is "banked" - you know, like highway turns, then gravity assists you, also).
What is called "centrifugal" force does not exist. What is most commonly cited as a "centrifugal" force is a force which pushes things out from the center of circular motion. In fact, there is no magical force pushing things away from the center of circular motion. What you feel is called inertia: the tendancy for objects to go in a straight line unless acted on by an outside force. This is not a force, it is Newton's first law.
The expression which is *not* a force is mass times speed squared divided by radius. It is a mass times acceleration, which belongs on the "right" hand side of Newton's second law, which says: the sum of all forces equals mass times acceleration. There is an expression for centripital acceleration because by stating the object is traveling in circular motion, you are saying something about what acceleration it is experiencing: namely that the acceleration is directed inward and has magnitude equal to speed squared divided by radius. (What is called "uniform" circular motion adds an additional requirement: that the speed does not change. (The velocity is a vector, so it sure does change in circular motion!) In the case of uniform circular motion, the only acceleration is centripital (center seeking), whereas in general you can also have tangential acceleration as well which changes the speed). There are magnetic, electric, and frictional forces. There are no equations for magnetic, electric, and frictional accelerations. The live on the left hand side of Newton's second law. Each can cause circular motion, and thus can be what is refered to as a "centripital" force. In general, there may be many forces acting to hold an object in circular motion.
By the way, floW is actually right about Newton's laws not holding in accelerating frames of reference. However, we don't invoke centrifugal forces to deal with this "problem". Perhaps the author was refering to the coriolis force, which *is* a fictional force.
We use the coriolis force because the effect is rather small on Earth and it is more intuitive to view Earth as a non-accelerating system, rather than one which is rotating. You may have hear about the coriolis force in physics 101 but you likely did not compute it. To do so you need the vector product (or cross product) which generally is not used in into physics books like Giancoli, Serway or Haladay and Resnik. The coriolis force effects: storm systems, water swirling down a drain, the Foucault pendulum (in fact any pendulum, but the giant pendulums in museums which knock over dominoes or trace out lines in sand are designed with coriolis in mind and called "Foucalut's" - it has to do with velocity that the pendulum achieves), and actually is used in firing Naval guns. See, for example:
some physics stuff
There is quite a bit of confusion as to what the force is that is holding the disc in circular motion. Most forces cited are actually what will cause the disc to either speed up, or slow down. The force holding the disc in circular motion is actually the atomic forces. This is why the disc does not fly apart (each part traveling in a staight line).
By the way, I actually searched for a few minuets trying to find a decent explanation of all this on the web, but most have mistakes. I am sorry to say the only way to really learn this seems to be to get a published book like Giancoli, Serway or Haladay's books (all titled Physics or something like that).
This is actually a rather delicate issue which I don't think most physics 100 students *ever* grasp. In fact, even after careful re-reading, I may have made mistakes. Heck, I get paid to explain this stuff to people, (which is a great joy) so I hope someone gets something out of this, even if it is inexact.
Gregory G. Wood
a war on terrorism? How can we end a war on a method?
Moderators here are so fucking stupid...the man's trying to make a point, and it's 'offtopic' 'cause the moderators don't understand it.
Most of the time you insert a CD, it's to copy it onto the hard drive. A 640MB cache wouldn't help this at all, it would still take a few minutes to read it all from the disc.
Another few years and CD's will be obsolete technology, just like floppies.
You TEACH Physics, and you're still spreading the lies about the coriolis force affecting water going down drains? I weep for our future. The water is sinks and toilets is NOT AFFECTED by the coriolis force, you freakin maroon. That's a dumb extrapolation made from the explanation of coriolis forces, and an old wives' tale to boot. You only need to flush your toilet to disprove it. Don't spread that crap around anymore; fertile young minds do not need further fertilizing.
You know the fact that you can go out and buy a CD rom drive for $30 is somewhat of a modern manufacturing miracle. The optical requirements for reading CDs are very very tight, and in fact if you were to come up with a design to read a CD from scratch you'd probably end up with loads of equipment on an optics table. What really took CD's off the 'nice idea but not practical' shelf was the development of laser diodes and the floating optical head. The laser itself is adjusted via a feedback circuit that detects when the pits are starting to move out of range (since the CD's a spiral you need to slowly move out as you progress). The whole reason a CD spins is because its too hard to trace this line by moving the optics and the optics behind scanning a stationary CD with a stationary laser wouldn't fit into a bay in your computer.
Just so you know.. the laser coming out of most CDs isn't good for your eyes so if you're playing around with your CDRom drive with the case off, dont look at the laser during startup for too long.
The point of this experiment wasn't to push technology but to do something silly to wow your geek friends Kind of sad that this has to be pointed out to some of the ./ readers.
I'm sorry if I haven't offended anyone
Interesting!
However, if the CD's back layer is really 100% reflective, how come when I bring one to my eye I can see it's semi-transparent? Are you sure that all CDs work the way you said?
-- B.
This sig does in fact not have the property it claims not to have.
I while back, my cdrom drive seemed to explode, and it turned out this was infact the cd in it shattering. When I sent an email to the cd drive makers, they said this could be caused by low budget cd-r's or cd's repeatedly used in laptops, due to the spindle thing you mount it on causing damage to the cd.
Eh, don't laugh, but i've heard 2 cds exploding in a reader... Both were copies of diablo CD
Avoid the really-cheap cdrs
Make all discs out of Kevlar, the we can go out and buy 32767x drives. And be cut in half by flying CD every now and then.
Reading multiple times at the same go helps to multiply the reading spead nicely, here's a review of their product:
:/ It would have been nice to get a version with adjustable speed from 1x to 52x with their multibeam technology.
kenwood 72x drive
But it seems that Kenwood has discontinued the product
CD-ROM too slow ? Get a DVD-ROM. DVD burners are getting cheaper every day. Shut up.
There is quite a bit of confusion as to what the force is that is holding the disc in circular motion.
Maybe it's the airmat made towards the disc, which keeps moving a circular parallax layer, also I'm not sure, but the disc's actual environment must play a role against the gravity.
And what about shannon's theorem ? aren't we supposed to sample at at least twice the highest system frequency to avoid aliasing ?
I work in a lab where we are testing CD drives at extreme speeds. I think the original article - although had some good points - is rubbish. It depends on which material CDs are made. It is possible to manufacture CDs using aluminum - with these discs one can have a CDROM drive which operates at 4000x.
You are kidding, right pal? Windows NT CD exploded in pieces in your CDROM drive? Let's see some pictures!!!
What cd-roms really need is an eject button which doesnt write home to it's manufacturer (at book rates) for permission to eject a damned disc!
How frustrating it is to push an eject button and watch a device deliberate for several seconds over SOMETHING before ejecting it's cargo!
Basically, that button means "Your work here is done", so give me the disc, OK??
Is there insurance for this? you can theoretically lose your vision if those pieces hit your eyes or even get killed.
Considering the fact that most software isn't exactly requiring anything higher than 4x again... is anything greater than 32x even necessary... I have a cheap 48/52/56x (can never seem to figure it out) drive that came out of an emachine i got last year (i needed a cheap 1st pc) that I slapped into my current home-made box... Not sure why, but the thing seems to like to load a lot of data off the cd, spin down for a sec or two, then spin back up and continue loading more... A very annoying pattern indeed... Leading me to question whether its the drive, or if the data is being cached somewhere in my system faster than it can be written to my HD... Anyways, with larger hard-drives, most games that would use the CD-drive to play stuff like movies and music are now copying those files straight to the hard drive... Essentially the CD-Drive is now being relegated to a massive floppy drive, install and forget! As for testing max speeds.... I heard some story about down at work (WPI PC Shop) about testing this with a drill motor or something.... Essentially the disc that was tested with pretty much disintegrated if the story is true...
Insert Sig Here
I cannot get to the story. I think it has been /.
However, I have seen 3 CD's auto-destruct in the 52X Creative CD-R in the last few months. It always happens during the spin up. The machines are sitting on a level surface, so the CD "should not" be hitting anything to cause the explosion. Judging by the posts, I assume that the limit proposed in the story is 57X, and I would agree with it.
The CD's in question are all SCO UNIX install CD's
True.
It was known as the "Williams Tube", designed by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn in the 1940s
One on each side.
If a laser head spins centrivical force would have to be taken into account in regards to the laser tracking action.
Having 2 laser pickups would be the go.
It makes me wonder why HDDs don't have 2 magnetic heads. That way you wouldn't need the complicated hardware/software raid setups to be able to read 'n write to the HDD at the same time.
Think a turntable with 2 stylus arms, opposite the axis from each other, & both having to track across the grooves independently from each other (of course not possible one a record but you know what I mean).
What if you were to spin a cd at, say, 52x and had the laser rotate around the spindle in the opposite direction? The speed of the disc relative to the speed of the reader could then be accelerated without causing damage to the disc (well, no more damage than you would today).
"Nobody owns the fucking words man." - James Dean
As far as I've understood it, CDs store each byte value in specially selected 14 bit patterns so you'll never have long sequences of just 1s and 0s (this so you don't have to add a separate timing track to the cd).
Is it possible for the ink on a CD-ReWritable disc to be forced outward by the centrifugal force, thereby hosing your disc?
The expression which is *not* a force is mass times speed squared divided by radius.
Technically correct, however if an object is rotating around a circular path with constant speed, the force required to maintain that is mv^2/r.
For most people Force is what you feel, acceleration is what you see. Saying that there is no force there is something they just won't accept, because they KNOW there is a force there.
They also don't believe there is acceleration there, the ball on a string or disk is just turning at the same speed, it isn't accelerating.
Most people never grasp this, and for most people it doesn't matter.
This is what trained professionals are for.
Under & ontop of each platter.
I'm talking about having 2 arms, so each platter has 4 lasers reading & writing to it.
Because the pickups that are under & ontop of each platter & always lined up together, which limits what both can read at the same time to data on exactly the same spot under & ontop of the platter.
Having 2 completely seperate arms mounted 180d apart from each other arround the platter means that they could track independently in & out from each other. Of course in such a drive, each arm would still read to both the bottom & top of all the platters. So in effect there would be 4 heads per platter rather than 2.
Screw making faster CDrom drives, these would make awesome weapons. Imagine having an arsenal of AOL cds spinning at 28,000 RPM. When they explode, they would shower people in shrapnel. We've entered a new age of war.
13 year old white supremacists are shitty web designers.
Because there is no such thing as centrifugal force.
I just want to say that I don't think the test is right. I know some CDROM are oriented the way the test was done, but all my CDROM were always horizontal (so that the CD don't feel the gravity).
:-) Thanks.
This is why I don't think the test is good (the test is good, but I think a CD can take more speed if the CD was not affected by gravity). If you put a CD the way the test was conducted, the gravity do its job and make it break earlier. All extremeties of the CDROM are pull to the center of the Earth and it make it exploded.
I bet a CD can take 30000RPM if use horizontally since no gravity will affect the data. Maybe you will need a faster motor for your next test.
There's no such thing as centrifugal force. The actual scientific term for the force caused by rotating or spinning in a circle is actually 'centripetal force'.
"You tried your best and failed miserably. The lesson is...never try. Heh!" -Homer
Personally, when I'm piecing together a new machine I just throw in one of the pile of old 8x-12x CDROM's I have floating around. We lease machines now at work, but have been tossing all the older 133's and 166's (I've kept a few 166's), and I've grabbed the CDRom's and some of the other stuff (ATI Rage3D PCI cards, Adaptec 2942UW cards)..
its free.. and c'mon, playing audio only needs 1x, installing software... if it installs in one minute or five, I really don't care all that much, I just walk away and refill my coffee. And most of the time its just empty. Why the heck would I want 52x? As one post mentioned, either way I wind up waiting 30 seconds to even be able to access the CD...
A very interesting experiment, however there is no such thing as a "centrifugal force." The results from this "centrifugal force" is simply a side effect from the fact that the thing is spinning really really fast.
The only force operating on a rotating body in isolation is what is known as "centripedal" force. Using Newton's second law, the centripedal force can be found using F=mv^2/r, where v = the linear velocity of the outermost atom. One could also calculate it using the rotational equivalent of F=ma (t=Ia).
Centripedal force acts radially inward from the edge of the rotating body and is responsible for keeping the matter rotating in a circular fashion. A good example of this force is a ball attached by a string to a person swinging it in a circle. There is tension in the string, which in effect, is the centripedal force. Without that force (even if the body has an initial momentum) the body would not be able to rotate.
I love physics.
Eric Garrido
AP Physics Student
"Brevity is the soul of wit." -Polonius, Hamlet.
The coriolis force _does_ affect the water going down the drain. But it does so much much weaker than the inertia kept from flowing in. It's real, it's just so small that it's not the reason for the observed rotation.
Broadband is nice.
Broadband is nice but expensive. What would you rather pay, $60 for a CD-ROM drive plus an install set, or $200,000 for a house in an area served by broadband?
I rarely use my CD-ROM to install software, since 'apt-get' directly off HTTP is almost as fast
"Rarely" meaning "only for games," right? Most PC games are non-free because artists, musicians, and level designers have a tougher time accepting the free software or open source philosophy than coders do. Because they sell their product at retail, they have 700 MB (capacity of a CD) to work in rather than 20 MB (the maximum attention span of a user behind 56K). (The fact that PC games are available primarily for Windows is beside my point, partly because Wine can run the vast majority of 2D Windows games.)
Will I retire or break 10K?
Seagate had a few Barracudas, maybe five years ago, that had two read arms. They were SCSI, so perhaps the ability to have multiple outstanding commands allowed the onboard firmware to direct commands to the appropriate armature depending on usage patterns.
No concurrency issues either.
Thank you Sir, my submission to the patent office [for a moving-head CD-ROM reader] is on the way.
Unless you just developed this idea into a workable invention (not likely in 2.5 hours), you can't patent this because you're not the inventor. Only the inventor can file for a patent.
Will I retire or break 10K?
...although there is fragmentation of CD-ROMs as they are spun faster and faster...
Red Hat would never be able to support the hardware through their installation
Red Hat Linux's installer supports any CD-ROM drive that conforms to the most common ATAPI protocols. Just have your internally cached CD-ROM drive speak these protocols, and it'll still work.
Will I retire or break 10K?
There's no such force as centrifugal force. There
is centripetal force however. Centrifugal force
is the idea that a force is pushing back toward
the center of rotation when it's really
centripetal force that is pulling back in. Take
a physics class.
--
http://cheeser.blog-city.com
So what happens when there's a simultaneous write and read to the same side of the same platter? [a whole bunch of examples of races between writes on a hard drive] You'd have to do so much checking of the data to see if there's a danger of events happening out of order, and events that affect each other, that you'd end up losing all of the performance gains.
All? Electrons in the controller chip move much faster than the metal head arms of a hard disk. Besides, all you'd really have to do is make sure that both heads don't seek to the same cylinder when one head is writing.
Will I retire or break 10K?
Now I know what to do with all those AOL CD's I keep getting in the mail!
A friend of mine worked at CompUSA for a couple of months. He said that people would frequently return certain brands of CDRWs because the discs would shatter in their drives. I forgot which brand exactly, but I think it was some of those cool looking black CDs.
-- dan.sherman
I had a cd that had a small crack in the plastic extending from the hole about 1 centimeter into the disc, but not extending into the silver foil.
I inserted this into a 52x cdrom drive and within 10 seconds I heard a very loud sound. I ejected the drive to find that the cd had shattered into several hundred tiny pieces.
I ended up having to shake the drive upside down (with the tray out) to remove the debris.
Amazing magic tricks
Ok... for all those who have read this article, please take the time to read it again. Take note of the "Epsilon Omega City, 2025 AD. Photographer: Jörgen Städje" at the beginning, and please also note the damn title of the page: "Jorgen Stadje, nonsens page: The case of the exploding CD-ROM"
I WISH my house only cost $200,000! Where I live, (Long Island) a house for $200k is considered a deal! A "handy-man's" house.
If you're not a Liberal in your 20's, then you have no heart.If you're still a Liberal in your 30's you have no brain.
Remembet the OLD days of DASD (Direct Access Storage Device). The fixed head versions had one head per TRACK. In other words, the only latency would be rotational, you wouldn't have to wait for the armature to move to the correct track. Additionally, there were less moving parts therefore failure rates were lower. On the down side they were EXPENSIVE!!!!
If VISTA is the answer, you didn't understand the question
I had this thought too, but ultimatly dismissed it due to the extreme centrifugal force exteneded to the laser chasis and motor.
As the read head needs to move from in to out and vice versa, once spinning, the force would push it outwards on its track, making it hard to control (and force) back to the center of the disc.
Talk about a noisy drive!
--
ab2650
Obviously he's not a physicist, and neither am I. But I know that there is no such thing as "Centrifugal Force." It's been proven.
Finally! A use for those AOL CD's. Use them as a test standard.
I've seen 48 speed cdrom drives shatter a cd but not often. Although I usspect it's safe to say 100 speed is always fatal.
There is no such thing as Centrifugal Force.
It is an effect. Take physics 101 again, thanks.
I had 2 MS Flight Sim 2000 CD's blow up in 2 different drives.
The first one was put off as a fluke, and CD and drive were replaced. When the second cd blew up and a 4" long fragment shot out and stuck into the side of a 2 year old girl walking around the computer, the fluke escalated to a real problem.
I contacted the manufacterer of the 50x drive and Microsoft to find answers, and someone to pay the medical bill, but since I'm not a lawyer, and none of the attorneys around me wanted to touch the case with a 50' pole, no answer was ever found other than "you must have put the CD in wrong" from both the drive maker and Microsoft. As if there is a way to put a CD in the drive incorrectly, and still have it read. The bill for the second explosion totaled almost $10k because of some small internal injuries needing patched to the child's intestines.
.
In your last sentence, you forgot to put "matters," "that," "survive" and "during" in all caps.
In the limit, the entire disc could be read in one revolution, using a read sensor that can read from inside radius to outside radius at the same time.
Has this already been mentioned?
"You do it for the fun of it!(braging' rights don't hurt either) "
No! But the cost of a new drive , because a CD exploded in your old high-speed drive would hurt.
I've seen this happen in a retail DVD drive. ;)
I was in a computer store one day, and a kid comes in with his computer. He hands a sales rep a baggie full of CD shards and says he was sitting at his computer running a program on the CD, when about thirty seconds later he hears a small "boom". When he opened the drive the CD was shattered into many, many pieces. He got what he could out of the drive but said there was still a lot of stuff stuck inside.
I thought it was the strangest thing I'd ever seen go wrong with a computer. No one there had ever seen or heard of this happening. It was actually quite funny. Everyone there including the kid had a good chuckle at it
-kidlinux.
Have you ever tried to burn a CD? no, not with a burner, with a microwave just trow it in for a couple of seconds and see it burn.
Also try this to destruct your CD:
you'll need:
A) a bath with water in it
B) safety gogles
C) a good live insurance
D) 5 KG of natrium
E) a CD
instructions
1) trow the CD in the bath with water
2) put on your safety gogles
3) trow in the 5KG of natrium
4) run for your live
5)
this experiment is not recommended when you live in a flat (your neighbours might complain the roof is falling down).
If at first you don't succeed, then sky diving definitely isn't for you.
Fair enough, but I seem to remember an equation:
F=ma (Force equals mass times acceleration for any fool who doesn't know)
Since I'm pretty sure that we're talking about objects with mass, acceleration pretty much ensures force as well.
With lowering memory prices, and the fact that last years PC memory goes into next years [insert crap product here] why isn't part of the solution smarter drives?
What would be wrong with a CD-ROM which reads ahead during idle and records it's information into memory? Sometimes you wouldn't even need to spin the disk [er, disc] at all.
I've got 384 MB in my desktop and that cost about the same of a no-name CD-ROM. Offer a CD-ROM which advertises "UP TO!" a speed.
Of course you would need a gigabyte of RAM to cover most discs [some do go up to 99 Minute!] at 'on the fly' reading would be limited to the 52x. But while playing audio, mp3s, games, movies, etc there could be an awsome read ahead.
But then again my solution to computer limits is almost always making components 'smarter'. My question can fit here: "Why not use Pentium I's in CD-ROMS?"
Videocards have gotten that market attention that they have processors which are half my CPU's speed - why not have 10 components which use 350MHZ chips and let them do the work?
Modular...
Get your Unix fortune now!
As long as you're throwing latency considerations to the wind, why not just build a plain old CD-ROM drive that reads the entire disc on load into an onboard 700M memory buffer, and subsequently serves data just as fast as you can transfer it?
I was playing a game of Diablo2 via Windoze and I had to use the bathroom really bad. I was sore, I was holding myself for so long that my teeth were floating. After returning to my computer, gone for only 4 minutes of #1 and #2, I returned to A Blue Screen Of Death "System Error Reading drive E" and I found the CDROM drive to be ejected about 25% of the tray.
Diablo2 defaults to playing tracks of Music on the Diablo2 PlayDisc. The CDROM music that Diablo2 uses is simply sampled from the CDROM drive and mixed at the Soundcard via a 4 pin CDROM drive cable. Perhaps if I had disabled Diablo2's Music, in the Options menu, this would not have happened.
I had to cold-shutdown the computer, remove the cdrom drive, open the cdrom drive, and basically shake all the shattered peices of the Diablo2 Playdisc from the drive. To this day, I still blame Blizzard and Microsoft. I haven't figured why the CDROM drive will not close, but I kept it in hopes I can figure out why it will not. I also kept the peices of my Diablo2 Playdisc, re-assembled them as a puzzle, took a picture, and made the picture available to Blizzard in hopes they will send me a replacement at a small service charge for me. I don't think they will, and I bought my box of Diablo2 at a swapmeet for $10 (yes new).
Here is a picture of my destroyed "Diablo2 Playdisc" CDROM.
Does anyone think it's safe to keep a CDROM drive in service, 'cause it blew my Diablo2 Playdisc to chunks, should I get a new CDROM drive, or should I be hung for not using Transgaming's WineX ?
From what posts I've read in this article, there is much to blame on the CDROMs being old and unable to withstand the higher centrifugal forces caused by today's CDROM drives. That brings me to a question of my own. I just heard that Transgaming's WineX has maken strides to correct the CDROM copy-protection issues present on many games, including Diablo2, and many games are now playable in Transgaming WineX because of this new compliance. That doesn't solve the issue of old CDROMs or outright defectived CDROMs from self destructing in a CDROM drive.
MY QUESTION: Has anyone tried modifying a Linux CDROM driver to limit a CDROM drive's RPM rating and not by limiting the data read bandwidth?
IMPLICATIONS: It would be verry nice if there was a proc filesystem entry or a configuration file in /etc that users or administrators may limit the performance of a CDROM drive or possibly detect a CDROM's media age and determine whether it may be operated at 1500 RPM, 3000 RPM, or 4500 RPM, or something more hardware equal to 150KB/s (rated 1X), 1300/KB/s (rated 8x), or (rated 52X)?
But I'm sure you already Gnu that.
If Cd's were to be laminated with Kevlar Fabric, then you can't have anywhere as much fun playing with the AOL Cd's. Or perhaps you could have even more...
PICTURES!
Wow. You were gunning for bourgeouis right out of the gates, weren't you?
how fast? infinity. the reason why is that there is no such thing as centrifugal force.
Some people swear by their Kenwood TrueX drives; others swear at them. They had an exceptionally high failure rate.
Vacuum's index of refraction is 1. There is no substance with n1. However, a lense would work: put the laser at the lens's focal point, and whichever direction you point the laser, it will always come out of the lense in the same direction. (I don't think we can actually make lenses precisely enough to actually read a cd through one, but that's just a technical difficulty.)
It gets better. There need not be any real optics to take a holgram of. The hologram can be computer generated, and can act like optics that would be impossible to construct physically (for example, lenses and mirrors suspended in space with no support).
This guy is spreading shit like hell. It doesn't matter what CDROM drive you are using. The quality of CD disc matters - so would you please not use any manufacturer models as an example?
I look at it this way: internal hard drives are now up to ATA/133. The fastest hard drives out there are hard pressed to saturate an ATA/33 pipe. The net result is that hardware manufacturers are building the Big Dig when all they need is Storrow Drive*.
The only bottlenecks that matter right now are memory and graphics speed; networking issues really lie outside the box, and even a bottom-of-the-line Celeron or Duron has more processing power than 99% of us are ever going to need. Someone tells me they're running a Clawhammer with prototype DDR400 memory, that's interesting. But it's hard for me to get excited once I realize that that SATA/150 hard drive that their prototype box includes can't saturate its own pipe to the motherboard, even with a huge cache.
/Brian
*a rather scenic 4-lane that runs along the south bank of the Charles River in Boston
why not implant a matrix carbon nano tubes within the plastic???
now we all know how to make our very own version of the UT Ripper, just take a large motor, mount it to the bottom of your 52X cdrom drive, remove the front faceplate and spin that celene dion cd(the one that damages your computer) up to 3/4 the speed of sound. next you point the contraption at the old stack of tape cartridges and begin the fun!!!
We had those puppies for swap disks on what was probably the most tricked-out pdp-11/70 ever at DEC back in 1980. Forget what they were called.
R?02 ?
It was a RSTS/E timesharing machine with racks and racks of DH-11 20ma current-loop interfaces. Over 200 terminal lines IIRC. It's name was R08 if anyone remembers.
All sharing 512KB.
CAV: Constant Angular Velocity, meaning that the record is rotated at constant speed, making the readout speed higher on an outer track than on an inner track. Something to be avoided.
Not sure why anyone would want to avoid higher speeds. If the inner tracks are slower, we need to slow down the outer tracks too? Why not just read outer tracks faster and let the inner tracks spit out their data at their own speed?
Seems to me part of the spin issue is the motor control overcoming the increasing momentum of the disk as it tries to accelerate and decelerate to employ CAV. This CAV thing sounds useless and dumb for computer data.
Am I missing part of the picture?
The sum of all forces on an object of mass m traveling in a circlular path of radius r must be mv^2/r (directed radially inward) to continue circular motion at constant speed. The problem many of my students have is that they feel there must be a force exactly equal to mv^2/r, which is untrue. Further, the sum of the tangential speeds must be zero to have constant speed.
As for what you feel, there is no difference between experiencing the gravitational force near the surface of earth and actually being in a space ship accelerating at 9.8 meters per second per second (far from any large masses...). This is according to general relativity, which I am not an expert in, so I cannot prove it, but I have heard it from people I trust. Alas, if only I had a year to learn all that differential geometry...but grading papers cannot wait.
As for people not grasping this, I am sorry to say most people never take a physics class. That is not aweful, but I feel first it is important that everyone can do simple math. One could say that is what calculators are for, but to understand anything about the world I think there are many, many things everyone should know. Like what a logarithm is, and what semi-log graph paper is and how to use it. Sound like I ask too much? Look at any stock quotes. All that I have seen are on semi-log scales. If you don't know where zero is on the semi-log graph, you don't really understand what that graph means. (Hint: you are not going to see the zero plotted...)
I think all people should be given the opportunity to learn lots of math, and at least one science very well. Sadly, many are chasing green pieces of paper.
a war on terrorism? How can we end a war on a method?
Yes, this is what the webpage I quoted says. However, I think they are wrong. In the absence of any other force to cause rotation, coriolis will dominate. Inertia refers to the mass, and is not a force. However, you can buy a special bowl where water will drain the opposite direction because water is encouraged to circulate in one direction via the shape of the bottom of the bowl. You can think, for example, of a fan. The shape of the fan causes the air to blow past the fan in one direction.
I would agree that the coriolis force will not overcome very slight water currents. Fill up your sink. See which way it drains. Fill it up again and induce a small water current in the opposite direciton. You will likely see the water drain in this new direction because the "interia" of the water overcame the coriolis force. (Baring, of course, specially shaped bottoms of the basin).
Physics: not for the faint of heart.
Gregory G. Wood
a war on terrorism? How can we end a war on a method?
Saying that for CD drives to get faster and faster is much like saying that we'll have to keep shrinking CPU's in order to do things faster and faster...
Michael entirely forgot about parallelism. No soup for him!
/^[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,4}$/i
Assuming you could read data from the CD at any rate you want, at want spin speed would you hit the bus bottleneck, given UltraDMA transfer rates? I wonder. . . .
Unless you're a multinational corporation with enough money to buy off Congress and the USPTO.
In the case of "inventions for hire," the usual procedure is that the inventors agree to sign the patent over to the company once the USPTO grants it.
Will I retire or break 10K?
My roommate was playing starcraft w/ a 10x hitachi DVD drive.. and after a bit of playing the Starcraft CD blew up.. into about 10 pieces inside the drive...
He had to take the entire drive apart to get all the pieces out..
and yes, for some reason he is STILL using the hitachi drive..
i have looked into the technical specifications of several 52x and higher drives, and found that they don't spin nearly as fast as this guy claimed. Your standard 52x drive barely goes faster than 10,000 rpm, a full third less than this guy claimed. I have yet to find a drive that spins faster than 12,000 rpm. If you know of such a drive feel free to flame.
Perhaps the lab could sell such devices to sleazy companies who not only want to shread paper documents, but disks also.
Olly North wants one already too.
Table-ized A.I.
Yup... they don't do it now, but they did it 12 years ago!
I saw dual-armed hard drives at Las Vegas Comdex in 1990. There was a set of heads on each side of the spindle (180 opposed). I don't remember if one set was the read heads and the others were for writing, or if each arm held both heads, or... ( I don't remember the manufacturer, either. )
The demo was neat -- a drive in a glass case with the heads flying back and forth. It was the first time I'd seen the innards of a drive while it was operating, so that image has rather vividly stuck in my mind.
"...America's great minds of today, teaching America's great minds of tomorrow. Poor bastards." -- A Beautiful Min
The only problem I counld think of for such a device is that I don't think normal optical media will work as expected if you read it at a low angle.
The reflected beam will bounce off at 90 degrees to the incident beam; it will not return to your spinning mirror for neat and efficient collection.
The pits pressed onto a CD are exactly 1/4 of the wavelength of the IR light which reads them. The light is generated by a laser. The requirement for a laser is based on the fact that laser light occupies a very narrow spectrum, tighter than an LED, and certainly more so than any conventional light source with a filter.
Now, if you think about what happens to the light which falls into a 1/4 wavelength deep pit and gets reflected back out, you'll see why both wavelength and incident angles are extremely critical to the proper operating of an optical drive.
Hint for the clueless: think of degrees of a sinewave; 1/4 wavelength = 90 degrees. 2*(1/4) = 1/2 wavelength = 180 degrees. Draw two sinewaves of equal magnitude at 180 degrees to each other. For each value of x, add y1 and y2. Whaddaya get?
All the same, that was a hell of a nice effort for a 12-year-old. At the time, I wasn't inventing, I was just tearing apart old color TV sets I'd find in the garbage. Times tables suck, I agree. Calculus is fun, though, since the whole thing (first principles of differentiation) is a really cool dodge around the silly problem of not being able to divide by zero.
By the way, the lands are not binary ones and the pits are not binary zeros, as you might think intuitively. The *transition* from a pit to a land or from a land to a pit represents one value; the lack of a transition represents the other.
Fire and Meat. Yummy.
This is what I remember from Physics 101. However, I may be wrong, seeing as you are the one claiming to be the "physics geek". In any case, however, your definition is contrary to standard, correct English usage.
Actually, he's right, and you're right. The centripetal force is the force acting towards the center, which has to counteract the object's tendency to continue forward in a straight line at a given speed. The centrifugal force, of course, is the apparent push outward from the center. In actual fact, the object wishes to go 90 degrees to the radius of its circle.
Fire and Meat. Yummy.
how fast could you spin the laser?
I bought a HP ScanJet recently -- the 7400 series that has 2400 DPI optical resolution. While it scans things relatively fast at 200 - 300 DPI, if you set it higher it gets VERY slow. I even skipped using USB and plugged it into an Adaptec 2940 SCSI card... not that it scans things any quicker.
High resolutions (I'll use 1200 DPI occasionally) are leave-and-get-a-cup-of-coffee slow. If its performance is any indication, a 40,000 DPI (read on!) scan -- even a 5 inch one -- would take days.
Now, about the math here... God, it's UGLY! (There are storage and bandwidth considerations, too.)
- Area of a circle: Pi times Radius squared.
- CDs are actually 4.72 inches (12 CM) in diameter.
- The unused area in the center measures approximately 1.75 inches diameter. (Delorme Street Atlas Deluxe data disc)
- 3.14 x (2.36 x 2.36) = 17.49
- 3.14 x (.875 x
.875) = 2.40
Useful Area of a CD = 15.09 square inches650 MB is the CD standard. Let's assume perfect data integrity (HA!!), and spread those 5.452 billion bits evenly throughout the surface. Further, assume that the circular nature of the tracks isn't going to screw with these particular calculations.
- 5,452,595,200 / 15.09 = 361,338,316.766 (bits in every square inch)
- Square Root of 361,338,316.766 = 19,008.9 (minimum optical resolution of the scanner, if perfectly aligned)
CD data is packed on there at nearly 20,000 DPI! Unfortunately, it looks like the AC's right here... 10,000 DPI won't resolve the pits sufficiently. 40,000 is likely the functional minimum, and that scan's going to generate one hell of a huge image!Since we aren't doing any kind of alignment, or following any track, assume we have to scan the whole surface at full resolution.
(40,000 x 40,000) x 15.09 x 8 = 193,152,000,000 bits
193,152,000,000 / 8 (bits in a byte) / 2^30 (bytes in a GB) = ...
22.48 Gigabytes (!!!) Congratulations, the image is almost 35 times the size of the data you're trying to access! FireWire will take -- assuming that's the only thing going and you actually do get 400 Mb/sec -- just over 8 minutes to actually transfer the file. Now you have to store it on your HD, page it in and out of memory, analyze it, etc...
Ouch.
"Scanner and algorithm design left as an exercise for the reader" indeed! I don't think you'd want me involved in this project -- I'd tell you to go buy a Plextor and forget it.
"...America's great minds of today, teaching America's great minds of tomorrow. Poor bastards." -- A Beautiful Min
Why not rip CD images of the CD's you use most often and then use a utility such as VirtualCD or DaemonTools to read them into virtual CD-ROM drives. The discs are then accessable from your hard drive. Problem solved. It works faster than a CD-ROM and you have no spin-up lag. This also keeps you from having to change discs when running a different application or game.
the only problem being, that there is no such thing as 'centrifugal force'. I could make a long post about this but I won't.
Where can I get natrium? I want to give it a try.
Surely the fact that the CD is mounted vertically is an issue here? Most CD drives are horizontal-loading, which means that the gravitational forces are spread across the area of the disc. In this experiment, with the disc mounted vertically, there would also be gravitational forces to consider. Not being a mechanical expert I can't be sure of this, but it seems likely to be an important factor.
We have an M$DN subscription where I work, and I think I might enjoy finding out at what RPM's the various M$ cd's explode... It would be quite the entertainment as there are about 50 to 60 cd's
is of course what this entire thing is about. Plastic CDs don't like more than 30K RPM. Seems reasonable to me. Whether it will extrapolate to say, HDDs which are happy at 15K now with multiple platters, but may experience similiar problems at 30K is hard to say.
There will always be a limit (just ask any overclocker) And there will always be a next generation, just like with CPUs, RAM, etc. Turbochargers in automobiles spin at well over 100K. I hope I live long enough to have a 100K RPM HDD, though affordable RAMdrives or some entirely unthought of thing may come first.
Just so long as they don't have copy protection...
Sorry that my server with the original CD-exploder page has gone down. It's the slashdot effect.
We're trying to get it up again as soon as possible. Please come back later. Don't miss my pages with old soviet equipment.
Anoymous coward aka
Jorgen Stadje
jorgen@qedata.se
Remember, he's saying a blahX drive has a minimum rotational speed of blahX, which is 37.something% of it's maximum speed. (See the CAV vs. CLV stuff, as well as that part where he says that manufacturers give the max. speed so it looks better.)
ok then i will clarify. He states that a drive to read an "inner track" at 52x, the drive would have to spin at 27,500rpm, but not for the outer track. Let say manufacturers continue to name drive like they do now, a drive then spinning at 25,000 rpm would have a read speed 2.5 times that of current ones, assuming that the number of heads remain the same. then the drive would have a speed of 40x(inner) and 150x outer assuming they kept he rpm and the read speed in the same ratio. Again this may be dodgy math so leave a note of your thinking.